Gender

and
Society
(Finals)
Language has contributed to women’s lower social status in quite varied ways
The word ‘gender’, originally a grammatical term, has come to refer to the social roles and
behavior of individuals arising from their classification as biologically male or female.
The first act of genderization is the giving of names.
Gender roles are perceptually merged with biological sex and unless one stops to think about
the matter this seems to be perfectly natural.
The standard of any language is the one with greatest prestige. It is chosen for official usage,
taught in schools, used in universities and is the universal medium for writing.

Feminist theorists have argued that by making words like man and he serve both as gender-
specific and gender-neutral terms, the net effect is to “erase” women from our conversational
landscape
Chambers (1995: 102)
- “language is a tool for social interaction and it should not be surprising to learn that it
can be affected by different social contexts.”
Difference in Men
Communication
Conversations are
negotiations in which people
try to achieve and maintain
the upper hand. Life is a
Independence vs. Intimacy contest, a struggle to preserve
independence and avoid
failure.
Talk is primarily a means to
preserve independence. This
is done by exhibiting
knowledge and skill, and by
Report talk vs. Rapport talk
holding center stage through
verbal performance such as
storytelling, joking, or
imparting information.
Conflict is the necessary
means by which status is
negotiated, so it is to be
Contest vs. Community
accepted and may even be
sought, embraced and
enjoyed
Women
Conversations are
negotiations for closeness in
which people try to seek and
give confirmation and
support, and try to reach
consensus. Life is a
community, a struggle to
preserve intimacy and avoid
isolation
The language of conversation
is primarily a language or
rapport: a way of establishing
connection and negotiating
relationships. Emphasis is
placed on displaying
similarities and matching
experiences.
Conflict is a threat to
connection, to be avoided at
all costs. Therefore, disputes
are preferably settled without
direct confrontation.
 Male
Avoid eye contact
Talk for status
From decision to discussion
Talkative in public, quiet in
private
Fight for fun
“Trouble talk” avoided; would
put status at risk
Gender Differences in
Language Use
Physical Orientation
Status and Connection
Directness and Indirectness
Public and Private Talk
Ritual Opposition
Conversational Style
Female
Use eye contact
Talk for solidarity
From discussion to decision
Quiet in public, talkative in
private
May fight, but not for fun
“Trouble talk” used to create
rapport

Gender differences as well in style and vocabulary

1. women face their conversation partner while men are distant.
2. women introduce new topics more frequently than men on the other hand women
sustain a topic infrequently (36%) and men (96%).
3. women openly talk about relationships and feelings, contrary, men favor talking about
impersonal topics.

Wolfram (1969: 76) "females show a greater sensitivity to socially evaluative linguistic features
than do males."
Labov (1972; 243) says, "In careful speech, women use fewer stigmatized forms than men, and
are more sensitive than men to the prestige pattern."
Wolfram and Fasold (1974: 93) say, "Females show more awareness of prestige norms in both
their actual speech and their attitudes toward speech."
Romaine (1978: 156), explaining the preference by women for a different variant from their
men in her study, concludes: "The females...are clearly more concerned within the… social
structure." Elsewhere, she summarizes the sociolinguistic results as follows (1984: 113):
"women consistently produce forms which are nearer to the prestige norm more frequently
than men," and she reports, furthermore, evidence for gender differentiation in choosing
linguistic variants as early as six years old.
Trudgill (1983: 161) says that "women, allowing for other variables such as age, education and
social class, produce an average linguistic form which more closely approach those of the
standard language or have higher prestige than those produced by men."
Labov (1990: 205) states it this way: "In stable sociolinguistic stratification, men use higher
frequency of nonstandard forms than women."
Cameron and Coates (1988: 13) say that "women on average devate less from the prestige
standard than men," and add that "in modern urban societies it is typically true for every social
class."
During the last twenty-five years, the feminist movement in America has stirred up its share of
linguistic controversy.
Many people in the movement have made the claim - and rightfully so - that our language
prejudices its users against women by perpetuating cultural assumptions that make male the
norm female the deviation.
Casey Miller and Kate Swift "One Small Step for Genkind," is a Classic analysis of the various
ways the English Language denigrates and oppresses women.
Taking the opposing view is former Vice-President Spiro T. Agnew, who sees no repression of
women reflected in the language. Argues that degenderized English is both foolish and
awkward. Instead of gender-equality, he claims, all that feminists accomplish is a setback in
fluency.
Jack Rosenthal in "Gender Bender," agrees that degenderizing English is a good thing, it may
only be scratching the surface. He said that if we are going to rid English of sexual bias against
women we will first have to alter some basic values in our culture – values he calls “hidden
gender” as they lie deep within the language.

Language and Gender

Robin Lakoff
❖ focused her attention on certain themes with the language and gender complex above
those which she rightly felt were in need of rectifying. Her work stimulated other
scholars to engage in this study and soon language and gender was a burgeoning
research area in universities across the western world.
'DIFFERENCE - DOMINANCE DICHOTOMY (language as use by men and by women)
❖ DIFFERENCE APPROACH
o t male and female language is dissimilar without attributing this to the nature of
the social relationship between men and women
❖ DOMINANCE APPROACH
o language use by females and males as reflecting established relationship of social
control of the latter over the former

Growing Into A Gender Role

➢ Socialization - the growing into a society from early childhood onwards.
➢ Gender roles are presented to infants and lead them along paths full of preconceive
opinions.
➢ First act of genderization is the giving of names.
➢ Reinforcement of gender allocation can take on subtle forms based on whether children
comply to the role they are assigned.
➢ PARENTAL APPROVAL or DISAPPROVAL is often expressed according to how one
conforms to one's gender role
➢ Attributes of the two genders are conveyed early on to children
➢ Reason is for boys while emotions are for girls.
➢ Diminutive formations
o Are commonly used for girls, which stresses their lack of power and conversely
their need for protection.
o For instance, there is girl and girlie but no boy and boyie
➢ A competitive, public role is suggested for boys and a more domestic docile role is
assumed for girls
➢ Deviation from the general norm is therefore less tolerated than that within a subset
➢ ‘The Heterosexual Market’.
o Boys and girls engage in pairing off, they test their value for the opposite and the
feedback they receive in this activity plays a crucial in their later self-image as
adults
➢ Adolescence is about conformity.
Gender Roles In Adulthood
The gender roles supplied by society allow those who conform them to enjoy the benefits.
Men can assert themselves in public and occupy good jobs and women can accept the support
and economic backing from men which goes with a domestic role
Even if not all women wish to assume such public roles, the opportunity should be open to
them

Gender And Power

Scholars nowadays refer to gender as constructed, it is something which is performed by
individuals who adopt categories of beliefs and behavior which are associated in a given
society with their biological sex.
Gender roles are perceptually merged with biological sex and unless one stops to think about
the matter this seems to be perfectly natural

Language Used By Women

Putative features of women's language
Powerless, non-confrontational language
- indirect statements It would save a lot of money if we bought a smaller car.
- tag questions It's not that much to ask, is it?
- use of hedges, alternatives It's not really that difficult. Well, why not? We could go for a
drive or a walk this afternoon.
- high rising intonation at end of sentence We could go away for the weekend.
- Emotional, 'genteel' language use of augmentatives I'm / delighted you're going to
help. They're / so kind!
- use of euphemisms Peter's gone to wash his hands.
Offers of remedial instruction to lend more authority to the language of individual women miss
the point that it is the general position of women which needs to be changed and not the
speech of single persons.
Gender and Standard
• The standard of any language is the one with greatest prestige. It is chosen for
official usage, taught in schools, used in universities and is the universal medium for
writing.
• women tend to use more standard language than men.
• Women were supposed to be more 'genteel', strong language was regarded as not
'ladylike'.

Gender-Neutral Language
• Inherently Sexist - embody discrimination in their structure and/or vocabulary
• Apart from the issue of generic usage, language may be sexist in the labels sometimes
used for women.
• A further type of sexism is found in expressions which stress women as objects of sexual
desire
De-Sexification of Language
 • There have been many attempts to desexify language, that is to remove inherently sexist
structures
• creating new generic forms.
• The goal of such creations is to arrive at a neutral label which can be used for either
gender without highlighting this.
• REFORMULATIONS are often a solution man the position can be re-formulated as
occupy/staff/ fill the position.
Gender and Language Change
• when language change is taking place then women seem to be the vanguard of such
change.
• Individuals with relatively little power compared to others, have a higher sensitivity to
aspects of social behavior which can give them more power
• Where a language/variety is fairly stable and there is a standard, using this standard
confers more power on women speakers by increasing their relative social status

SEX – refers to the basic, biologically given physiological differences between males and
females.
GENDER – refers to a culture’s social construction of differences between the sexes.
GENDER EQUALITY – refers to the principle of equality between women and men and equal
rights to enjoy conditions in realizing their full potentials to contribute to, and benefit from, the
results of development, with the state recognizing that all human beings are free and equal in
dignity and rights.
GENDER EQUITY – refers to the policies, instruments, programs, and actions that address the
disadvantaged position of women in society by providing preferential treatment and
affirmative action.
• POLITICS as a real-world phenomenon and
• POLITICAL SCIENCE as an academic discipline are gendered.
• Gender is never just about sex but varies by race, ethnicity, nation, class, and a variety of
other dimensions of social life
• In the past, women were not allowed to participate in any activities in the government
• Freedom to vote was not enjoyed by Filipino women long before the Spanish Era. I
• In this new era, women are now less unafraid to express what they think and what they
feel.

Laws On Gender
• Women’s strength to air out their rights may perhaps attribute to the laws enacted
recognizing the importance of women in the country
• The 1987 CONSTITUTION has first paved a way for women empowerment.
o ARTICLE II SECTION 14 the role of the women in nation-building which states,
“The State recognizes the role of women in nation-building, and shall ensure the
fundamental equality before the law of women and men.”
o The CONSTITUTION as the highest law of the law, seeks to provide further avenue
for gender equity.
o The Constitution has seen to it that the women as well as the children are
primarily guaranteed their well-being.
 o The general idea of the provision is to ignore sex where sex is irrelevant factor to
determine rights and duties and does not meant to ignore customs and traditions
(Bernas, 1997).
• REPUBLIC ACT NO 7192 or “WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT AND NATION BUILDING
ACT”
o Pursuant to the recognition of the role of women in nation-building,
o The National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) is the responsible agency
in ensuring active participation and involvement of women in any program or
project that will be implemented by the government.
o assures the equal treatment between men and women in capacity to act and enter
contacts, access to all government and private sector programs, applying and
securing travel documents without the need of securing consent from the spouses.
o gives equal opportunity to women to be a member in any club, committee and
organization. Likewise, admission to military schools are accorded to them.
• REPUBLIC ACT NO 7877 or otherwise known as “ANTI-SEXUAL HARASSMENT ACT
OF 1995”
o With the desire of the State to further protect the rights of the women, in most
cases women and minors are victims of sexual harassment,
o full respect for human rights and upholds dignity of workers, employees,
applicants and students
o CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION issued a RESOLUTION NO 94-2854 ON MAY 31,
1994 AND MEMORANDUM NO 19, S 1994 to afford protection to working
women and ensure equal work opportunity for all, as well as full respect for
human rights.
• In 2008, “THE MAGNA CARTA OF WOMEN” or RA NO 9710 was promulgated affirming
the role of women in nation building.
o recognizes that the economic, political and sociocultural realities affect women’s
current conditions so there is a need to promote women empowerment, pursue
equal opportunities and ensure equal access to resources
• MEMORANDUM CIRCULAR NO 2016-07
o A way of addressing and eliminating discriminatory policing among women in
several institutions in accordance with RA NO 7192 and RA NO 9710
o married women has an option to use the surname of their husbands, but not a duty
o ARTICLE 370 OF THE CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
▪ “A married woman may use: (1) Her maiden first name and surname and add
her husband’s surname, or (2) Her maiden first name and her husband’s
surname, or (3) Her husband’s full name, but prefixing a word indicating that
she is his wife, such as “Mrs.””.
• EXECUTIVE ORDER NO 273 by FORMER PRESIDENT FIDEL V RAMOs
o Another means of reinforcing the RA NO 7192
o adopted THE “PHILIPPINE PLAN FOR GENDER-RESPONSIVE DEVELOPMENT,
1995-2025” simply referred to as THE PLAN.
o RA NO 9710, the CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION promulgated a RESOLUTION NO
1000432 setting guidelines on how to avail the special leave benefits for Women.
▪ focused on giving special leave benefits to women who have undergone
surgery caused by gynecological disorders regardless of age and civil status

• “ANTI-VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND THEIR CHILDREN ACT OF 2004 (RA NO

9262)
o valuing the dignity of women and children and guarantying full respect for human
rights
 o The State has to protect the family and its members especially the women and
children from violence and threats to their personal safety and security.
o An INTERAGENCY COUNCIL ON VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND THEIR
CHILDREN is formed to formulate programs and projects to eliminate violence of
any form against women. T
o It is worthy to note that in the NEW ANTI-RAPE LAW, married women can file a
rape case against their spouses if they are forced to have sexual intercourse when
they do not want to
o CONDONATION DOCTRINE
▪ rape case can be dismissed anytime of the wife opt to forgive her husband
▪ considered to be forgiven if the offended party has expressly forgiven the
perpetrator of the felony
• RA 10354 - “THE RESPONSIBLE PARENTHOOD AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH ACT
OF 2012”.
o gender equality, protection of mothers and children
o SECTION 12 ARTICLE 2 and SECTION 14 ARTICLE 13 OF THE PHILIPPINE
CONSTITUTION, and FAMILY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES recognizes the rights
of all to equality and nondiscrimination and fully respect the right to health
o maternal and child health, the health of the unborn, safe delivery and birth of
healthy children should be ensured primarily
Leadership In Government
• only few women attempted to express their rights and exercises their freedom. This may
be because of the customs and traditions that are discriminatory and still practice by
most Filipinos around the country
DIFFERENCE IN MEN WOMEN
more cooperative and
leadership styles commanding and controlling
participatory
helps in finding self-work
Ways in motivating their either providing incentives or
and satisfaction among their
people penalties
subordinates
tend to brand themselves by
still learning how to brand
letting others know about
themselves
their successes and strengths
• females possess more transformational and transactional and participative leadership
style than their male counterparts
o act more on behalf of the public good, but the fervor of this generalization would
depend one’s political stance
• study shows that there is no difference in the flexibility and efficiency between sexes
• Social practice is structured in relation to gender since it replicated the reproductive
division of people into male and female, they are said to be "gendered."
• REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6949
o AN ACT TO DECLARE MARCH EIGHT OF EVERY YEAR AS A WORKING SPECIAL
HOLIDAY TO BE KNOWN AS NATIONAL WOMEN’S DAY
• REPUBLIC ACT No. 11313
o "Safe Spaces Act"
o It is the policy of the State to value the dignity of every human person and
guarantee full respect for human rights.
o It is likewise the policy of the State to recognize the role of women in nation-
building and ensure the fundamental equality before the law of women and men.
 o The State also recognizes that both men and women must have equality, security
and safety not only in private, but also on the streets, public spaces, online,
workplaces and educational and training institutions.

• GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE
o Any act that is committed against a person’s will based on gender norms and
unequal power relationships
o The act may take the form of physical, emotional, psychological, sexual of may be a
denial of resources or access to services.
• UN DECLARATION ON THE ELIMINATION OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN (DEVAW)
adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1993 encompasses all forms of gender-based
violence against women, no matter in which context or setting they occur:
o in the family
o in the general community
o violence perpetrated or condoned by the state, wherever it occurs (Article 2)
• Discrimination against women and children has always been prevalent.
• The success and health of a certain society is strongly indicated by the way the society
treats its women.
Different Forms Of Gender-based Violence
PHYSICAL VIOLENCE - Any act which causes physical harm as a result of unlawful physical
force. Physical violence can take the form of, among others, serious and minor assault,
deprivation of liberty and manslaughter.
SEXUAL VIOLENCE - Any sexual act performed on an indivdual without their consent. Sexual
violence can take the form of rape or sexual assault.
PSYCHOLOGICAL VIOLENCE - Any act which causes psychological harm to an individual.
Psychological violence can take the form of, for example, coercion, defamation, verbal insult or
harassment.
ECONOMIC VIOLENCE - Any act or behavior which causes economic harm to an individual.
Economic violence can take the form of, for example, property damage, restricting access to
financial resources, education or the labour market, or not complying with economic
responsibilities, such as alimony.

An Overview of The Gender Situation in The Philippines

• CARLOS ANTONIO Q. ANONUEVO (2000) on his OVERVIEW OF THE GENDER
SITUATION IN THE PHILIPPINES stated factual evidences on the status of gender in the
Philippines
• The SOCIO-CULTURAL TRADITIONS are clashing with the MTV and cyberspace
generation.
• The long history of COLONIALISM has embedded a patriarchal culture among Filipinos
• Both the changes and the inertia of traditions are the backdrop of a very active and
dynamic women’s movement
• The 1987 CONSTITUTION states two prominent provisions.
o Article II Section 14 "The State recognizes the role of women in nation-building
and shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law of women and men."
 o ARTICLE XIII-LABOR: SECTION 14 "The state shall protect working women by
providing safe and healthful working conditions taking into account their
maternal functions, and such facilities and opportunities that will enhance their
welfare and enable them to realize their full potential in the service of the nation".
• numerous legislation was enacted that relates to the various aspects of women and
gender concerns,
o GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT LAW – 5% of government agencies' budget is for
gender concerns)
o PARTY-LIST LAW – women as a particular sector for representation in the
legislature through party-list elections
o ANTI-SEXUAL HARASSMENT LAW – defining SH and providing mechanisms
o ANTI-RAPE LAW – elevation of rape as crime against person
o BARANGAY DAY CARE CENTER LAW – day care center for every village
o WOMEN IN NATION-BUILDING LAW – allocation of budget for women from
development funds from foreign governments and multilateral institutions
o ANTI MAIL-ORDER-BRIDE LAW – making the practice unlawful
o REPATRIATION LAW – repatriation of Filipinas who lost citizenship by marriage
in case of need
o NON-DISCRIMINATION LAW IN LABOR CODE – women protection in hiring and
pay
o COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN REFORM LAW – equal rights for women to be
recipients of land
o MILITARY TRAINING EQUALITY – women can enter the military and police
schools and providing facilities for them
• Women still account for 53% of the unpaid family workers while they constitute only
37.7% of the wage and salary earners.
• WITHIN ORGANIZATIONS, the gender balance is under overhaul.
• social fabric remains tainted by arrogance of male power.

Donald Regan

• then White House chief of staff, told a Washington Post reporter that women would not
understand the issues at stake at that meeting
• women are "not... going to understand [missile] throw-weights or what is happening in
Afghanistan or what is happening in human rights. ... Some women will, but most
women... would rather read the human interest stuff of what happened."
Bella Abzug

• claimed that ending the war in Vietnam was the most important item on the
congressional agenda and the one on which she most wanted to work as the
representative of the many women and men in her district who opposed the war
• requested a seat on the House Armed Services Committee, a committee on which, in
1972, no woman had served in the past twenty-two years.
Congresswoman Patricia Schroeder

• Congresswoman Patricia Schroeder crying on her husband's shoulder,

• many people in the United States had strong misgivings over the thought of an emotional
woman with her finger on the nuclear button.
 ❖ Those women in the peace movements, whom feminist critics of Donald Regan cited as
evidence for women's involvement in international affairs, are frequently branded as
naive, weak, and even unpatriotic
❖ The Schroeder story suggests that even women who have experience in foreign policy
issues are perceived as being too emotional and too weak for the tough life-and-death
decisions required for the nation's defense.
❖ . Weakness is always considered a danger when issues of national security are at stake:
the president's dual role as commander in chief reinforces our belief that qualities we
associate with "manliness" are of utmost importance in the selection of our presidents.

Jeane Kirkpatrick

• Attracted by her authoritative and forceful public style and strong anti-communist
rhetoric
• complained of not being taken seriously by her peers both in the United Nations and in
the U.S. foreign policy establishment
• attributed this lack of respect to her sex: describing herself to one reporter as a "mouse
in a man's world,"
• her views were seldom listened to and that she failed to have any effect whatsoever on
the course of American foreign policy

❖ The experiences of Abzug, Schroeder, and Kirkpatrick-- women with very different
political perspectives (two liberal Democrats and one conservative Republican)-- are
examples of the difficulties that women face when they try to enter the elite world of
foreign policy decision-making.

Gender in International Relations

• in most fields of knowledge we have become accustomed to equating what is human
with what is masculine
o while it has for the most part resisted the introduction of gender into its discourse,
bases its assumptions and explanations almost entirely on the activities and
experiences of men
• Masculinity and politics have a long and close association.
• This celebration of male power, particularly the glorification of the male warrior,
produces more of a gender dichotomy than exists in reality for, as R. W. Connell points
out, this stereotypical image of masculinity does not fit most men
o "hegemonic masculinity,"
▪ type of culturally dominant masculinity that he distinguishes from other
subordinated masculinities
▪ a socially constructed cultural ideal that, while it does not correspond to the
actual personality of the majority of men, sustains patriarchal authority and
legitimizes a patriarchal political and social order
▪ sustained through its opposition to various subordinated and devalued
masculinities, such as homosexuality, and, more important, through its
relation to various devalued femininities
• Connell's definition of hegemonic masculinity depends on its opposition to and unequal
relationship with various subordinated femininities.
• Joan Scott
 o similarly characterizes gender as "a constitutive element of social relationships
based on perceived differences between the sexes, and... a primary way of
signifying relationships of power."
o claims that the way in which our understanding of gender signifies relationships of
power is through a set of normative concepts that set forth interpretations of the
meanings of symbols.
o Scott and many other contemporary feminists assert that, through our use of
language, we come to perceive the world through these binary oppositions
• In committing itself to gender as a category of analysis, contemporary feminism also
commits itself to gender equality as a social goal.
• the discipline of international relations assumes similarly hierarchical relationships
when it posits an anarchic world "outside" to be defended against through the
accumulation and rational use of power.

Feminist Theories and International Relations

• All knowledge is partial and is a function of the knower's lived experience in the world.
• Theoretical perspectives that depend on a broader range of human experience are
important for women and men alike, as we seek new ways of thinking about our
contemporary dilemmas
• Feminist perspectives, constructed out of the experiences of women, can add a new
dimension to our understanding of the world economy; since women are frequently the
first casualties in times of economic hardship, we might also gain some new insight into
the relationship between militarism and structural violence
• Suggesting that the personal is political, feminist scholars have brought to our attention
distinctions between public and private in the domestic polity: examining these artificial
boundary distinctions in the domestic polity could shed new light on international
boundaries, such as those between anarchy and order, which are so fundamental to the
conceptual framework of realist discourse.
• . Feminists in various disciplines claim that feminist theories, by revealing and
challenging these gender hierarchies, have the potential to transform disciplinary
paradigms.
• The construction of hierarchical binary oppositions has been central to theorizing about
international relations.
• Sarah Brown argues, a feminist theory of international relations is an act of political
commitment to understanding the world from the perspective of the socially subjugated.
o "There is the need to identify the as yet unspecified relation between the
construction of power and the construction of gender in international relations."
• Acknowledging, as most feminist theories do, that these hierarchies are socially
constructed, also allows us to envisage conditions necessary for their transcendence.
GnS Finals
Chapter 7 (1-20)
1. According to blank language is a tool can
be affected: Chambers
2. Originally grammatical term social rules…
male female: D. Gender
3. According to Lambud the LA BOB 1972
women uses fewer..: A. True
4. All of the conflict were.. terms of gender
except one: A. Conflict of personal interest
5. Which theory argues women should be
erase… gender neutral: C. Feminist Theory
6. Kathryn and Alice… subordinate form.
Kathryn bossy, Alice assertive which among
the following statement is true: B. kathyryn
is …
7. Which of the following… represent ,,
stigmatized.. less useless stigmatize
language: D. June trues to become
knowledgeable
8. Which among the ..
9. as a leader, sgeme makes the design …
Natasha gathers her employee and
brainstorms with them and : B. Directness
and indirectness
10. If men and women use non verbal and
verbal communication.. more topics than
boys: B. True
11. Which among the following statement is
correct female are more talkative: A. True
12. Which of the following statements
demonstrates the first act of genderization:
James and Victoria
13. All of the statement below are true:
adolescence is not about conformity
14. What happens to those individuals that
Do not conform in the gender rule: both A
and B
15. Which of the following statement is true
if they do not conform to their assigned…. :
C. There would seem to another… different
kind of asymmetry
16. Edward avoids talking his problems to
his friends.. Bella on the other hand mag
tabi sya sa oya problems sa iya friends: D.
Conversational style
Chapter 8
1. Working special holiday…national
women’s day : RA 6949
2. Sexual harassment Committed in public
places work place: RA11313 Safe spaces act
3. Which of the following
development…view as progress: D. All of the
above
4. Global politics are Gender: D. All of the
above
5. Incapsulate RA9262: to protect men and
women……from physical, social…
6. All of the statement below…: men are
contented to take care at home
7. Alfed and Lianna… 5 yrs…she request to
barangay RA9262: D. Yes, Alfred can be
liable under RA9262
8. Carlo a supervisor of rose joke about her
she was so sexy with full breast and back: A.
Carlo violated RA11313
Chapter 9
1. The third family violence because: D. All
choices are correct
2. Gender based violence: False
3. A phenomenon characterized… because of
their gender: A. Gender based violence
4. Which of the following… rights of women:
D. All the choices are correct
5. Identify predator of biolence againts
women: B. beliefs about gender roles
6. Which of the dollwong components for
gender base: D. all
7. RA 9262 react against their partner BWS:
B. false
8. Excluded from penalty 9262: B. Labor
services
9. Violence about women and children: C.
False
10. Its been a year since Freddie .. he has no
right to enjoy and hangout with friends: D.
Economic Violence
11. RA of PH A rape case can be dismissed :
A. Condonation Doctrine
12. There is a need to abolish to perpetuate
discrimination: Both statements are true
Chapter 10
1. Jirah turned down because the company
wanted someone… : D. None descrimination
law of labor hood
2. Author of the overview of the gender: B.
Carlos Anonuevo
3. Blank of government: A. 5%
4. Women’s unpaid family workers… 37.7%:
C. The existing gender roles .. family
5. The age of the internet : D. All pf the
above
6. Yes women indeed way advances of
politics by a lot pf factors lessen the
importance pf women: A. Political dynasty
7. All of the statement of true except: C.
prosecuted women
8. Under the non discrimination law: B.
Imprisonment not less than six month
Chapter 11
6. Like women foreigners as the other non-
white and depicted as emotional unstable
characteristic: C. Adrianna a black woman
all she did is voice out
7. Showed the dichotomy of men and
women: C. Both A and B
8. Despite Ronald attraction style and strong
communist she was still a victim in-spite of
her credentials: B. Jean Patrick
9. Women are marginalized global measure..
work environment: True, False
10. Cause Patricia to withdraw: D. crying on
his husbands shoulder
11. All of the following choice binary
distinction feminity except: C. Nature vs
Nurture
12. What ideas justifies : D. Flexible
13. Justifies musculinity: Leadership
14. Embedded how work is organized
sociological: A. Gender in equality
15. View of egalitarian: C. Power is
distributed equally
16. Early research primarily how men and
women attitudes and behavior: C. Gender
discrimination and inequality
17. All of the statement are true except: C.
Strength power autonomy independence
associated and
18. Why were women are discouraged to: D.
Perceived being too emotional and even too
weak

1. He claims that women are not going to

understand what is happening in
Afghanistan and human rights: Donald
2. Most likely... to glorify: D. Produce more
gender
3. Historical difference of men and women:
A. Biology
4. It is socially constructed… actual
personality of men sustains patriarchal:
masculinity
5. Instead of Bella: Agricultural committee