Physics Assignment

Based on

Faraday’s Law of
Electromagnet Induction.

Prepared By:
Iyad Imtiyaz Coil
Magnet
xii-h
51965

Galvanometer
 CERTIFICATE

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE PHYSICS PROJECT

TITLED ‘FARADAY’S LAW OF ELECTROMAGNET
INDUCTION ” HAS BEEN SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED BY
IYAD IMTIYAZ OF CLASS XII H IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT
OF CURRICULUM OF CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY
EDUCATION (CBSE) LEADING TO THE AWARD OF
ANNUAL EXAMINATION OF THE YEAR 2023-24.

INTERNAL EXAMINER TEACHER IN-CHARGE

 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I WISH TO EXPRESS MY SINCERE
GRATITUDE TO MRS. MANJU MA’AM,
FOR THEIR GUIDANCE &
ENCOURAGEMENT IN CARRYING OUT
THIS PROJECT WORK AND PROVIDING
ME THE OPPORTUNITY TO EMBARK ON
THIS PROJECT .
 INDEX
I. Certification
II. Acknowledgment
III. Introduction
IV. Theory
V. Mutual Inductance
VI. Applications
VII. Conclusion
VIII. Bibliography
 Introduction
1. Faraday’s Law: Faraday's law of induction
(or simply Faraday's law) is a basic law of
electromagnetism predicting how a
magnetic field will interact with an
electric circuit to produce an
electromotive force (emf)—a phenomenon
known as electromagnetic induction. It is
the fundamental operating principle of
transformers, inductors, and many types
of electric motors, generators and
solenoids.
Faraday's experiment showing induction between
coils of wire: The liquid battery (right) provides a
current which flows through the small coil (A),
creating a magnetic field. When the coils are
stationary, no current is induced. But when the
small coil is moved in or out of the large coil (B),
the magnetic flux through the large coil changes,
inducing a current which is detected by the
galvanometer.
2. Electromagnet Induction: The Phenomenon
of generating an EMF in a circuit by
change in strength, position or orientation
of external magnetic field is called
electromagnet induction.

3. Equation of Faraday’s Law:

Φ𝔟
ε = −d
dt
where e.m.f. is denoted by letter "ε".
Magnetic flux is denoted by “Φ𝔟”.
(The negative sign shows induced e.m.f. in
coil opposes the change in magnetic flux.)
 Theory
Electromagnetic induction was discovered
independently by Michael Faraday in 1831 and Joseph
Henry in 1832. Faraday was the first to publish the
results of his experiments. In Faraday's first
experimental demonstration of electromagnetic
induction (August 29, 1831), he wrapped two wires
around opposite sides of an iron ring (torus) (an
arrangement similar to a modern toroidal transformer).
Based on his assessment of recently discovered
properties of electromagnets, he expected that when
current started to flow in one wire, a sort of wave would
travel through the ring and cause some electrical effect
on the opposite side. He plugged one wire into a
galvanometer, and watched it as he connected the other
wire to a battery. Indeed, he saw a transient current
(which he called a "wave of electricity") when he
connected the wire to the battery, and another when he
disconnected it. This induction was due to the change in
magnetic flux that occurred when the battery was
connected and disconnected. Within two months,
Faraday had found several other manifestations of
electromagnetic induction. For example, he saw
transient currents when he quickly slid a bar magnet in
and out of a coil of wires, and he generated a steady
(DC) current by rotating a copper disk near the bar
magnet with a sliding electrical lead ("Faraday's disk").

Michael Faraday
explained
electromagnetic induction
using a concept he called
lines of force. However,
scientists at the time widely rejected his theoretical
ideas, mainly because they were not formulated
mathematically. An exception was James Clerk
Maxwell, who in 1861–62 used Faraday's ideas as the
basis of his quantitative electromagnetic theory. In
Maxwell's papers, the time-varying aspect of
electromagnetic induction is expressed as a differential
equation which Oliver Heaviside referred to as Faraday's
law even though it is different from the original version
of Faraday's law, and does not describe motional emf.
Heaviside's version (see Maxwell–Faraday equation
below) is the form recognized today in the group of
equations known as Maxwell's equations.

Lenz's law, formulated by Emil Lenz in 1834, describes

"flux through the circuit", and gives the direction of the
induced emf and current resulting from electromagnetic
induction (elaborated upon in the examples below).

According to Albert Einstein, much of the groundwork

and discovery of his special relativity theory was
presented by this law of induction by Faraday in 1834.

P.T.O.
 Mutual inductance
When two coils are brought in proximity to each other,
the magnetic field in one of the coils tends to link with
the other. This further leads to the generation of voltage
in the second coil. This property of a coil which affects
or changes the current and voltage in a secondary coil
is called mutual inductance.
When a variable current passes through the coil, a
variable magnetic flux is induced in it. Due to this
variable magnetic flux inside the coil, it will induce its
own emf inside it. But apart from this, the magnetic flux
from coil 1 is linked with coil 2 also. Hence, just like coil
1, a variable magnetic flux is also present in coil 2. Thus,
coil 2 will also induce its own emf in the direction which
opposes the changing magnetic flux in it. Due to this
emf, a current is produced in it, and hence, we have
induced electrical energy from one coil to another
without making any physical contact.
 Applications
1. Alternating Current Generator (AC Generator):
a. What is an A.C. Generator?
A.C. Generator means Alternating current
generator. It is a device which is used to convert
mechanical energy into electrical energy. A.C.
generator forces electric current to flow through an
external circuit. The source of mechanical energy
may be a reciprocating or turbine steam engine,
water falling through a turbine or waterwheel, an
internal combustion engine, a wind turbine, a hand
crank, compressed air, or any other source of
mechanical energy.
b. Principal: It is based on the principle of
electromagnetic induction, i.e., whenever amount of
magnetic flux linked with a coil change, an e.m.f. is
induced in the coil. The direction of current induced
is given by Fleming's right-hand rule.
c. Working of AC Generator: The coil is rotated in anti-
clock wise direction. In the first half rotation the
arm AB is moving outward and CD is moving inward.
 So, the e.m.f. is induced in the arm AB from A to B.
And in the arm CD from C to D. After half rotation (in
the second half). The arm CD is moving outward and
AB is moving inward. In this time current is induced
in arm CD from D to C. And in arm AB from B to A. In
the second half rotation the current direction is
changing so in this generator AC is produced.

2. Eddy Current
a. Eddy currents are fields of alternating
magnetic current that are created when
an alternating electric current is passed
through one or more coils in a probe
assembly. When the probe is placed
close to the part under inspection, the
alternating magnetic field induces eddy
currents in the test part. Discontinuities
or property variations in the test part
change the flow of the eddy current and
are detected by the inspection probe,
enabling material thickness
measurements or the detection of
defects such as cracks and corrosion.
Over the years, probe technology and
data processing have advanced to the
point where eddy current testing is
recognized as being fast, simple, and
accurate. The technology is now widely
used in the aerospace, automotive,
petrochemical, and power generation
industries for the detection of surface or
near-surface defects in materials such as
aluminum, stainless steel, copper,
titanium, brass, Inconel alloys, and even
carbon steel (surface defects only). The
first person to observe eddy currents
was François Arago (1786–1853), the
25th Prime Minister of France, who was
also a mathematician, physicist and
astronomer. In 1824 he observed what
has been called rotatory magnetism,
and that most conductive bodies could
be magnetized; these discoveries were
completed and explained by Michael
Faraday (1791–1867).
 Conclusion
In this report, we discussed the nature of
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnet Induction.
To summarize,
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnet Induction
states that it’s the phenomenon of generating
an e.m.f induced in a circuit by change in
strength, position or orientation of external
magnetic field is known as E.M.I.
Mutual Inductance is the process of inducing
an e.m.f. due to change in the strength of
current in the nearby coil.
AC Generator is a device which converts
mechanical energy to electrical energy.
Eddy currents are fields of alternating magnetic
current that are created when an alternating
electric current is passed through one or more
coils in a probe assembly.
 BilioGraphy
I have gathered diverse information on
various topics with the assistance of these
sources.
1. www.wikipedia.com
2. www.byjus.com
3. www.olympus-ims.com
4. www.geeksforgeeks.org
5. www.embibe.com
6. www.daenotes.com
7. www.khanacademy.org

Thank you