Transmission line Parameters

Part 2

Taught by-
Sunita Halder nee Dey
Professor
Electrical Engg. Department
Jadavpur University

8/6/2021 3:57 PM Dr. Sunita Halder nee Dey, EE Dept., JU 1

 Numerical Examples on inductance calculation
Example 1: Determine the inductance of a single phase overhead transmission line
consisting of three conductors of 2.5mm radii in the ‘go’ conductor (A) and two
conductors of 5mm radii in the ‘return’ conductors (B). The configuration of the line
is as shown in Fig.1. (Sem2011 Q. 7a)
Solution: Self GMD of sub-conductors in A
2.5
ra/  rb/  rc/  0.7788   0.001947m
1000
Self GMD of sub-conductors in B
5
rd/  re/  0.7788   0.003894m
1000

DSA   Daa Dab Dac  Dba Dbb Dbc  Dca Dcb Dcc 
19

19
 2.5 2.5 2.5 
  0.7788   6 12  6  0.7788   6 12  6  0.7788  
 1000 1000 1000 

  0.001377 
19
= 0.4810m
8/6/2021 3:57 PM Dr. Sunita Halder nee Dey, EE Dept., JU 2
 14
14  5 
DSB   Ddd Dde  Ded Dee 
5
  0.7788   6  6  0.7788  
 1000 1000 

 
14
-4
 5.4588 10 = 0.1529m
Example1

2 2
Dae  6  9  10.8167m and Dcd  12  9  15m
2 2

DmA   Dad Dae  Dbd Dbe  Dcd Dce 

16

 
16
  9 10.8167 10.8167  9 15 10.8167 
16 6
 1.5377 10  10.7434m  DmB

DmB   Dda Ddb Ddc  Dea Deb Dec 

16
Note that,

Inductance of ‘go’ conductor (A)

Dm 10.7434
 0.2ln  0.2ln =0.6212mH/km
DSA 0.481

8/6/2021 3:57 PM Dr. Sunita Halder nee Dey, EE Dept., JU 3

 Inductance of ‘return’ conductor (B)
Dm 10.7434
 0.2ln  0.2ln = 0.8505 mH/km
DSB 0.2519
Example1
Total inductance of the line = 0.6212 + 0.8505 = 1.4717 mH/km

Solve following problems yourself and check the answers:

Example-2: A single phase two wire transmission line is operating at 50Hz frequency.
Each conductor has 20mm dia and they are 4m apart. Compute (a) inductance of each
conductor per km, (b) loop inductance of the line per km, (c) inductive reactance per km
(d) loop inductance per km when the conductor material is steel of relative permeability
50. (Ans. a) 1.2483 mH/km, b) 2.4966 mH/km c) 0.3927 ohm/km d) 7.3966 mH/km)

Example 3: A three phase, 50 Hz transmission line consists of three conductors, each of

diameter 20mm. the spacing between the conductors are A-B = 4m, B-C = 4.2m, C-A
=4.8m. Calculate inductance and inductive reactance per phase. (Ans. 1.2634
mH/phase/km, 0.3969 ohm/phase/km. ),

8/6/2021 3:57 PM Dr. Sunita Halder nee Dey, EE Dept., JU 4

Example 4: A 400 kV, 3 phase, 50 Hz line has a bundling arrangement of two conductors
per phase as shown in Fig. Each conductor carries 50% of the phase current. Assume full
transposition. Diameter of each conductor 2cm. Compute the inductance and capacitance
per phase per km of this line. (Sem’2015)

Solution. self GMD for inductance calculation:

Dsa  Dsb  Dsc   r  0.5  0.5  r / 14
   0.7788  0.01 0.5  0.5  0.7788  0.01
/ 14

 0.0624 m
Mutual GMD calculation:

 D  D 
18
Dma  ab Dab / Da / b Da / b / ac Dac / Da / c Da / c /

  6  6.5  5.5  6 12 12.5 11.5 12   8.4761 m  Dmc

18

8/6/2021 3:57 PM Dr. Sunita Halder nee Dey, EE Dept., JU 5

  D  D 
18
Dmb  ba Dba / Db / a Db / a / bc Dbc / Db / c Db / c /

  6  6.5  5.5  6  6  6.5  5.5  6   5.9896 m

, 18

Dm   Dma Dmb Dmc   8.4761 5.9896  8.4761 = 7.5497 m

13 13

 D 
14
Alternatively, Dmab  ab Dab/ Da / b Da / b/
Example 4
  6  6.5  5.5  6 
14
 5.9896 m

    6  6.5  5.5  6 
14 14
Dmbc  Dbc Dbc/ Db/ c Db/ c /  5.9896 m

   12  12.5  11.5  12 

14 14
Dmca  Dca Dca / Dc / a Dc / a /  11.9948 m

1
Dm   Dmab Dmbc Dmca    5.9896  5.9896 11.9948 3  7.5497 m
1
3

Dm 7.5497
Inductance per phase= L  0.2ln  0.2ln  0.9591 mH/km Ans.
Ds 0.0624
8/6/2021 3:57 PM Dr. Sunita Halder nee Dey, EE Dept., JU 6
, Example 5: A three phase 50Hz, 10km long un-transposed line has four wires (1cm dia)
spaced horizontally with 2m spacing between two adjacent conductors. The wires in
order are carrying currents Ia, Ib and Ic whose values are (20 + j40) A, (10 + j60) A and
(30  j100) A respectively the fourth wire being the neutral. Find (a) flux linkage and
voltage induced in the neutral wire, (b) the voltage drop in phase a. (Sem 2012)

Sol. From the Fig.1, Dan  6m, Dbn  4m, Dcn  2m

I a   20  j 40  A , Ib   10  j 60  A , I c   30  j100  A ,

I n  I a  Ib  I c  0   I c    I a  Ib 
7  1 1 1 1
Flux linkage of the neutral wire,  n  2  10  I a ln  I b ln  I c ln  I n ln / 
 Dan Dbn Dcn rn 
But here, I n  0
 1 1 1
 n  2 107   20  j 40  ln   10  j 60  ln   30  j100  ln  Wb-T/m
8/6/2021 3:57 PM  6Halder nee Dey, EE Dept., JU4
Dr. Sunita 2 7
If D=length of the line, then total Flux linkage of the neutral wire,

 1 1 1
 nT  2 107   I a ln  I b ln  I c ln   D
 6 4 
2
 2 107   28.9037  j85.5333  10  103 =  0.0578  j 0.1711 Wb-T

Note that, V  jX L I  j LI  j 
 Example1
 I  j
I 
Voltage induced in neutral wire, Vn  j n  j 2    50  n

Vn   53.7422 +j18.1607  =56.7277  18.67130 Volt

Example 5

Again, From the Fig.1, Dab  2m, Dbc  4m

 1 1 1 1 
Flux linkage of in phase a ,  a  2  10  I a ln /  I b ln
7
 I c ln  I n ln 
 ra D ab D ac D an 

 1 1 1
 2 107   20  j 40  ln 2
  10  j 60  ln   30  j100  ln 
 0.7788  0.5  10 2 4 
  2.9124 +j6.3794  105 Wb-T/m
8/6/2021 3:57 PM Dr. Sunita Halder nee Dey, EE Dept., JU 8
Voltage induced in phase a,

Va  j aT  j 2    a  D

Va    200.42  j91.498  =220.3153  155.46150

 220.3153  155.4615+360   220.3153204.60 Volt
0

Example 5

8/6/2021 3:57 PM Dr. Sunita Halder nee Dey, EE Dept., JU 9

 Resistance of transmission line

DC resistance:

Vdc
Rdc 
I dc

Skin effect: Current tries to concentrate on the outer side of the conductor as
inductance and flux linkage are more towards inner side.

 1 1 1 
 i  2 107  I1 ln  I 2 ln   I n ln 
 D1i D2i Dni 

Flux linkage of any conductor is determined by the no. of conductors present in its
surrounding.
8/6/2021 3:57 PM Dr. Sunita Halder nee Dey, EE Dept., JU 10
.
 1 1 1 
 i  2 107  I1 ln  I 2 ln   I n ln 
 D1i D2i Dni 

Therefore, for this isolated conductor,  a  b

As,  a  b  La  Lb  X a  X b  I a  Ib

This happens due inductive effect for ac current. For ac application , current
tries to concentrate on the periphery (or skin) of the conductor and make the
current distribution non-uniform . This phenomenon is called ‘Skin Effect’. In
short, non-uniform distribution of flux linkage results in non-uniform distribution
of current (or current density).

For dc current, I a  Ib , i.e., uniform current density.

8/6/2021 3:57 PM Dr. Sunita Halder nee Dey, EE Dept., JU 11
Proximity effect: If there be any other conductor at the vicinity then current try to
concentrate on that side where flux linkage (or inductance) is less.

For case-1:  aa  bb   cc
/ / / where  aa / means magnetic flux in region a or a/.

 aa  bb   cc  Laa  Lbb  Lcc  X aa  X bb  X cc  I aa  I bb  I cc

/ / / / / / / / / / / /

8/13/2021 2:21 PM Dr. Sunita Halder nee Dey, EE Dept., JU 12

 For case-2:  aa  bb   cc
/ / /

Proximity effect

Therefore due to proximity effect there will be non-uniform distribution of flux

linkage which will result in non-uniform distribution of current (or current
density).
Skin effect and proximity effect depend on conductor size (dia), frequency etc.
Current flowing in same direction creates repulsive force.

8/13/2021 2:21 PM Dr. Sunita Halder nee Dey, EE Dept., JU 13

 AC resistance: we know that non-uniform distribution of flux linkage results in non-
uniform distribution of current.

Let us consider a conductor which carries I current and has dc resistance equal to Rdc . Let us
assume that the conductor is divided into n number of imaginary segments. These segments
are in parallel.

Then resistance of each segment, rs  nRdc

I
For dc application, Current through each segment, 
n
And dc power loss  Pdc  I 2 Rdc
Skin effect
But, for ac application, currents are not uniformly distributed due to skin effect and proximity
effect. Let us assume, n/2 number of conductors are carrying lesser current and the
remaining n/2 number of conductor are carrying higher current.

8/13/2021 2:21 PM Dr. Sunita Halder nee Dey, EE Dept., JU 14

 I
 Current through each inner segment   I/
n
I
Current through each outer segment   I/
n
n  I2 
2 2
n I /  n I / 
Power loss in ac, Pac    I  rs    I  rs   2  2  I / 2  rs
2n  2n  2 n 
rs
 I2  I / 2 nrs  I 2 Rdc  I / 2 n 2 Rdc  Pdc  I / 2 n 2 Rdc  rs  nRdc 
n
 I 2 Rac say 

 Pac  Pdc and Rac  Rdc for skin effect and proximity effect.

To avoid these effects bundled conductors and stranded conductors are used.

8/13/2021 2:21 PM Dr. Sunita Halder nee Dey, EE Dept., JU 15

Interference with communication line
A communication line is running in same tower with power line.

Note that, here, I a  Ib  Ic  0 as well as I s  It  0

Then, flux linkage in conductor-s due to currents in conductors

of power lines (a, b and c) is given by ,

 1 1 1 
 s  2 10  I a ln
7
 I b ln  I c ln 
 D as D bs D cs 
 1 1 1 
 2 107  I a ln  I b ln  I c ln 
 D a1 D b1 D c1 

Similarly, flux linkage in conductor-t due to currents in conductors of power lines (a, b and c)
is given by ,  1 1 1 
 t  2 10  I a ln
7
 I b ln  I c ln 
 Dat D bt D ct 

7  1 1 1 
 2 10  I a ln  I b ln  I c ln 
 D a2 D b2 D c2 

8/13/2021 2:21 PM Dr. Sunita Halder nee Dey, EE Dept., JU 16

  st   s  t
 7  1 1 1  7  1 1 1 
  2 10  I a ln  I b ln  I c ln   2 10  I a ln  I b ln  I c ln 
  D a1 D b1 Dc1   Da2 Db2 D c 2 


 Da 2 Db 2 Dc 2 
  st  2 10  I a ln
7
 I b ln  I c ln 
 Da1 Db1 Dc1 

Now induced emf in communication line,

est  es  et  j  s  t   j st

 D D D 
 j  2  107  I a ln a 2  I b ln b 2  I c ln c 2 
 Da1 Db1 Dc1 

 Dat Dbt Dct 

 est  j  2  10  I a ln
7
 I b ln  I c ln 
 Das Dbs Dcs 

8/13/2021 2:21 PM Dr. Sunita Halder nee Dey, EE Dept., JU 17

But transmission lines are transposed:

 1 1 1 
Then for transposition position-1,  s1  2 107  I a ln  I b ln  I c ln 
 Da1 Db1 Dc1 
 1 1 1 
Similarly,  s2 7
 2 10  I a ln  I b ln  I c ln 
 D b1 D c1 D a1 

 1 1 1 
And  s3 7
 2 10  I a ln  I b ln  I c ln 
 D c1 D a1 D b1 

8/13/2021 2:21 PM Dr. Sunita Halder nee Dey, EE Dept., JU 18

Therefore average flux linkage in cond-s,

 s1  s2  s3
 sav 
3
1 7   1 1 1 
  2 10  I a ln  Ib ln  I c ln 
3   Da1 Db1 Dc1 

 1 1 1   1 1 1 
  I a ln  Ib ln  I c ln    I a ln  Ib ln  I c ln 
 Db1 Dc1 Da1   Dc1 Da1 Db1 

1  1 
  2 107  I a  I b  I c  ln  
3  a1 b1 c1 
D D D
13
 1 
 2 10  I a  I b  I c  ln 
7

 a1 b1 c1 
D D D

13
 1 
Similarly, average flux linkage in cond-t,  t  2 107  I a  Ib  I c  ln  
 a2 b2 c2 
D D D
av

8/13/2021 2:21 PM Dr. Sunita Halder nee Dey, EE Dept., JU 19

 induced emf between conductor s and t,
1
D D D 
est  es  et  j  s  t   j  2 107  I a  I b  I c  ln  a 2 b 2 c 2 
3

 Da1 Db1Dc1 
Under balanced condition, I a  Ib  I c  0  est  0

Note that,
1. For faults containing zero sequence current, I a  Ib  I c  3I 0  est  0
There will be electromagnetic interference.

2. In presence of 3rd harmonic in power line current, I a  I b  I c  3I 3 f  est  0

There will be electromagnetic interference.

So transposition of transmission lines is ineffective if current is unbalanced or

contains 3rd harmonics.

8/13/2021 2:21 PM Dr. Sunita Halder nee Dey, EE Dept., JU 20

 Communication lines are also transposed

7  Da 2 Db 2 Dc 2 
For pos-I,  st I  2  10  I a ln  Ib ln  I c ln  [already derived]
 Da1 Db1 Dc1 

7  Da1 D D 
Similarly, for pos-II,  st  2  10  I a ln  Ib ln b1  I c ln c1 
II
 Da 2 Db 2 Dc 2 

8/13/2021 2:21 PM Dr. Sunita Halder nee Dey, EE Dept., JU 21

  
Therefore average flux linkage,   stI stII

stav
2
 7  Da 2 Da1   Db 2 Db1   Dc 2 Dc1  
 2 10  I a ln     I b ln     I c ln   
  Da1 Da 2   Db1 Db 2   Dc1 Dc 2  
 2 107  I a ln1  Ib ln1  I c ln1  0

 est  es  et  j stav  0

Therefore transposition of communication line along with power line can completely erase out
the interference due to presence of power lines. But some electromagnetically induced emf
will always present there as transposition cannot be completely symmetrical.

8/13/2021 2:21 PM Dr. Sunita Halder nee Dey, EE Dept., JU 22

 Problem on electromagnetic interference:
Example-6: A three phase, 132 kV, 50 Hz, 160 km long transmission line delivers a
balanced load of 20MW at 0.8 p.f. lagging. The power line and telephone line run on same
tower and the conductors arrangement are as shown in Fig.1. The lowermost conductor is
25 m above the ground and the radius of each power conductor is 0.6cm. Calculate the
induced voltage at fundamental frequency in the telephone circuit (S and T) due to
electromagnetic effect.

Solution. r  0.006m , DAS  DAO  DOS  4 3  5  8.46 m

2
4 3
DAT  DAO  DOT   6  9.46 m
2
DBS  DBO
2
 DOS
2
 22  52  5.39 m = DCs

DBT  DBO
2
 DOT
2
 22  5.52  5.85 m = DCT
Per phase current at receiving end,
20 106 1
Ir    cos 0.8
3  132  10  0.8
3

 109.35  36.87 0

8/13/2021 2:21 PM Dr. Sunita Halder nee Dey, EE Dept., JU 23

 Now, Now taking Ia as ref phasor,

I a  109.3500 , Ib  109.35  1200 and I c  109.351200

 DAT DBT DCT 

est  j  2  10  I a ln
7
 I b ln  I c ln  volt/m
 DAS DBS DCS 

 9.46
 j  2 107 109.3500  ln
 8.46
5.85 5.85 
109.35  1200  ln  109.351200  ln
5.39 5.39 

Electromagnetic interference
 9.46
 j  2 107 109.35 ln
 8.46
5.85 5.85 
 1  1200  ln  11200  ln
5.39 5.39 

8/13/2021 2:21 PM Dr. Sunita Halder nee Dey, EE Dept., JU 24

est  j  2 107 109.35 0.1117   0.0409  j 0.0709    0.0409  j 0.0709  

 j 2  50  2 107 109.35   0.0299   j 2.0543 104 volt/m

The magnitude of electromagnetically induced emf in telephone line for 160 km length

 2.0543 104 160 103 = 32.87 volt Ans.

8/13/2021 2:21 PM Dr. Sunita Halder nee Dey, EE Dept., JU 25

  Q
DETERMINATION OF CAPACITANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES C  
 V
Potential different between two points due to a current carrying conductor
Consider the cross section of a long cylindrical conductor as shown in Fig.1 carrying charge
+q coulomb per meter. We assume that the charge is uniformly distributed over the
conductor. Let us find out electric flux density at a distance x from the centre of the
conductor.
By Gauss’s Theorem,  D.dS   q
S
If we consider a right circular cylinder of radius x and length of 1m, then by Gauss’s Theorem,

D.S1  D.S2  D.S1  q

Or, D.S2  q [since angle between D and
the surface S1 is 900]

Or, D.2 x.1  q  S2  2 x.1

q
 D
2 x

8/13/2021 2:21 PM Dr. Sunita Halder nee Dey, EE Dept., JU 26

 q
 D
2 x
flux leaving the conductor/m
Remember, flux density =
Area of surface in axial length of 1m
,
Therefore electric field intensity at any point at a distance x from the centre of the
conductor,
D q
E  V/m
 2 x
D1 D2

Recapitulate, v1    E.dx and v2    E.dx

 
D1 D2  D2 D2
and v12  v1  v2    E.dx   E.dx   E.dx   E.dx   E.dx
  D1  D1

 Potential different between any two points P1 and P2 in Fig.1 is given by

D2 D2
q q D2
v12   E.dx   .dx  ln
D1 D1 2 x 2 D1

8/13/2021 2:21 PM Dr. Sunita Halder nee Dey, EE Dept., JU 27

 Capacitance of a single phase two wire line

,
Here, r  D  It may be assumed that the charge of a conductor is uniformly
distributed over its periphery.

vab due to qa , vab  qa ln Dab Volt

a
2 Daa
qa D
 ln Volt
2 ra

qb Dbb qb rb
vab due to qb , vabb  ln  ln Volt
2 Dba 2 D

qa D q r
 vab  vaba  vabb  ln  b ln b  qa ln D  qb ln r assuming ra  rb 
2 ra 2 D 2 r 2 D

8/13/2021 2:21 PM Dr. Sunita Halder nee Dey, EE Dept., JU 28

 For single phase two wire line, I a  Ib  0  qa  qb  0  qa  qb
qa D qa r qa D 2 qa D
 vab  ln  ln  ln 2  ln
2 r 2 D 2 r  r
qa     0
Capacitance between conductor a and b, Cab    0 r    r  1
vab ln D ln D ln D
r r r

Note that, r=1, for overhead transmission line.

1
and 0  109 F/m
36

1
 109 9 6
 3

 Cab  36 =
10
F/m 
10 10

1
 F/km
D D D D
ln 36 ln 36 ln 36 ln
r r r r

8/13/2021 2:21 PM Dr. Sunita Halder nee Dey, EE Dept., JU 29

 Potential difference between two segments of a composite conductor

Let us consider a group of n number of conductors having charges qa , qb , qc , , qn

respectively so that sum of the currents in all conductors is zero. i.e.,
qa  qb  qc   qn  0
The conductor spacing are , Dab , Dac , Dbc , , Dan , , Dbn etc.

The spacings are very large as compared to radii (r) of

them and hence the charge distribution is uniform
around the periphery of each conductor.

 vab  p.d. between a & b due to qa

+ p.d. between a &b due to qb

+ … + p.d. between a &b due to qn

qa D q D q D q D
 ln ab  b ln bb  c ln cb   n ln nb
2 Daa 2 Dba 2 Dca 2 Dna
qa Dab qb r qc Dcb qn Dnb
 ln  ln  ln   ln
2
8/18/2021 2:23 PM
r 2 Dab 2 Dca 2 Dna 2
 qa D q D q D qn D
Similarly, van  ln an  b ln bn  c ln cn   ln nn
2 Daa 2 Dba 2 Dca 2 Dna

1 nDxn
 van   qx ln
2 x a Dxa

8/18/2021 2:23 PM 3
 Capacitance of three phase transmission lines

Capacitance of Three Phase Transmission Lines with Symmetrical (Or

Equilateral) Spacing

Let the current through the conductors are I a ,I b and I c

respectively.

Assuming balanced operating condition, I a  Ib + I c  0

 qa  qb + qc  0  qb + qc   qa

1  Dab Dbb Dcb 

 vab   a
q ln  q ln  q ln 
2 
b c
Daa Dba Dca 

1  D r D 1  D r
 q ln  q ln  q ln  q ln  q ln
2  D  2  D 
a b c a b
r D r
[Radius of each conductor is r ]

1  D D r 1  D r
vac  q ln  q ln  q ln  q ln  q ln
2  D  2  D 
a b c a c
r D r
8/18/2021 2:23 PM 4
 1  D r 1  D r
 vab  vac  q ln  q ln  q ln  q ln
2  D  2  a r D 
a b c
r 

1  D r
  q ln   b c
q  q ln  
1 
q ln
D
 q ln
r
 qb + qc  qa 
2   a r D 
a
r D  2 
a

3 D
 vab  vac  qa ln …(1)
2 r

The system is electrically balanced. Let us assume,

van  Van 00 (ref. phasor), vbn  Van   1200 , vcn  Van 1200

Now, vab  van  vnb  van  vbn and vac  van  vnc  van  vcn

vab  vac  van  vbn  van  vcn

 2van   vbn  vcn   2 Van  Van    1200  1200 

8/18/2021 2:23 PM 5
  1
Or, vab  vac  2 Van  Van  2 cos 1200  2 Van  Van  2     3 Van  3 Van 00
 2
 vab  vac  3van …(2)

3 D
Comparing (1) and (2), qa ln  3van
2 r
1
2  109
qa 2 2 0 36 109 1
 Can      F/m   F/km
van ln D ln D ln
D
18 ln
D
18 ln
D
r r r r r

109 1
Cn  Can  Cbn  Ccn  F/m   F/km/phase
D D
18 ln 18 ln
r r

8/18/2021 2:23 PM 6
Capacitance of Three Phase Transmission Lines with Asymmetrical
Spacing but Regularly Transposed Conductors
The conductors of three phase line a, b and c are positioned at the corners of a triangle
having each side of length D.

Let the current through the conductors are I a ,I b and I c respectively.

Assuming balanced operating condition, I a  Ib + I c  0
 qb + qc  qa Let, Radius of each conductor is r

The potential difference between conductors a and b for transposition position-1

is given by ,
1  Dab Dbb Dcb 
vab1   qa ln  qb ln  qc ln 
2  Daa Dba Dca 
8/18/2021 2:23 PM 7
 1  D12 r D23 
 vab1   a
q ln  q ln  q ln 
2 
b c
r D12 D31 
Similarly, for position-2 and 3,

1  D23 r D31 
vab2   qa ln  qb ln  qc ln 
2  r D23 D12 
1  D31 r D12 
vab3   a
q ln  q ln  q ln 
2 
b c
r D31 D23 

Average potential difference between conductors a and b ,

vab1  vab2  vab3
vabavg  vab 
3
1 1  D12 r D23   D23 r D31 
   qa ln  qb ln  qc ln    qa ln  qb ln  qc ln 
3  2  r D 12 D31   r D 23 D12 

 D31 r D12  
  qa ln  qb ln  qc ln 
 r D31 D23  

8/18/2021 2:23 PM 8
 1  D12 D23 D31 r3 
 vab   qa ln  qb ln  qc ln1
6  r 3
D12 D23 D31 

1  3 D D D
r 
  qa ln
12 23 31
 qb ln 
2  r 3 D D D

12 23 31 

We know that, Deq  3 D12 D23 D31

1  Deq r 
 vab   qa ln  qb ln  (3)
2  r Deq 

1  Deq r 
Similarly, vac   qa ln  qc ln  (4)
2  r Deq 
We know, for a balanced three phase system, vab  vac  3van

Then from (3) and (4) we can write,

1  Deq r  1  Deq r 
 a
q ln  q ln    qa ln  qc ln   3van
2  Deq  2
b
r  r Deq 
8/18/2021 2:23 PM 9
 1  Deq r 
Or, van   2qa ln   qb  qc  ln 
6  r Deq 

1  Deq r 
Or, van   2qa ln  qa ln   qb +qc  qa 
6  r Deq 

1 Deq
Or, van  3qa ln
6 r

1 Deq
 van  qa ln
2 r
1
2  109
qa 2 2 0 36
 Can    
van D D Deq
ln eq ln eq ln
r r r
109 1
 F/m   F/km
Deq Deq
18 ln 18 ln
r r
8/18/2021 2:23 PM 10
 Capacitance of double circuit line

Home task: Find the expression for capacitance of above line. Check answer as follows

1
C AB   F/km
D2 D12  D22
36 ln
rD1

8/18/2021 2:23 PM 11
 Capacitance of three phase double circuit line with symmetrical spacing

Here we assumed that each conductor of phase A is carrying current I a and I A  2I a

Similarly for phase B and C.
1   Dab Da / b 
vab   qa  ln  ln 

2   Daa Da / a 
 Dbb Db/ b   Dcb Dc / b 
 qb  ln  ln   qc  ln  ln  
 Dba
 Db/ a   Dca Dc / a  

1   D D 3
  qa  ln  ln 
2   r 2D 
 r 2D   D D 3 
 qb  ln  ln   qc  ln  ln  
 D D 3  D 3 D  

1  D 3 2r
  a
q ln  q ln  qc  ln1 
2 
b
2r D 3

8/18/2021 2:23 PM 12
 1  D 3 2r 
 vab   qa ln  qb ln  (5)
2  2r D 3
1  D 3 2r 
Similarly, vac   qa ln  qc ln  (6)
2  2r D 3

For a balanced three phase system, vab  vac  3van

 From (5) and (6) we can write

1  D 3 2r  1  D 3 2r 
 a
q ln  q ln    qa ln  qc ln   3van
2  D 3  2
b
2r  2r D 3

1  D 3 2r 
Or, van   2qa ln   qb  qc  ln 
6  2r D 3

1  D 3 2r 
Or, van   2qa ln  qa ln   qb +qc  qa 
6  2r D 3

8/18/2021 2:23 PM 13
 1 D 3
Or, van  3qa ln
6 2r

1 D 3
 van  qa ln
2 2r
1
2  109
qa 2 2 0 36
 Can    
van D 3 D 3 D 3
ln ln ln
2r 2r 2r
109 1
 F/m   F/km =Ca / n
D 3 D 3
18 ln 18 ln
2r 2r
1
Since, conductors a and a are in parallel  C An  2Can 
/
 F/km
D 3
9 ln
1 2r
So, C An  CBn  CCn   F/km/phase
D 3
9 ln
2r
8/18/2021 2:23 PM 14
Using GMD and GMR

For phase A, Self GMD, or, GMR

 
14
Ds A  Daa Daa / Da / a Da / a /

  r.2 D.2 D.r 

14
 2rD

 D  D 
18
Mutual GMD, Dm  ab Dab / Da / b Da / b / ac Dac / Da / c Da / c /

 D.D  
18
 3 .D 3 .D D.D 3 .D 3 .D

 9D 8 18
   3 D
14

1 1 1 1
 C An    
 3
14 2
18 ln
Dm D   31 4 D  9 ln
D 3
Ds A 18 ln 9 ln  
2rD 2r
8/18/2021 2:23 PM
 2 rD  15
Capacitance of three phase double circuit line with unsymmetrical spacing

Let the current through the phases A, B, C are 2 I a , 2 I b and 2I c respectively.

Here system is electrically balanced, i.e., 2 I a  2 I b + 2I c  0

Therefore current through each conductor of phase A is I a . Similarly for phase b and c.

8/18/2021 2:23 PM 16
Let write the expressions for vab for three different positions.

1   h m  r D  h m 
For position-1, vab 1   qa ln  ln 
 bq ln  ln 
 cq ln  ln   V/m
2   r n  h m  2h D 

1   h m  r n  2h D 
For position-2, vab 2   qa ln  ln 
 bq ln  ln 
 cq ln  ln   V/m
2   r D  h m  h m 
1   2h D  r n  h m 
For position-3, vab 3   qa ln  ln 
 bq ln  ln 
 cq ln  ln   V/m
2   r n  2h D  h m 
8/18/2021 2:23 PM 17
Average potential difference between conductors a and b
vab1  vab2  vab3 1  2h 3 m 2 r 3n 2 
vabavg  vab    qa ln 3 2  qb ln 3 2  qc ln1
3 6  rn 2h m 
1  2h3 m 2 r 3n 2 
 vab   qa ln 3 2  qb ln 3 2  (7)
6  rn 2h m 

1  2h 3 m 2 r 3n 2 
Similarly, vac   qa ln 3 2  qc ln 3 2  (8)
6  rn 2h m 

For a balanced three phase system, vab  vac  3van

From (7) and (8) , we can write,
1  2h3 m 2 r 3n 2  1  2h 3 m 2 r 3n 2 
 a
q ln  q ln    qa ln 3 2  qc ln 3 2   3van
6  2h3m 2  6
b
r 3n2  rn 2h m 

1  2h 3 m 2 r 3n 2 
Or, 3van   2qa ln 3 2   qb  qc  ln 3 2 
6  rn 2h m 
8/18/2021 2:23 PM 18
 1  2h 3 m 2 r 3n 2 
Or, 3van   2qa ln 3 2  qa ln 3 2   qb +qc  qa 
6  rn 2h m 

1 2h 3 m 2 1 2h 3 m 2
Or, 3van  3qa ln 3 2 Or, van  qa ln 3 2
6 rn 6 rn
1 21 3 hm 2 3
 van  qa ln
2 rn 2 3
qa 2 2 0
Capacitance of conductor-a, Can   
van 21 3 hm 2 3 21 3 hm 2 3
ln 23
ln
rn rn 2 3
1
2  109 9
 Can  36 
10
F/m
13
2 hm 23
 1 3  h  m  
2 3
ln 18 ln 2    
rn 2 3   r  n  
1
  F/km = C /
 1 3  h   m  
2 3 a n
18 ln 2     
8/18/2021 2:23 PM   r   n   19
Since, conductors a and a / are in parallel,

1 1
C An  2Can   F/km =  F/km
 1 3  h   m  23 12
  1 6  h   m 
12 13

18 ln 2      18 ln 2     
  r   n     r   n  

The capacitance per phase,

1
C An  CBn  CCn   F/km/phase

 h
12 1 3
m 
18 ln 21 6     

 r n 


 1 6  h 1 2  m 1 3 
The inductance of the line, L  0.2 ln  2  /     mH/phase/km
  r   n  
Home task: Find the expressions for capacitance of above lines.
Using G.M.D-G.M.R approach
8/18/2021 2:23 PM 20
 Image charge: Method of images

The earth surface may be assumed to be an infinite plane of zero potential. The potential at
the midway between two oppositely charged conductors is zero. So for every charge above
the earth surface, there is an opposite charge at same distance below the earth surface. The
second charge is called ‘image charge’. Method of solving electrical engg. problem using
image charges is called method of images’ .
 Effect of Earth on Line Capacitance
Single phase system:
Let us consider a single phase two wire
transmission line as shown in Fig. In the Fig. a/
and b/ are images of conductor a and b
respectively. Therefore to compute potential
difference between a and b we have to consider
four charges a, b, a/ and b/.
1  Dab Dbb 
vab  qa ln  qb ln 
2   Daa Dba 
 Da / b Db/ b 
 qa / ln  qb/ ln 
 Da / a Db/ a 

1  D r   D 2  4h 2 2h 
 vab   qa ln  qb ln    qa ln  qb ln 
2   r D   2h D 2
 4 h 2


 1  2hD r D 2  4h 2 
 vab   qa ln  qb ln 
2  r D  4h
2 2 2hD 

1  2hD r D 2  4h 2 
  qa ln  qa ln   qa  qb  0
2  r D  4h
2 2 2hD 

1 2hD qa 2hD
 vab  2qa ln  ln
2 r D 2  4h 2 2 r D 2  4h 2

qa   0 r  0
 Cab  
2hD

D

D
  r  1
vab ln ln ln
r D  4h
2 2
D
2
D
2

r   1 r   1
 2h   2h 
 1
 109
36 109 1
 Cab  = F/m   F/km
D D D
ln 36 ln 36 ln
2 2 2
D D D
r   1 r   1 r   1
 2h   2h   2h 

D
We can neglect the effect of earth if h  D  0
2h

1
Then, Cab   F/km
D
36 ln
r

Therefore effect of earth on line capacitances increases for lower values of h. if the
conductors are placed high above the ground as compared to distance between them, the
earth effect can be neglected.
Three phase system:

Derive the expressions of phase to neutral capacitance. Some step are given.
 1   Deq h12 h23 h31   r h1h2 h3  
vab   qa ln  3   qb ln  3   , Deq  3 D12 D23 D31
2   r h1h2 h3   Deq h12 h23h31  
   

1  Deq h12 h23h31 r h1h2 h3 

vac   a
q ln 3  qc ln 3 
2  r h1h2 h3 Deq h12 h23h31 

1
The capacitance per phase, C An  CBn  CCn   F/km/phase
D  h12 h23 h31 
13

 
18 ln  eq   
h12 h23h31  r  h1h2 h3  
If Deq  h  1
h1h2 h3
1
Then, C An  CBn  CCn   F/km/phase
Deq
18 ln
r
Charging current: Current through line capacitance is called charging current,
I charging  jC AnVAn A/phase
VAn  Vrms of phase A

Electrostatic interference:
Interference developed due to electrostatic effect is called electrostatic interference.

Net voltage induced in communication line due to electrostatic effect,

vst  vse  vte

where. vse  vse A  vseB  vseC and vte  vte A  vteB  vteC

Again vse A  vsea  vsea' and vteA  vtea  vtea'

We can calculate potential difference between two points, as

D2
v12   E.dl
D1
 h1
qa qa h
vsea   dx  D2
ln 1
2 0 x 2 0 Da1 v12   E.dl
Da1
D1

Da' e q' Dae q'

vsea'   a
dy   a
d  2h1  x 
Da' s 2 0 y Das 2 0  2h1  x 

Dae q'
  a
dx
Das 2 0  2h1  x 
Dae
qa
  dx  qa/   qa 
Das 2 0  2h1  x 
h1
qa qa
 ln  2h1  x  
h1
  dx  
 
 0 1   
2 2 h x 2 Da1
Da1 0

qa
   ln h1  ln  2h1  Da1  
qa 2h  Da1 2 0
 vsea'  ln 1
2 0 h1
 vseA  vsea  vsea'
q
 a
 h1
 ln
 2h1  Da1  
ln 
2 0  Da1 h1 

qa 2h1  Da1
 vseA  ln …(1)
2 0 Da1
qa 2h1  r
Again, vAe  vAea  vAea'  ln
2 0 r
qa v Ae
  …(2)
2 0 ln 2h1  r
r
Substituting (2) in (1) we get ,
ln
 2h1  Da1 
Da1
vse A  v Ae
ln
 2h1  r 
r
ln  2h1  Da1  Da1
or, vse A  v Ae
ln  2h1  r  r
  2h2  Db1 
ln  2h2  Db1  Db1
ln
Db1
vseB  vBe  v Ae   120 0

ln  2h2  r  r
Similarly,
ln
 2h2  r 
r
ln
 2h3  Dc1 
Dc1
vseC  vCe
and
ln
 2h3  r 
r
ln  2h3  Dc1  Dc1
 v Ae 120 0

ln  2h3  r  r

vse  vseA  vseB  vseC and vte  vteA  vteB  vteC

Finally, net voltage induced in communication

line due to electrostatic effect,

vst  vse  vte

 Numerical Examples on Capacitance calculation

Solve the following problems yourself and verify the answer.

Example-1: A single phase two wire transmission line is operating at 50Hz frequency.
Each conductor has 20mm dia and they are 4m apart. Compute (a) capacitance per km of
the line, (b) capacitive susceptance per km (c) charging current per km if line voltage be
11kV. (Ans. a) 0.0046 F/km, b) 1.445110-6 mho/km c) 0.3927 ohm/km d) 0.0159 A )

Example 2: A three phase, 50 Hz transmission line consists of three identical conductors

of radii 12 mm. They are placed in horizontal plane with 8m spacing between the middle
and each outer conductor. Determine capacitive reactance per phase per km of the
transposed line. (Ans. 0.42 M)

Example 3: A three phase, 50Hz, 132kV overhead transmission line has conductors
placed in a horizontal plane at 2.5m apart. Conductor diameter is 20mm. The height of the
conductors above the ground is 8m. Calculate line capacitance per phase per km of line
considering the effect of ground for capacitance calculation. Assume the line to be fully
transposed. (Sem,2020) (Ans. 0.0096 F/km)
Example 4: A 400 kV, 3 phase, 50 Hz line has a bundling arrangement of two conductors per
phase as shown in Fig. Each conductor carries 50% of the phase current. Assume full
transposition. Diameter of each conductor 2cm. Compute the capacitance of this line in per
phase per km. (Sem’2015)

Solution. self GMD for capacitance calculation:

Dsa  Dsb  Dsc   r  0.5  0.5  r    0.01 0.5  0.5  0.01

14 14
 0.0707 m
Mutual GMD calculation: already shown in details in inductance calculation

Dm   Dma Dmb Dmc  = 7.5497 m

13
Dma  8.4761 m  Dmc Dmb  5.9896 m
1 1
Capacitance, C   0.0119  F/km/phase Ans.
Dm 7.5497
18ln 18ln
Ds 0.707
 Problem on electrostatic interference
Example-5: A three phase, 132 kV, 60 Hz, 160 km long transmission line delivers a
balanced load of 20MW at 0.8 p.f. lagging. The power line and telephone line run on same
tower and the conductors arrangement are as shown in Fig.1. The lowermost power line
conductor is 25 m above the ground and the radius of each power conductor is 0.6cm.
Determine potential difference between telephone line conductors due to electrostatic effect.

Solution. r  0.006m , h2  h3  25 m
h1  h2  4 3 2  28.46 m DAS  8.46 m, DAT  9.46 m
DBS  DCS  5.39 m DBT = DCT  6.32m
132 103
RE phase voltage of the power line, V ph 
3
Now, taking VAn as ref phasor,

VAn  Vph 00 , VBn  Vph   1200 and VCn  Vph 1200
ln  2h1  DAS  DAS 
vseA  vAe
ln  2h1  r  r
Electrostatic interference

Distance calculation are explained in Example 6 of inductance calculation.

 132 103 ln  2  28.46  8.46  8.46
vseA    14525.3626 V
3 ln  2  28.46  0.006  0.006

ln  2h2  DBS  DBS 

vseB  v Ae   120 0
  8920.3302  j15450.4651 V
ln  2h2  r  r
vseC   8920.3302  j15450.4651 V

vse  vseA  vseB  vseC  3315.2978 V

Similarly, vte A  13422.0587 V, vteB   8159.5635  j14132.7785  V

vteC   8159.5635  j14132.7785  V

 vte  vteA  vteB  vteC  2897.0683 V

vts  vte  vse  418.2295 V = 0.42 kV

Therefore the potential difference between telephone line conductors due to electrostatic
effect is 0.42 kV Ans.
 Performance Calculation of Power Transmission Line

Computation of Power : There are three types of power in ac application

1. Active power (P)
2. Reactive power (Q)
3. Apparent power (S =P+jQ)
It is required to take either current or voltage conjugate for calculation of power in ac
applications.

For lagging load: if we use equation S  VI * , then inductive VAR will be positive.

V  V 00 (ref.), I  I    , S  VI *  V 00  I   VI 

Here capacitive VAR will be negative.

For leading load: If we use equation S  V *I , then capacitive VAR will be positive.

V  V 00 (ref.), I  I  , S  V * I  V 00  I   VI 

Here inductive VAR will be negative.
When the voltage under consideration is not the ref. phasor:

In Fig.1, P  Re VI *   V1 I1  V2 I 2

and Q  Im VI *   V2 I1  V1 I 2 (Inductive)

Derive the expressions for active and reactive power of Fig.1 using V,I,  and . Verify the
expression using equations S  VI * as well as S  V *I .
 Performance Calculation of Power Transmission Line

S.E. Parameters: VsLL , I sLL , Ss , pf s  cos  s 

Q 
S s  Ps  jQs  3Vs I s* and s =tan 1  s 
 Ps 
, parameters:
R.E. VrLL , I rLL , Sr , pf r = cos  r 
Q 
S r  Pr  jQr  3Vr I r* and r =tan 1  r 
 Pr 
Power factors may be ‘lead’ or ‘lag’.