NAME MUBASHARSADI

QUELOON

ROLLNO. 086

SUBJECT. I
SLAMI
CJURI
SPRUDENCE(
2)

MAM'
SNAME. ADVOCATEAUROOJ

TOPIC. OWNERSHI
PANDPOEESSI
ON'
SMODES
,TYPES,acqui
sit
ionANDDI
FFERENCEBETWEENOWNERSHI
PANDPOEESSI
ON.

Def
ini
ti
onofowner
shi
p:

InIslam,al-
mil
kiy
y ah(ownershi
p)refer
st othelegalrelat
ionshi
pbetweenahuman
bei
ng and propert
yt hatrenderst he pr
opert
y speci
fical
ly att
ached t
o him.This
rel
ati
onshi
pconfersupontheownert heri
ghtt
odealinthatpropertyi
ntheabsenceofa
l
egalimpedi
menttoaspeci f
icdeal
ing.

I
nsi mple,ownershi
pisown' ssomething(Mal )
thr
ough,prov
eofl egaldeedorwhat
thi
ngwhichisprobabl
e.Ownershi
pisar el
ati
onshipbet
weenapersonandt hi
nganditi
s
theabsol
utecontr
olandrightofdeci
sionoverthi
ngaswellasi
tisapowerofExclusi
on
ofother
s

Meani
ngofowner
shi
p:
•Ri
ghtofpossessi
ngsomet
hingl
i
kel
andorot
her
sthi
ngswhi
chcoul
dbebel
ongt
o
humen.

El
ement
sinOwner
shi
porowner
:

These fol
l
owing el
ement
sthatwho has itcal
l
ed owerorowner
shi
p ofspeci
fi
c
thi
ng.
element
sandpowersofowerorowner
shi
paret
wo.

 ABSOLUTECONTROL

 EXCLUSI
ONTOOTHERS

Absol
utecont
rol
:

Ownershi
pisnotcompletewi t
houttheabsolut
econtrol
,absol
utecont
rolincl
udesthat
l
ikePOEESSIONortransferthePOEESSION,changetheproper
tycondi
tion,alsostat
e,
shar
eownershi
pofany thingtoother
s,r
ightt
odisposal,r
ightt
oenjoythebenefit
sand
tr
ansfert
hat
'sr
ight
s.
EXCLUSI
ONt
oot
her
s:

Whichright
saret r
ansf
erabl
eandt hatper
formedbysomeoneel sewithconsentofower
thatcal
ledexclusiontoother
s.Thatr i
ghtsmenti
oni ntheabov efoll
owing''
absol
ute
contr
ol'
'paragr
aph.Butsomer i
ghtsarenottoothersinf or
m ofperformanceli
kedo
gif
ts,ri
ghttodisposal
propert
y,transf
erthepr
opert
y,othercannotsharetothi
rdpart
y.

ModesofAcqui
ri
ngOwner
shi
p
Fol
l
owi
ngar
ethemodesofacqui
si
ti
onofowner
shi
p.Det
ail
sar
easunder
.

Or
igi
nal
acqui
sit
ion

•
Ori
ginalacqui
sit
ionmeansanacqui
sit
ionofapr
oper
tyorest
atewhi
chhasnev
erbeen
t
he

proper
tyofanot
her
.Thi
sisor
igi
nalacqui
sit
ionbecausesucht
hingsmayhav
enotbeen
used

commonl
ybysomeonebef
oret
his.Suchacqui
sit
ioni
scal
l
edor
igi
nal
acqui
sit
ion

ByTr
ansf
er

•
Transf
erofowner
shi
pisf
requentmodeofacqui
sit
ionandowner
shi
pofapr
oper
tyi
s

tr
ansf
err
edf
rom oneper
sont
oanot
her
.Itonl
ycanbepossi
bleonl
ybycont
racti
nfor
m
ofsal
e,

gi
ftet
c.

BySuccessi
on

•I
tbel
ongst
othef
ami
l
yLaw andaf
tersomeone’
sdeat
hpr
oper
typassest
ohi
slegal
hei
rsand

t
heybecomeownerbysuccessi
on

ByPr
escr
ipt
ion

•I
tbelongstopr oper
tyLaw.Itmeanscont inuedoccupat
ionbysomeoneoverat hi
ng
fr
om al ongper
iod.InIsl
amiclegalsy
stem suchki
ndofOwner shi
pcan’
tbeacqui
redby
prescr
ipti
onButI nmodernagei nEngli
shsy st
em,suchacqui
siti
oni
sall
owedandcan
beacquiredwhi
chi sil
l
egalexerci
se

Bywi
l
l:
Willi
sal soconsi
der
edamodeofacqui
ri
ngOwnershi
p,Soifaper
songet
ssomet
hing
Wt hr
oughwi llt
henhei
stheowneroft
hatt
hing.ButtheWil
lmustbeofl
/3r
dofthe
t
otalpropert
y.

ByI
qtaa:

AnI sl
amicStatecangiveabarr
enlandt
oanyper
sonforcul
ti
vati
on.Suchl
andiscal
l
ed
l
qtaaandt hi
sIqtaaisconsi
der
edtheowner
shi
pofthatper
son.SoIqtaai
salsoamode
ofacquir
ingownership.

ByMawat:

Ifal andisnott hepr oper

tyofanyone,nori
tformspar tofthepastureorforest
belongingt
ovil
lagethenitisaWastel
andandwhosoeversecur
esandreviv
esthi
sland
withthesanct
ionoft heheadoftheSt
ate,
heget
st heownershi
pofthatl
and,sothi
si s
thefir
stmodethroughwhi chowner
shi
pcanbeacquir
ed

ModesofLoosi
ngOwner
shi
p
Fol
l
owi
ngar
ethemodesofl
oosi
ngowner
shi
p

1.Byt
ransf
er

•Anactoft
ransf
ercancausel
oosi
ngowner
shi
p.Or
igi
nalownert
ransf
erhi
sthi
ngst
o
anot
her

personbymeanofcont
ractl
i
kesal
e,
gif
t,
waqfet
c.Si
mil
arl
yowner
shi
ppassedonet
o
another

2.Bydest
ruct
ionoft
hing

•
Incaseofdest
ruct
ionoft
hingownercanl
oseowner
shi
puponhi
spr
oper
ty

3.ByDeat
hofOwner

•
Aft
ert
hedeat
hofowner
,owner
shi
pends.
Rightont
hatt
hingt
ransf
erst
ohi
slegal
hei
rs

4.ByOper
ati
onofLaw

•Byoper
ati
onofLaw,
Owner
shi
pcomest
oanendandi
tcanbebywayoft
ransf
er,
sal
e,
aswell

assei
zur
eofpr
oper
tybyt
hecour
tofl
aw

8)Owner
shi
pinI
slam ascompar
edt
othatofEngl
i
shLaw
•Accordi
ng t
oIsl
ami
c sy
stem,owner
shi
p on l
i
ber
ti
es,power
s,pr
oper
ti
es can’
tbe
acquir
ed

•
Accordi
ngt
oEngl
i
shSy
stem,abov
eri
ght
sorowner
shi
pcanbeoccupi
edbydi
ff
erent
r
ules

9)Pr
ecl
udeSt
atement
s

•
Ever
yhumanbei
nghasr
ightt
omakepr
oper
ty

•
Isl
am f
orbi
dst
oacqui
reot
her
’spr
oper
tybymeansoff
raudorbydoi
ngi
l
legal
act

•
Butproper
tycanbet
ransf
erbyanactoft
ransf
erwi
tht
heconsentofowner
shi
p
wi
thoutmaki
ng

unduei
nfl
uence

•
Proper
tycanbeacqui
redbyoper
ati
onofLaw

POSSESSI
ON:

DEFI
NITI
ON:
Theowner shi
p,cont
rol,oroccupancyofat
hing,mostf
requent
lyl
andorPer
sonal
Proper
ty,
alsocont
rolofbef
it
sandenj oy
.

MEANI
NGOFPOSSESSI
ON:

"
Possessi
on"l
it
erar
ymeansphy sicalcontr
olov
erat
hingoranobj
ect
.Butal
soan
i
ntent
iont
oexer
cisethatphy
sicalcontr
ol.

MODESOFACQUI
RINGANDTYPES:
Cor
por
eal
Possessi
on

Object
swhichhav ephy sicalormat eri
ali
sti
cmanifestati
on,andwhichoursensescan
per
ceivear
ecor porealpossession.Thus,itisthepersist
entexerci
seofaclai
m onthe
useofmateri
alortangibleobjects.ForExampleHouse, car,
cycl
e,pen,
etc.

I
ncor
por
eal
Possessi
on

Object
swhichdon’thav
eanyphy sicalormateri
ali
sti
cmani fest
ati
on,andwhi chour
sensescannotper
cei
vearei
ncorporealobj
ect
s.Thus,iti
st hepersi
stentexerci
seofa
cl
aim ontheuseofimmater
ialori
ntangibl
eobj
ects.ForexampleTrademar k,goodwi
ll
,
pat
ent
,copy
right
,et
c.

Medi
atePossessi
on

Mediat
epossessionofanobj ecti
sthepossessionofat hi
ngt hr
oughamedi at
or
(middl
eman)l
i
keanagent ,fri
endorservant.I
tisalsocall
edindi
rectpossessi
on.For
example:I
falandlordlethishousetoat enant
.Thetenantisboundtohandov erthe
housetothel
andlordwhenev erhedeci
des.Sothel
andlor
dhast hemediat
epossession
ofthehouset
hrought hetenant.

I
mmedi
atePossessi
on

Whent hepossessorhimsel fpossessesthepr oper

tyorthi
ng,wecal
litimmedi
ate
possessionordir
ectpossession.Forexampl
e:whenIbuyapenf r
om ashopandkeep
i
tformy sel
f.Thepenisintheimmedi at
epossessionofmi
ne.

Const
ruct
ivePossessi
on

Constructi
ve Possessi
on ist he authori
ty overan objectwi t
houthav ing act
ual
possessionorchargeoft hatmaterial
.Inotherwor ds,wecansayt hatconst
ruct
ive
possession i
s notactuall
y a possession butitis a possessi
on inl aw and not
possessioninfact
.ForexampleThedel i
veryofmykeybymycardr iv
er .Her
emydr i
ver
wastheconst r
ucti
vepossessorofmycarunt ilhedel
i
v er
smet hekey.

Adv
ersePossessi
on

Adv er
sepossessionmeanst hepossessi onofsomepr opertyorobj ect,withoutlegal
ti
tl
e,f ora certaintime per i
od,suffi
cientto become acknowl edged l egalowner .
Somet i
mes,we al so def i
ne itinf
ormallyas “squatt
er’
sr ights”
.In act ualadv erse
possessionofsomepr opert
y,thepossessorisrequi
redtoprov eanintentiontokeepi t
absolutel
yforoneself.Justcl ai
mingt hepropertyorpay i
ngl i
abil
it
iesf orit,without
actuall
ypossessingit,isnotsuffi
ci
ent.ForexampleContinuoususeofpr i
vatelandor
dri
vewayoragr i
cult
uralfiel
dofanunusedpi eceofland.

Def
act
oPossessi
on

Iti
saLatinwordmeaning‘i
nfact’
.Def act
opossessionmeansthepossessi
onwhich
exi
stsinreal
i
tyeveni
fiti
snotlegal
lyrecogni
zed.
Forexample,Acommonl awspouse
canbeconsider
edasadef act
owi f
eordef actohusbandt
houghtheyarenotlawf
ull
y
marri
ed,y
ettheyli
vel
i
keamar r
iedcouple.

DeJur
ePossessi
on
DejureisaLatinwordmeani ng“ inlaw”;l
awful
,legi
ti
mateoramat t
eroflaw.Dej ure
possessi
onsar
el egal
l
yrecognizedpossessionsregar
dlessofwhetheritexi
stsi
nreali
ty
ornot.Itisal
soknownasj ur i
dicalpossessi
onmeani ngpossessioni ntheeyesof
l
aw.Forexample,Anowneroft hehousecoul dceaseamant ol i
v einahousebut
wit
houtint
endi
ngandt oabandoni tforgood.I
tisacaseofDejurepossession.

Modesofl
oset
hepossessi
on:
Byendofcont
act
:

Byendofcont
actofpossessi
oni
smodeofl
osi
ngt
hepossessi
on.

Accompl
i
shmentofmat
ter
:

Accompl
i
shmentofamat
terf
orpossessi
oni
sthemodel
osi
ngt
hepossessi
on.

Loset
her
elat
ed:

Thatmeansr
elat
edwhocont
rolt
hepossessi
onr
ighti
fhedi
est
hanpossessi
onwi
l
l
backt
oowner
.

Unaut
hor
izeduse:

Unaut
hor
izeduseofpossessi
oni
slosi
ngcauset
oloset
hepossessi
on.

Di
ff
erencesbet
weenowner
shi
pNADpossessi
on:

Owner
shi
p Possessi
on

Ownershi
pisan absol
uteaut
hor
it
yov
er Possessi
on i
s phy
sicalcont
rolov
ert
he
t
hepropert
y. pr
operty.

I
tholdsunli
mitedanduncont
rol
l
edr
ight
s I
tisal
i
mit
edconceptofr
ight
.
overt
heproper
ty.

I
tisauni
onofowner
shi
pandpossessi
on I
tisasingl
econceptgi
vi
ngnor
ightof
owner
shi
p.

I
tisadej
ureconcept
. I
tisadef
act
oconcept
.

Owner
shi
pri
ghti
sawi
derconcept
. Possessi
oni
sar
ightofconsumpt
iononl
y.
Iti
saper fect
lyl
egalr
ight
.Itshowsl
egal I
tisapossessor
yri
ghtonl
y.I
tshowsr
eal
sit
uat
ion. posi
ti
on.

Tr
ansferofowner shipis notan easy Possessi
on is a comparat
ively easy
pr
ocess,but it needs l
egalor for
mal pr
ocessandpract
ical
l
ynoneedtor egi
ster
pr
ocedures,
prer
equisi
tesofr
egi
str
ati
on. andsuchf or
mali
ti
esli
keowner
ship.

I
t has no t
echni
cal obst
ruct
ions t
o I
tf aces t
he t
echni
cal obst
acl
es f
or
t
ransf
er. t
ransf
er.

Ownershipcannotbecarri
edoutpract
ical Possessi
on may be a gr
ound f
ort
he
usei
nt heabsenceofpossessi
on. ownershi
paswel
l.

I
tconsi
ststhebundl
eofr
ight
sandal
lthe I
tisprimaf aci
eapr
ooforev
idenceof
r
ight
sareri
ghti
nrem. owner
ship.

I
tisaphy
sical
cont
rol
overi
t.

I
tisaguar
ant
eebyt
hel
aw.