Measurement of Zc and ABCD parameters:

We know, Vs  AVr  BI r and I s  CVr  DI r

Voltmeter, ammeter and phase angle meter are connected at S.E. side.

A) If R.E. short circuited, Vr  0.

Then VsRS  BI rRS and I sRS  DI rRS
VsRS B
Then Z sRS   …(1)
I sRS D
B) If R.E. open circuited, I r  0.
VsRO A
Then VsRO  AVrRO and I sRO  CVrRO and Z sRO   …(2)
I sRO C

9/1/2021 2:31 PM 45
 Vs   A B  Vr 
In matrix form,      I 
 s 
I C D  r
1
Vr   A B  Vs  1 D  B  Vs   D  B  Vs 
         
 r 
I C D 
  s
I  AD  BC   C


A   I s   C A   I s 

R.E. voltage and current in terms of S.E. voltage and current are given by

Vr  DVs  BI s and I r  CVs  AI s

Voltmeter, ammeter and phase angle meter are connected at R.E. side.
C) If S.E. short circuited, Vs  0.

Then VrSS   BI sSS and I rSS  AI sSS

VrSS B
Then Z rSS   …(3)
I rSS A

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D) If S.E. open circuited, I s  0.

Then VrSO  DVsSO , I rSO  CVsSO

VrRO D
Then Z rSO    …(4)
I rRO C
By solving equations 1,2,3 and 4 we can obtain the desired parameters.

9/1/2021 2:31 PM 47
Equivalent circuit representation:
1. Equivalent pi model
For long line,

A  D  cosh L, B  Z c sinh L 

1
and C  sinh L
Zc
ABCD parameter of the equivalent- model:

 Y /Z / 
A  D  1   , B  Z /

 2 
 Y Z 
/ /
and C  Y 1 
/

 4 
z z sinh L z sinh L sinh L
 Z /  Z c sinh L  sinh L  L  yz L  zL
y y L y L L
sinh L
Z /  Z
L

9/1/2021 2:31 PM 48
 Y /Z /
Again equating A, 1  cosh L
2
Y /Z /
  cosh L  1
2
L 2 L L
2sinh 2
2sinh 2sinh 2
Y / cosh L  1 2  2  y 2 L
  
2 Z/ Z c sinh L z z  L L  L 2
sinh L  2sinh cosh 
y  2 2  2

L L L
tanh tanh tanh
y 2 L L 2 Y 2
 yz y
z L 2 2 L 2 L
2 2 2
L
/ tanh
Y Y 2
 
2 2 L
2

9/1/2021 2:31 PM 49
For lossless transmission line,

 Z /  Z c sinh L  sinh  j  L
c

 j sin L  j L  j  cL  j L  jX L
c c c


 sinh j  L  
e j  L  e j  L  
 j sin  L 
 2 
 
Y/ jB
Similarly,  c
2 2

9/1/2021 2:31 PM 50
2. Equivalent T model

L
tanh
sinh L /
Z Z 2
Y Y
/
and 
L 2 2 L
2

Calculation of permissible length or frequency:

VsNL
A  Vs  AVr  BI r 
VrNL

 1
YZ

VsNL
 1
 g  jc  r  j  L2

VsNL
2 VrNL 2 VrNL

Therefore frequency or line length can be calculated.

9/1/2021 2:31 PM 51
 Travelling wave interpretation of long transmission line:

R.M.S. voltage at a distance x from R.E., V  A1e x  A2e x

where,
A1 
Vr  I r Z c 
=A  = A e j 1
1 1 1
2
V  I Z 
and A2  r r c = A2  2  A2 e j 2
2
  yz   g  jc  r  j     j 
Then the expression of instantaneous voltage at at a distance x from R.E.,

v  2V sin t  Im  
2Ve jt

 v  Im  2  A1e x  A2e  x  e jt 

 Im   2 A1 e j 1 e
  j  x
 A2 e j 2 e   
   j   x jt
e

9/1/2021 2:31 PM 52
  v  Im  2 A1 e x e 
j t   x  1 
 2 A2 e  x e 
j t   x  2 

 2 A1 e x sin t   x 1   2 A2 e x sin t   x  2  …(1)

Equation (1) can be written as, v  vi  vr

vi  incident wave and vr  reflected wave

  attenuation constant (neeper) and   phase shift constant(rad/m)

2
Note that,   2   


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9/1/2021 2:31 PM 54
  2 A1 e x sin t   x 1   2 A2 e x sin t   x  2 
Similarly, i  ii  ir

Therefore instantaneous voltage and current at point of a long transmission line can
decomposed into two waves traveling in opposite direction.

Velocity of wave propagation:

d dx  
 t   x   2   0    velr 
dt dt  

Similarly, veli  

For lossless transmission line ,   c
  1
velr     velocity of light  3 108 m/s  f 
  c c

9/1/2021 3:07 PM 55
 Matching condition: If R.E. is loaded with Zc (i.e., SIL) then
Vr
 Z c  Vr  I r Z c
Ir

then A1 
Vr  I r Zc  =V Vr  I r Zc  =0
r and A2 
2 2
V  A1e x  A2e  x

x Vr  x
V
In that case, incident  Vr e and Vreflected  0 ; I incident  e and I reflected  0
Zc
x Vr  x
V  Vr e and I  e  V  Z  at any point of the line 
Zc c
I
Advantages SIL:
1. No reactive power issue.
2. No reflected wave at R.E. all the power will be consumed by the load.
3. Minimum voltage drop in the line.

9/1/2021 2:31 PM 56
Tuned power line:

If A  1 then cosh L  1  sinh L  0

In that case, Vs  Vr and I s  I r .

The line is called tuned power line.

Let’s consider lossless transmission line. Then,

cosh L  cosh jL  cos L


 cosh j  L  
e j  L  e j  L


cos  L  j sin cos  L  cos  L  j sin cos  L

 cos  L 
 2 2 
 

 cos L  1  L   n  L  n

n 1 n n 
 cL  n  L   vr  fn
 c  2f 2

9/1/2021 2:31 PM 57
Electrical length of a line:
2
Electrical length,   L  L

Transmission lines:
1. Short line: line length < 80km,   5
0

2. Medium line: 80km  line length < 240km, 50    150

3. Long line: line length  240km,   150

9/1/2021 2:31 PM 58
Example 5: A 50Hz, 500 km long line has series impedance z = (0.02 + j 0.45)
ohm /km/phase and shunt admittance y = j 2.5  10-6 mho/km/phase. Calculate (i)
the characteristic impedance, (ii) the attenuation constant (iii) the phase constant
(iv) velocity and (v) wave length of traveling wave in the line.
Solution: z = (0.02 + j 0.45) ohm /km/phase and y = j 2.5  10-6 mho/km/phase

z  0.02  j 0.45 
Zc    424.37  j9.43  424.47  1.270 
y j 2.5 106
  yz   0.02  j 0.45  j 2.5 106

 1.061184 103 88.730  2.356441105  j1.060922 103 
  2.356441 105 neeper ,   1.060922 103 rad/km
 2  50
vel    296119.13 km/s
 1.060922 10 3

296119.13
50  296119.13     5.922383 km
50
9/1/2021 2:31 PM 59
Example 6: Solve problem 3 considering distributed line parameters. Do it yourself.

9/1/2021 2:31 PM 60