Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chemistry
Chemistry
IN
+1 +2 +3 -+4 -3_ -2 -1 0
8
1 8/0
Mr.Sadiq Amin
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
AM
2
7 Q
DI
SA
https://ptable.com/#Properties
Periodic law
Properties of the elements of the periodic
function of their increasing atomic number .
Mr
or
elements are arranged in the periodic table
IN
on the basis of increasing atomic number .
AM
table .
groups are the vertical columns of elements
in the periodic table .
periods are the horizontal rows of elements
Q
in the periodic table .
There are seven PERIODS in the periodic
DI
table.
and there are 18 groups in the periodic
table .
SA
IN
mostly from group #13 to group #18 are
nonmetals.
AM
Group #13 is called boron family .
group #14 is called carbon family
group #15 is called nitrogen family
Q
group #16 is called oxygen family
group #17 is called the halogen family
DI
group #18 is called the Noble gases .
SA
IN
that is the number of protons in an element
,periodic table is arranged on the basis of
increasing atomic number .
AM
what is atomic mass ?
the total number of protons and neutrons
in the nucleus of an element .
protons and neutrons are in the centre of
Q
an element (Atom ),and electrons are
revolving around the nucleus (centre the
DI
Atom ).
5B 6C 7N 8O
Mr
IN
12Mg 13Al 14Si
AM
15P 16S 17Cl
Q
DI
18Ar
SA
19K 20Ca
Mr
IN
example of group number one lithium
sodium and potassium and will cheque the
electronic configuration of the outer most
AM
shell .
GROUP NO 1.
3Li
Q 11Na 19K
DI
shell )
12Mg 20Ca
4Be
Mr
IN
NOTE:The electrons in the outer most shell
are showing the group number .
and the total number of shells are telling us
AM
about the period number .
Example.
period no# 3 = 3
Q
group no# 5= outer electrons
the element is phosphorus
DI
first shell =2
middle=8
SA
last shell=5
total electron=15
PERIODIC TABLE LINK
Mr
https://ptable.com/#Properties
There are two types of elements in the
IN
periodic table .
1. the metals (mostly on the left side of
the periodic table )
AM
2. the nonmetals (mostly on the right
side of the periodic table )
3. Metalloids those elements of the
periodic table which are having both
the properties of metals and
Q
nonmetals .
2n2 Is used to fill the electrons in the
DI
shells ,where n stands for the number
of shell ,(shell NO# 1,2,3,4,5,6,7)
ELECTRONS IN THE SHELLS USING THE
SA
FORMULA 2n2
Formula Total electrons Shell Shell Shell Shell NO4
NO1 NO2 NO3
2(n)2 2(1)2=2x(1x1)=2 2
2(2)2=2x(2x2)=8 8
Mr
2(3)2=2x(3x3)=18 18
2(4)2=2x(4x4)=32 2x(4x4)=32
IN
Properties of metals and nonmetals
S.no Metals Non Metals
1 Ductile Non Ductile
AM
2 Malleable Non Malleable
3 Sonorous Non Sonorous
4 NonBrittle Brittle
5 Conductors Non conductors
except graphite
6 Shiny non shiny /Dull
Q
7 High Low density
density
DI
8 high low melting and
melting boiling points
and boiling
SA
point
IN
Brittle: it means can be shattered into
pieces .
Q. Group 0 Noble gases are non reactive
AM
/inert ,why they don't react ?
Ans: because their outer most shells are
having complete electronic configuration
,that's why they don't react at all .The
complete electronic configuration should be
Q
2/8/18/32.
NEXT TOPIC
DI
Acidic and basic characters of the oxides of
metals and nonmetals
1. acidic oxides
2. basic oxides
3. neutral oxides
IN
4. amphoteric oxides
5. sub oxides
6. PER oxides
AM
7. superoxides
Acidic Oxides .
These are the binary compounds of oxygen
with nonmetals .
Q
their solutions are acidic in nature .
they turn blue litmus paper red
DI
Their pH is less than 7 .
examples are .
SA
CO2,NO2,SO2,SO3
These oxide produce acidic solution and dissolved in water .
IN
These are the binary compounds of oxygen
with metals .
AM
they are alkaline in nature .
they change red litmus paper blue .
their Ph is more than 7 .
the examples are.
Na2O,MgO,CaO,K2O
Q
Reactions of metal oxides with water will
DI
always make an alkaline solution ,the pH
will be more than 7 and it will be turning
blue litmus paper to red .
SA
Neutral oxides .
these are also the binary compounds of
IN
oxygen with other elements .
they don't change the colour of the litmus
paper .
AM
their pH is at 7 exactly .
Examples are :water(H2O) ,carbon
monoxide(CO) ,nitrogen monoxide (NO).
Amphoteric oxides :
Q
these oxides are having dual properties
,when they reacted with acids they behave
DI
like alkalies,And when they reacted with
alkalies,they behave like acids.
examples are .
SA
ZnO,Al2O3,PbO.
Mr
Next
Chemical reaction of amphoteric oxides
IN
Reaction with an acid
• ZnO(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
Reaction with a alkali
• ZnO(s) + 2NaOH(a) → Na2ZnO2(aq) + H2O(l)
AM
Reaction with an acid
• Al2O3(s) + 6HCl(aq) → 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l)
IN
,Rubidium ,caesium ,francium
1.All the elements in Group one react violently with
water, releases hydrogen immediately,which catches
fire .the reaction with air is also very fast their freshly
AM
cut surface is are shiny but they get dull very quickly .
Group1 reaction with water.
Group One elements are highly vigorous while reacting with
with cold water ,The rate of reaction is increasing down the
group and we can see some intensifying chemical reactions .
2Na + 2H2O→ 2NaOH + H2
2K + 2H2O→ 2KOH + H2
Q
The reactivity of Group One elements increases down
the group ,so we can say that francium is more
DI
reactive than lithium .
The highly reactive metals are at the bottom and the
low reactive metals are at the top of the group .
SA
Physical properties
1. They are soft metals ,can be easily cut with knife .
2. their freshly cut surfaces are shiny ,and get dull
quickly reacting with oxygen in the air .
3. as they are highly reactive so they are kept under
Mr
IN
6. they react with group 7 elements to make ionic
salt's
7. These elements are not freely(It means elemental
form original form ) available ,they are extracted
AM
from compounds by electrolysis method .
8. their solutions are alkaline it means they have a
pH above 7 .
Properties of group 7 elements .
1. group7 elements are called halogens(salt
making).
Q
2. They all have 7 electrons in their outer most shell.
3. they have a charge of minus one on the negative
DI
ions .
4. their names are ,flourine ,chlorine ,bromine ,
iodine, Astatine.
5. The first 2 elements of this group fluorine and
SA
IN
Chemical reactions of halogens .
there are 3 types of reactions of the halogens .
a. Reaction with hydrogen
AM
F2 + H2 → 2HF
→ This reaction happens in darkness it doesn't need
any energy .vigorous reaction
Cl2 + H2→ 2HCl
→ this reaction needs a little bit of energy but still it's
vigorous enough
Q
Br2 + H2→2HBr
DI
→this reaction needs more energy a little heat can
initiate the reaction is vigorous
I2 + H2→ 2HI
→more heat energy is required to start this reaction
SA
IN
there's a spillage of bromine water on the table ,how
will you clean it ?
Ans:if there's a spillage of bromine water on the table
in the laboratory ,we will use
AM
sodiumthiosulphate(Na2S2O4)to neutralise the effects
of bromine water ,only this chemical can neutralise its
poisonous effects.
b. reactions with alkali metals.
These reactions are also vigorous in nature ,very
explosive sort of reactions can be seen .
Q
if we take molten sodium in the gas jar of chlorine
,we will see an explosive reaction ,with orange
DI
colour flame ,releasing a white smoke ,and a huge
amount of heat energy . This will result in making
an ionic salt of sodium chloride .
SA
reactive element .
fluorine is more powerful than chlorine and the
rest of the elements .
every top element of the group is reactive more
IN
then the bottom element .
F2>Cl2>Br2>I2
AM
If we have a solution of sodium chloride and we
add flourine to it ,it will displace chlorine out of
the solution and takes its place .
2NaCl + F2→ 2NaF+ Cl2
NOTE : Halogens are all poisonous in nature ,they
can only be neutralised with a solution of
Q
sodiumthiosulphate(Na2S2O4) .
https://ptable.com/#Properties
DI
SA
Mr