Calculus 1 - Di erential Calculus

A brief introduction
What is Calculus
• Calculus is the study of continuous change, especially considering functions that are NOT
constant for linear;
• Calculus is also the study of in nities and in nitesimals

The Area problem

d
Area of circle Kr where k is a constant of proportionality
Theyknow thatthis constant of proportionality wasTl
Method ofExhaustion itsApproximatearea of circlewith lotsoftriangles

Poligonof 96sides actualareasPolygon of96outsidesides

22371 Tur Actual 22 7
31408 To 3.1429
The Tangent problem

t a y p Thetangentlineto x at x I what is its equation

I Ipe
Wecandobetter at approximating
x 0.6 4 0.36 line bringingtwopoints
gso o.io o.f o.ytagent byactual
txt closertothe
x 0.5
pointofTangen

ox would approachto zero referred to as being infinitesimally small

A crash course in physics
Josition Where
you are with reference to an origin measured inmeters

no É s xt cm
F E D A C B
As equal interval oftimegoby
15sinterval 1,9
position tis xm
A 0 1.2 Unknown path Howfast

É
B 5 29
c to 1s

q
15 o
y

g 25

When was moving fastest

FromA to B most distance 1.7m in 5s 0.34mIs
Q buthow I move acturally duringthe5s interval
 Velocity - The velocity v is the rate at which you change your position
withrespect time
rate means to means motion in negative
direction
of 5m every second
Ex W Note Velocityhasunitof Emts
jmaspersywgyq.gg Asshown canbenegative
in 15 3
Iz standingstill at x am v oms
Whatdoesthislooklike on a graph s i s to 15 so as to
e
What would v 5mlslooklike 2
gum
24 Giventhe x t graph below what is v
xenia
15 u slope ox lot
O L25 2 o
I u 1.25mls
I 4.0 test
I 2 3 4 constant rate of change
Is
Is How do we approach theideaof velocity for the following
xena

Xm a What was my velocity between t1 and t2?

1) Instantaneous velocity
Rightnowwhatis
ftp 2) Average velocity V
qq
Onaverage whatwasVarg
Let’s investigate the idea of average velocity by making a secant line that connects the
points
x m t

NYT
ta z
Varg ta t

g g tess
x m xEms

ii
a
tess
As t2 approaches t1, we are taking smaller and smaller changes in time delta.
Ajit
As delta t approaches zero, the average velocity, idea becomes more and more like a instantaneous velocity idea
tess
 Two moment in timethat are so close together thatyoumust aswellconsider that they
effectively Now idea
yield a Right

ycm A
Y lot 1got
Att 1 y 8.14m
8.14m
Y

y TES
eh
At t 2s y 10121 1.861212 The Vau from t Is t 25
12.56m Vav 915
y
8.1412 1
Nav 4.42Mls

AT 1 1.5 4 1011.51 51
1.8611 The Vau from t is t 1.5s
y 10.82m vav oylot
par 10.828.141.5 1 5.35Mls
Consider
metyyy
y lot 1.865
Ya Isnt Att l y 8.14m
8.14m
p.gg
Y

TES
th t
thseconds
In general Vau from t Is to ta

t.soanfiif.IE
Van oylot lot 1.86T 8.14
ta 1
04th
ith I
lot10h 1.863.72h 1.864 8.14
Varg 6.28h 1.86h h 6.28h 1.86h where he at
Tell 1.5 h 0.5s Varg 5.35ms
TE 1.1.01 h0.01 Varg 6.26mls
TE 1.1.001 h 0.001 Varg 6.28mIs
As h approaches zero Varg 6.28 1.86h tends toward 6.28
Becomes likely to the instantaneous velocity at t Is
E1 Limit
The limit of one quantity that depends on another is the value that it tends
towards as the other quantity approaches some value
h o
In our previous example, we saw that the Vavg tended towards 6.28 as h approaches toward zero
Therefore, the limit of Vavg as h approached zero was 6.28

Notation h approaching zero h o

the limit of Varg as h approaches zero finsVarg
Usingthis notation we sawthat tinyNavy 6.28
1 Limits of function x¡1
f (x) =
We are going to investigate the function x2 ¡ 1

550 Weknowdividing by zero is not good

What would we expect to happen as we allow x 1 to getclose to zero
What happen as x getsclose to 1
We are going to check the limit of f(x) as x approaches 1 →

dim fix D fix II

xal fix I th
0.5 0.6667 1.5 0.4000 f y't
0.9 0.5263 1I 0.47619 It appears as though as I approach x=1 from value of x
less than 1 and also value greater than 1, my function
o.gg 0.5025 1.01 0.4975
value approaches 0.5
0.999 0.5003 1.00 0.4997

x¡1 1 Caution: At no moment was x ever actually equal to 1,

lim = nor was the function value equal to 1/2
x!1 x2 ¡ 1 2
x 1 But X I 4 Wegotinfinitelyclose
Graph of fix It

t.LY
undefined

bafsxtY'is
fIsabella
MrGordon cannotgetto It asthisis a limitprocess

FY agreedthat it appeared as throughthefunction value appeared 0.5 as

Isa MrG each approached 1 from different sides

She approached 1 “from the left” (from values of x<1)

Éa
It lying Y I
meansapproaching x l fromtheleftgivesa limit
forthe function off

xt E meansapproaching X l fromtherightgives a limit

myg fins Yi I forthe function of I
 Caution X T doesnotmean x goesthough 1

In general we say finnafix L if the function leds to l as x approach a from

both sides

Examples of finna fix l Bothsideagree

it X
Actuallyplunging x a intofunctiongivesl plug in x a is undertermained
plug in x a gives a
tea l flat d flag l
• Importantly, in all three cases, approaching x=a, the function tends towards y=l
Thuseachhas finnafix l
In order for a limit to exist we need fig tix L leafx
E.1.1.1 ya
D 4394 3
fit 917 1 3 findgtx DNE

É i s t's y
4 Ling917 2 5 Ling917 2 6 king917 2

finsglx has two limits of it

embedded inside
Vote

7 time9h
Have to
thelimit
agregoter

Question: What else would a limit not exist?

Oscillation Example sin

Mph LIMOSINCEIDNE

functions
Rytional

him y x no a rave
Emo H x y wing tenastoninatifunction
E.1.1.1
to
10 I to
70 I X agreement Westill thelimitisDNE
 I 9
2 In nite limits
Ema Tx D In nite limits are the de nition of a

I
vertical asymptote!
4 differentpossible results If you have at least one of the following,
then there must be a V.A of x=a

to
N
o
on
Examples of functions with in nite limits →
Y
1. Rational functions → [see above]
i
2. Logarithmic → y=ln(x) x
3. Tangent → y=tan(x)
Amolnix D

3 tangent
Note the difference between a
restricted domain for f(x) and a
vertical asymptote
IIEtank D
r u
e.g fix x1 x I X 1 1 41 1 X 1 I
Howeverhim
Y I
isaverticalasymptotebuta
II IE stsIaetinea

Thusthis

Using algebra approach →

illegalmath
I YI It
functionally unequivalent

3 limit laws
fix ga both limits Ifatix and king glx exists
Ying fix ga finnafix I Lingglx

iii
finna fix finnafix finagle
glx
Imafix Provided

fifaglx Ginagusto

Ling fix flatus

finna fix MY
mafia
4 Evaluating limits by direct substitution

Pugin the valuethat X is approaching butusingextremecaution

P f
findtix fine81
Iffley I

e
g Indicatesomethingspecial s

Called an Indeterminate form

11 4 8 8 O O d
Note: We will have many investigations that result in an indeterminate form
→ Take it as a clue that you need to “algebra your way out” of the situation

Theproblemspotshouldeventually factor out cancel away

fins
Eth
him It
L
Notzero butapproaching zero
fine YI 11,1 I
startagain fins YI is Two limits DNE
a Em Y EI Ei
Number
slightly
L
its tip I
it
larger
thanone
1 iooo oil 3 L0.9995
y x 20.9999

g my my
E.1.1.4 Evaluating by direct substitution

him13 77 31 2 7 13

Ying 14481 444,148 g

444 4 4 2 6
Obeying limits laws

thist't3t 9 Ghggoodnight
53 É I egg 3
Too boringand fatigue
Using differentapproachwhenfactoringlimits
I 11.4
fin Y 8 Technique forcingtofactorelement xs x
YEI't
It fifty Issue cannotfactor
I
fig xx11latex txt x
x x 1 Yih
Es
his I 3 18 algebra
fin II
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E4
Fm I gives

It i I I 3 p
LimitDNE
he I p g p Notonlydoestheselinesdiverge goestoinfinity theydon't
even divergethesameway
Es tho 1 16 É of
14

fightx 4x114 1 4
Xo x 8 g
t
Eo fie 1 41 xt4 4
6 8
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ataxia
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2211 4 XL 4
MsCC
74

fhÉÉ Absolutefunction is piecewise functionthat

changehands whentheinputinto abs

ex
1742 77 4
yy valueoperation goesfrom negative positive

Ita Xs 4 I
Therefore
Ig III DIVE

4 x2 4 12
r
I Not I
Equal
 x'this t f
Ey y h • 2 variables here, can think of h as a “dummy” variable that
will go away/with the computation of the limit.
to Egypt The “real” variable x will remain, and the answer will simply
be an algebraic expression

go hF x fath
ah h

ht 2x h
nig hx ath
54 33
l ath 2
Es
ly h

his stunt s

Ea Es EI E radical expressionthatgivesyoutrouble
Why ation

fifty if
L 2 x Aztz
x 2 x2 4
12 x Matz
fig x 2
17 21172 2
his x 2
4
Aquicknote numober what kind of zero is it
hunger to

number X

Ingber 0 regardless of t
1 21 17241
Elo fie 1 41 2 f
Removethe absvalue appropriately

72 if Xc 2 t r n
4 x2
1 21
if X 2 it
alie if35
17 41
fatal it x ypiecesleft
74 if x 34 4piecesweflip
1 11 241
hi 1 121411 241
2
Thus
by 1 4 2 lay IF he HI 3
 trigonometric limits

CosO is the x coord on your unit circle

Sind is the y cord on your unit circle

E.1.1.4.2
x cosh Direct sub
Yg
E I

Its co's
10 coke of d FIE Etim
I
Example
let go I
Lg cosio co's
t t t d

III
fo
Exampled 5118101
q Algebra ing our way out
Considerthe following

Ya Area one
Area OABD I IE
A 10
Ya
sectorarea Acircle Agenor
Asector so
a py 1 Tuco II Agenor

AreaoABC f Areasector s AreaOABD

If
1Esko dose OR K 5180scoso
in Ince faith
pin sqo sigo between and coso its behaviour as o o is also bonded by

fig l s ft 5180 e la Cosa

lim
sin µ
=1
I E ko 5180 I 1 µ!0 µ

I 1.1.4.3
go 380 8 É É
8,3 5180 Go X 5 ftp.sina.it
I SENO Eo5187.53 thus
e say
 Go sitÉ 8 m.I Is
Note
EYE gg
I Eso SI FFux Ex
sin(µ)
lim =1
µ!0 µ
µ
lim =1
µ!0 sin(µ)

Eo
ELITE
Ye

fI Only missing a's

j3 legSIN

E fly I
5 4

f
I

Remainder
L lg Sino
E
E shifts I Let O I and so x I then o o
canalsosubstitute
sino g
Whatwejustdid is called a substitution and BOY we will see
lot's of these in calculus I Mr Gordon

In general lisa stiff D 1 IFF flat 0

Eggs Its
andfear o
¡ ¢
sin2 x2 ¡ 4
lim
x!2 x (x + 2) (x ¡ 2) 8

SING4since4
fig x x2 4

Is 1,114 sit 734

si
Y 5,414 hi I i i 0 0
 cos µ ¡ 1
lim
µ!0 µ
f
i
80 8 1
go
Cosa I
Okosot th sift Egg
l 0 0
e I
go so's
8 1 19 0

Back to example
This Ging Cosy I 0
go 981 0 g
OR YingcoffD i o Ift ya o
lo 8 3

go 48 f
MrGordon shoot Let'smultiplyconjugate
la EY 26 g

go 8ÉÉo'son
go Iligan
0
lo sign 5180 zuosoti
I 1 I 4
It s III I 8
E sit cs

FE cost
Iselin co's
x I F

Jim X'sIN o

5 The squeeze theorem

Given 3 functions f(x), g(x), h(x)
If you can show that f(x)≤ g(x)≤ h(x)

brr ha

immune
Also Lima fix Lima ha

WIFI
gtx

Then it must be true that

Gaga has the samevalue because it squeezedbetween
the two
Him X SINCE r The function hose limit we want to know
gtx X'SINCE
We have to form an inequality f (x) · g (x) · h (x)

T E SINO f 1 Trueregardlessoftheangle 0

MM X'SISIN E EX Multiply by X
i KimoC x s fightsINE Efim lx
TO E ImoX'SINE E

Example1.1.5.1 LEE Fz cost 2 TE Cosa El

Cost251
É
him Ate fightcost2 fimaxtz

EmEgos into

q qq.me
If cos El
é e ecos ee
FEE Gets Efe
himFee fifes s fine O E fix so fix o
6 Limits at in nity and horizontal asymptote

Consider function fix Y't as x becomes exceedingly large in value what happens
to the values of fix
x O Il IL 13 14 IS 110 150 1100 11000

fix I 0 0.6000 0.8000 0.999998

 Appears as though fix tends toward 1 as x I Infinity X
Thinking about it “conceptually”, what difference does adding or substracting 1 make when you are at “in nity”?

The ratio like xx

III looks more as x ins and so we get a result

of III Iii him I

find Anyfnumber 0 Basis for algebric approach

Back to example
fit Eff Y Indeterminate

Étest Fling x'll it

X Itis

Je
of X
power
thing

III
in this case
Fim
y
egg g
fin tox
Fits 11,17
slim
IIE
→ Limits at in nity help us understand the “end behaviour” of functions
time Imf
Our function tend towards y=1 as x goes off to negative in nity and also positive in nity
↳ This is the “end behaviour”

fly BY I I Y
Directsub usually does notwork

FEEL
sameanswer
11h PILE
Vertical asymptote vs. Horizontal asymptote: Horizontal asymptote is the end behaviour of a function; while a
function cannot cross a vertical asymptote
Definition Horizontal Asymptote
The line y L is called a h asymptote of the function fix if either
him fix L or fingfix L
It indicates the end behaviour of f(x) as x goes off to in nity in either direction

In general - You can cross a H.A.

9 12

Ira
- You can have two H.A. s

C
y 7
Example 1 1 b I Find the HA's of Fx
ÉI
Impliesfindingfine fat
Em EE
x if x 70
x 3 Ex
III I

Ex FFI
5 E X 3 Ex

Note: when checking for V.A.s

↳ Look for potential “illegal math”
→ Any illegal math that doesn’t “cancel away” an where the limit gives an in nite result would be a V.A

Limit at infinity Examples

Emos t tr

t xt
24 31 5 x t l
Es
9704
Ed.isiise Ling I

I p Fts
Ying l o him tt if aco

find WIFE
3
t't
Ira x if x o

VOTE Number is always positive

e F A x IF
fine stiff 3T 3
 Lightman gtfo o as

Multiplybyconjugate

x tax x XT
X fast
lim X 72 22
x g x x'tax
x
Limo
x x'tax
Lim x t2
x o x Ere
E
moIft I
fins Iifa times I
Investigate time…… →🕵
nraordon

Ex 3 2 2 1 3 2 2 1
Ling 5 32 Ling
7 5 32 7
fits 433114,15 lim Xis skives0
x is X95x 477
5 0 3 5 too
O O

Whatabout the reciprocal

II FEET
fits 9 5 1 80 58 as

“The trick” 2. degree poly1 < poly2

For limits at in nity, the highest power terms
dominates in rational expression lim f (x) =
x*§1

→ Given f (x) = polynomial1

9
polynomial2
1. degree poly1 = poly2
e
ghim105 1 0

lim f (x) =
x*§1 ratio of the coefficient of 3. degree poly1 > poly2
the highestpowers
lim f (x) =
as
gygyg.gg x*§1

e.gfit 108
a
o
 1113
Ex lim 272024 3
x g 912 2022
3 2 5 3
3 62 2
find 42 3 4 5 42 2

Finding V.As: “Illegal math” that doesn’t cancel out and results in an in nite limit

7 Continuity

→ A function is considered to be continuous if you can draw

it without lifting your pencil

↳ Anywhere you would have to lift your writing device would

be considered a discontinuity
3 main types of discontinuities

“Discontinuity” → The location where f(x) is discontinuous

↳ 3 ways in which you would not be able to draw f(x) without lifting your pencil.

1. Removable discontinuity

2. Jump discontinuity

3. In nite discontinuity

The problem is that even if f(a) exists, AND the limit exist, is that we had