Bridge Design Calculation Course for DRRD

Lession-3
How to consider for Abutment Design

Ma Khin Myat Thu

Assistant Engineer
Myanmar Branch in Yangon
Eight-Japan Engineering Consultants Inc.
EJEC Myanmar Branch
July, 2019

Procedure of Abutment Design

CONTENTS
1.Load considered in Design Abutment and Foundation
1.1 Load acting to Abutment
1.2 Load from Superstructure
1.3 Own weight of Abutment
1.4 Earth Pressure
1.5 Buoyancy
1.6 Earthquake
1.7 Load for Computing Stability
2. Design Pile foundation
2.1 Stability
2.2 Stress in Re-bar in RC pile
3. Design Breast Wall
4. Design Pile Cap
5. Design Wing wall Page 2
1.1 Load acting to Abutment
⑤ Surcharge q=1.0 kN/m2

H
② ③ ④
⑥

H = H/3
③‘

Type of Load Remarks

① Load from Superstructure Include Earthquake
② Own weigh of Abutment Include Earthquake
③ Soil on Pile Cap Include Earthquake, ③’ not
④ Earth Pressure Include Earthquake
⑤ Live Load on Embankment (surcharge q)
⑥ Buoyancy , Water pressure
Page 3

Load Combination
Table C-3.2. General Load Combinations
Design of Abutments Design of Pie1's Load Situations
a) Dead loads + live loads a) Dead loads + live loads Under ordinary
+ earth pressure b)Dead loads + effects of temperature change conditions
b) Dead loads + earth pressure c)Dead loads + live loads + effects of temperature change
c) Dead Loads + earth pressure + d) Loads + seismic effects Under earthquake
seismic effect condition
e) Dead loads + wind loads Extreme wind
situation

Page 4
Property of Materials

275

100
160

160

160
160
160
Yield strength fy (N/mm2) 235 295 345 275
Page 5

Unit Weight of Materials

The unit weight of soil, γ ( kN/m3) should be found using soil samples taken
at the construction site.
In the case of preliminary design, values shown in the table may be used
Table Unit weight of Soil (JRA 2.2.6)
SI unit (kN/m3) Gravimetric unit (kN/m3)
Ground Soil quality
Loose Dense Loose Dense
Sand and gravel 18 20 1.8 2.0
Natural ground Sandy soil 17 19 1.7 1.9
Clayey soil 14 18 1.4 1.8
Sand and gravel 20 2.0
Embankment Sandy soil 19 1.9
Clayey soil 18 1.8
The unit weight of soil that is below the groundwater level may be regarded as the value reduced 9 from the
value concerned in the table
Table 2.3 Reference value
Ground Soil quality Unit weight (kN/m3) Internal Friction φ(°)

Sand and gravel 20 35

Embankment Sandy soil 19 30
Clayey soil 18 25
Page 6
 Load considered in Design Abutment and Foundation

(From Japanese Standard)

Page 7

1.2 Load from Superstructure

4,800
(1) Dead Load Rd
300 4,200 300
200
Weight of Girder
5
Weight of Slab 3
300

4
200

2
Weight of Pavement
1,300

1,500

1,000
1
Weight of Card 600

Weight of Handrail 800 1,600 1,600 800

Example:
Section No H B unit wt Wd (kN)
1 girder 3 1.3 0.6 24.5 57.33
2 slab 1 0.2 4.8 24.5 23.52
3 pavement 1 0.05 4.2 22.5 4.725
4 curb 2 0.3 0.3 24.5 4.41
5 handrail post 0.6 0.825 0.15 24.5 1.819
6 handrail 2 0.1 0.15 24.5 0.735
7 handrail deflector 2 0.15 0.075 24.5 0.55125
8 handrail deflector 2 0.25 0.075 24.5 0.91875

Sum = 94.009125
Span Length =18m
Point Load (mid) W =1692.2kN
Dead Load Reaction, Rd =846. 1kN Page 8
(2) Live Load (AASHTO HL-93 Load)
1.Truck Load HS-20 and Tandem Load 2.Tandem Load

Page 9

(3) Lane Load and Design Load

The design lane load shall consist of a load of 0.64 klf (9.3 kN/m) uniformly distributed in the
longitudinal direction. In transverse direction, the design lane load shall be assumed to be
uniformly distributed over a 10.0’ (3m) width (9.3/3m =3.1 kN/m2).Impact factor or dynamic load
allowance is applied only for trucks and tandems, not for lane loading.

Page 10
(4) Inertia force in a simple girder bridge
In a simple girder bridge, the inertia force acting from the superstructure onto the
substructure in the longitudinal direction of the bridge axis shall be calculated as follows as
shown in Fig 2.3.

Where,
H-EQ :Horizontal force on the abutment due to earthquake
Rd-FIX : Vertical reaction of the abutment due to W
kh : Design horizontal seismic coefficient of the design vibration unit containing girder
H-FR : Superstructure inertia force on the abutment due to expansion of girder
fs : Coefficient of static friction when the support is movable Page 11

(5) Example
１）HS-20 L=18m
L-4.3 , L-8.6 8.6m
ℓ1= ℓ2=
L L FR = FR =
FF =
RL =(1.00x FR +A1x FR +A2 x FF) x
(number of lane)×(multiple presence factor) ℓ2
ℓ1
Truck Load,RL = 27３.64×1×1.2=328.4 kN

2）Tandem
RA = {110+(18-1.2)/18×110}×1×1.2=255.2
RL
3）Lane Load
110kN 110kN
Lane Load = 167.4 ×1×1.2 = 100.4kN 1.2

4) Horizontal Force (Fix side)

kh=0.2 RA
9.3x18=167.4kN
H-EQ = kh×W = 0.2 x 1692.16=338.4 kN

5) Horizontal Force (Move side)

fs = 0.15 (Bearing Plate type)
H-FR = fs× Rd-Move= 0.15x 432.672=64.900 kN
Page 12
 1.3 Own Weight of Abutment
Example;
V (kN) V・x H H･y Surcharge q
x
unit y (m) 5
height width depth (m) (kN・m) (kN) (kN・m)
weight

1 Parapet Wall 1.742 0.4 4.91 24.5 = 83.77 1.6 134.03

1

2 Breast Wall 2.859 1.2 4.91 24.5 = 412.46 1.2 494.95

3 Cap 1 3.6 4.91 24.5 = 432.8 1.8 779.04 4
2
4 Back Fill 4.6 1.8 4.91 20 = 812.6 2.7 2194.02 8
5 Surcharge q 1.8 4.91 10 = 88.33 2.7 238.49
6 Soil on Toe 1.6 0.6 4.91 20 = 94.21 0.3 28.26

Pa 228.52 3.6 822.67 395.8 1.867 738.959 3

Pressure

7
Earth

Pa-q 40.81 3.6 146.92 70.68 2.8 197.904

8
Reactio

9 Rd 846.1 1 846.1
n

10 RL 328.4 1 328.4

Total 3468.39 6113.27 466.48 936.863

Exclude Live Load on Pile cap 3380.06 5874.78 466.48 936.863

Page 13

1.4 Earth Pressure

Surcharge q (kN/m2) z
z

a
 
A t A
 A t
 2
a
 A
 A
 A
 
At bottom, z=H At bottom, z=H
1 H
PA  K A t H 2 , y    
2 3 A A

1    2
MA  H  y  K A t H 3 A A
6
For earth pressure calculation, Coulomb's, Rankin's, Terzaghi's and many other earth
pressure formulae have been proposed.
Coulomb's earth pressure formula is said to give a value that is relatively close to the
measured value for active and passive earth pressure.
Page 14
Coefficient of Earth Pressure
There are many equations for earth pressure, Japanese standard
use follows equation;
cos 2      
KA  2
 sin     sin       
cos cos2  cos     1  
 cos      cos    

Soil & Soil Soil & Concrete

φ(°) 20 25 30 35 20 25 30 35
δ(°) 20 25 30 35 6.667 8.333 10 11.667
α(°) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
β(°) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-1
θ=tan (kh) (°) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

STATIC
φ-α-θ 20 25 30 35 20 25 30 35 q
α+δ+θ 20 25 30 35 6.667 8.333 10 11.667
φ+δ 40 50 60 70 26.667 33.333 40 46.667
α-β 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Ka 0.427 0.355 0.297 0.250 0.458 0.377 0.308 0.251 ，
kh 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 PA
δ(°) 10 12.5 15 17.5 0 0 0 0 
H 
α(°) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

EARTHQUAKE
β(°) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
θ=tan-1(kh) (°) 11.31 11.31 11.31 11.31 11.31 11.31 11.31 11.31
φ-α-θ 8.69 13.69 18.69 23.69 8.69 13.69 18.69 23.69
α+δ+θ 21.31 23.81 26.31 28.81 11.31 11.31 11.31 11.31
φ+δ 30 37.5 45 52.5 20 25 30 35
α-β 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ka 0.648 0.539 0.452 0.380 0.672 0.564 0.473 0.396 Page 15

In case of T type abutment,

Coefficient of earth pressures in stability and design of breast wall are different
Design Brest Wall Stability of Earth Pressure

Angle of wall friction

Abutment
Angle of friction
Abutment type Calculation Type
type
Normal time During earthquake

Stability calculation
Gravity-type Soil &
Sectional φ/3 0
abutment Concrete
calculation of wall
Stability calculation Soil & Soil φ φ/2
Reversed
T-type abutment Sectional Soil &
φ/3 0
calculation of wall Concrete Page 16
 Earth Pressure considering Presence of Water
【Case1】 【 Case2】
Retained earth is allowed to drain Retained earth is not allowed to drain

Gravel
Drain Drain pA-1

H
H
pipe ▽ Water Table

Hw
pA pA-2 pw
KA: Coefficient of Active Earth Pressure
■Active Erath Pressure ■Effective Active Erath Pressure
pA  K A  t H pA 1  K A t  H  H w 

PA 
1 1
p A H  K A t H 2 pA 2  pA 1  K A   sat   w  Hw
2 2
1 1
PA  pA 1  H  H w    pA 1  pA 2  H w
2 2
GS  e
 sat  w
1 e
Approximately  sat   w   t  9  kN m3 

■Water Pressure
pw   w H w
1
Pw   w H w2
2 Page 17
Eight-Japan Engineering Consultants Inc. (EJEC)

In Case Retained earth is not allowed to drain (case 2)

(3) After Flood conspiring Residual

(1)Normal Condition (2) Flood Condition
water level

Water flow
Pressure
▽H.W.L
▽ Residual Water Table
HW

HR

▽ Normal Water Table

(4) Dry Condition Remarks

HW: High Water Level (flood Level)
HR: Residual Water Level, considering time lag of water level between
river side and in embankment
HR or the time lag shall depend on site condition. If there was available
data, HR=2/3HW can be used empirically in Japan standard.

In design of abutment and retaining wall,

(1)Condition shall be considered basically, but (4) is not so different as (1).
and the design along a river revetment, (3)condition shall be added.

Eight-Japan Engineering Consultants Inc. (EJEC) Page 18

 Exclude Buoyancy Include Buoyancy

Surcharge on
Heel

Ordinary
Condition

Exclude
Surcharge on
Heel

Earth Quake

Page 19

(i) Normal Time

p  K  H
A A t

1 1 2

P  p H  K  H
A
2 A
2 A t

(1)Exclude Buoyancy (Japanese Standard )

Rd

PA
PA

pA1 pA2
KA: Coefficient of Active Earth Pressure KA= 0.297
■ Active Erath Pressure
pA  K A t H
1 1
PA  p A H  K A t H 2
2 2
Example;
δ ＝ 30Ka ,KA =0.297 , γt = 20 (kN/m3) , B= 4.91 m
PA1 = ½ ×20.0 ×0.297×(5.6)2×4.91 =457.03 kN
PA1-H = PA1×cos δ = 395.8 kN
PA1-V = PA1×sin δ = 228.52 kN
■ Earth Pressure by surcharged load
Example;
q=10 (kN/m2)
PA2 = 0.297×5.6×10.0 ×4.91 = 81.61 kN
PA1-H = PA2×cos δ = 70.68 kN
PA2-V = PA2×sin δ = 40.81 kN Page 20
1.5 Buoyancy and Water Pressure
Water Height hw-f = 1 m (Assume according to the death of pile cap high ) * water level at river side
Water Height hw-b = 3.5 m *residual water level at embankment

■Effective Active Erath Pressure

RL
PA-1

H1 =2.1
▽ pa1
PA-2
pa2

yu1
H2 =3.5

yu2
yw-f

Coefficient of Active Earth Pressure KA= 0.297

GS  e
 sat  w
1 e
Approximately  sat   w   t  9  kN m3 
pa1  K a t H1  H1
y u1   H2 
pa 2  K a   t H1    t  9  H 2   3
1 H 2p  p
PA 1  pa1H1B  yu 2  2  a1 a 2 
2 3 pa1  pa 2
1
PA 2   pa1  pa 2  H 2 B 
2
■ Earth Pressure by surcharged load

■ Buoyancy and Water Pressure

▽ pw   w H w
Pw 1
H2=3.5m

Pw   w H w2
Pw 2
yw-b
yw-f

1 1
Pw b   w H w b 2 B  yw  b  H w b 
2 3
1 1
Pw f   w H w f 2 B  yw  f  H w f 
2 3
Buoyancy
VF・x
VF (kN) x (m)
(kN・m)
2 Breast Wall 0.00 × 1.2 × 4.91 × 9.80 = 0 1.200 0
8 Soil on Toe 0.00 × 0.60 × 4.91 × 9.80 = 0 0.300 0
Cap-1 1.00 × 1.80 × 4.91 × 9.80 = 86.56 0.900 77.9
3
Cap-2 1.00 × 1.80 × 4.91 × 9.80 = 86.56 2.700 233.71
4 Back Fill 2.50 × 1.8 × 4.91 × 9.80 = 216.4 2.700 584.28
Total 389.52 0 895.89

(1.3) Loading at bottom of pile cap Including buoyancy

 Consider the section under water Level
Page 22
 (ii) During Earthquake
(1) Exclude Buoyancy
(Design Horizontal Seismic Coefficient kh =0.2)
RL (Japanese Standard )

H=5.6
pA
Coef: of Active Earth Pressure KA: =0.452

■ Active Erath Pressure

pA  K A t H
1 1
PA  p A H  K A t H 2
2 2

(1.3)Loading at bottom of Pile Cup

 Neglect surcharge Load during earthquake

Page 23

(2) Include Buoyancy

Water Height hw-f = 1 m (Assume according to the death of pile capd depth) * water level at river side
Water Height hw-b = 1 m *residual water level at embankment

■ Active Erath Pressure

PA-1
H1 =4.6

PA-2
yu1

▽
H2 =1

yu2

Coefficient of Active Earth Pressure ,KA

H1
pa1  Ka t H1  y u1 
3
 H2 

pa 2  K a   t H1    t  9  H 2   H 2 2 p a1  p a 2
yu 2   
3 p a1  p a 2
1
PA 1  pa1 H1B 
2
1
PA 2   pa1  pa 2  H 2 B 
2

Page 24
 ■ Buoyancy and Water Pressure

Hw-b=1m
Pw-f Pw-f
yw-f yw-b

1 1
Pw b   w H w b2 B  yw  b  H w b 
2 3
1 1
Pw    w H w f 2 B  yw  f  H w f 
f
2 3
Buoyancy
VF・x
VF (kN) x (m)
(kN・m)
2 Breast Wall 0.00 × 1.20 × 4.91 × 9.8 = 0 1.200 0

8 Soil on Toe 0.00 × 0.60 × 4.91 × 9.8 = 0 0.300 0

Cap-1 1.00 × 1.80 × 4.91 × 9.8 = 86.56 0.900 77.9
3
Cap-2 1.00 1.80 × 4.91 × 9.8 = 86.56 2.700 233.71
4 Back Fill 0.00 × 1.80 × 4.91 × 9.8 = 0 2.700 0
Total 173.12 311.61

(1.3) Loading at bottom of pile cap Including buoyancy

 Consider the section under water Level
Page 25

1.6 Earthquake (kh : Design Horizontal Seismic Coefficient)

• The the third-generation maps, which

are probabilistic seismic hazard
assessment (PSHA) maps for the
whole country.
• Seismic hazards in these maps are
represented by means of peak ground
acceleration (PGA)

• According to the seismic zone

map,we use kh =0.2.

Page 26
1.7 Load for Computing Stability
① Dead + Live Load

V = 3378.0 (kN)
H = 466.5 (kN)
Mo = 6022.9 - 936.9 = 5086.0 (kN・m)
eo = Mo/V = 1.506 (m)
e = b/2-eo = 0.294 (m)
M = e×V =993.1 (kN・m)

Exclude Include Exclude Include

Buoyancy Buoyancy Buoyancy Buoyancy
Surcharge location Case 1: on pile Heel Case 2: not be on pile Heel
V (kN) 3378.0 2948.3 3289.7 2860.0
Ordinary H (kN) 466.5 667.4 466.5 667.41
e (m) 0.294 0.514 0.326 0.558
M (kN･m) 993.1 1515.4 1072.44 1595.9
V (kN) 2862.0 2686.3
H (kN) 1358.6 1348.94
Earthquake
e (m) 1.204 1.283
M (kN･m) 3445.8 3446.5
Page 27

2. Design Pile Foundation

Load acting on the base

① Ground horizontal
resistance：kH･D
③ Friction resistance
around pile ②Vertical Resistance: Kv
(Downward)
=UΣfiℓi
③Friction resistance
around pile
(Upward)
=UΣfiℓi

④Bearing capacity at pile tip ＝ ｑｄ･A

2. 1 Stability
Example; According to above solution

Normal Time During Earthquake

Exclude Include Exclude Include
Buoyancy Buoyancy Buoyancy Buoyancy

Ho (kN) 466.48 667.41 1358.58 1348.94

Vo (kN) 3378.00 2948.31 2861.96 2686.26
Mo (kN) 993.13 1515.43 3445.80 3446.47

(2.2) Pile arrangement

xi(m) ni (pile) θ(degree) θ(radian)

ni=3
xi=1 1 1 3 0 0
2 0 0 0 0
xi=1 3 -1 3 0 0
ni=3

Page 29

Model Ground Condition

Average N=9 2.1m

1/β

Average N=12
5.5m
17m

Average N=14 3m

Average N=23 6.4m

?? Page 30
Computing Model for Pile Foundation
FRAME MODEL

DISPACEMENT MODEL
【Merit】
Vo
Mo The force acting on the pile head can
Ho be accurately analyzed without using
structural analysis software.

Page 31

Coefficient of subgrade reaction KH (Japanese Standard)

① Modulus of Deformation E = ２８００ N

Page 32
Coefficient of subgrade reaction KH (2)

-3/4

Page 33

Coefficient of subgrade reaction KH (3)

Page 34
Coefficient of subgrade reaction KH (4)

Page 35

Compute Coefficient of subgrade reaction KH

Concrete E = 2.5 ×107 (kN/m2)
RC Pile I = D2×π/64 = 0.02011 (m4)
EI = 502750 (kN・m2)
1) Initial
Assume 1/β = 3m
2.1  9   3  2.1  12
AverageN  value   9.9
3
E O  2800  9.9  27720

HO
  O
   

BH  D /  0.8  3.0  1.549

 3/4  3/4
B   1.549 
k H  k HO  H   92400    
 26976 kN / m 3 
 0.3   0.3 

kH D 26976  0.8
  4
4EI
 4
4  502750
 0.322 m  1  
1/β = 3.106 (m)
Page 36
Compute Coefficient of subgrade reaction KH
2) Second time
1/β = 3.106 (m)
2.1  9   3.106  2.1  12
AverageN  value   9.97
3.106
E O  2800  9.97  27916

HO
  O
   

BH  D /  0.8  3.106  1.576

 3/4  3/4
B   1.576 
k H  k HO  H   93053    
 26817 kN / m 3 
 0.3   0.3 


  4 H
 4

  1

1/β = 3.116(m) 3.116 ok Repeat until almost equal

 
     

Page 37

Correction KH by μ

If the distance between adjacent pile centers was shorter than 2.5 times the pile diameter
Because the footing width has to be short due to site restrictions.
In such cases, group pile action has to be fully examined in accordance with the
provisions in Sec. 12.4.4 in JRA.

12.4.4 Consideration of Group Piles Effects

To evaluate the reduced coefficient, the coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction

obtained from Sec. 12.5 may be multiplied by the modification coefficient (μ).

  1D 2.5D
      
 
2.5D 1D

Where,
μ : modification coefficient for the coefficient of
horizontal subgrade reaction
L: distance between adjacent pile centers (m)
D: pile diameter (m), equal to the diameter of the soil
cement column in cases of steel pipe soil cement In Case of Bore Pile
pile. Page 38
(2.4) Spring Constants (Axial Spring Constant Kv )
The coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction to be used in the design of piles
shall be evaluated either by fully reviewing the results of geotechnical investigations
and soil tests, or by back-calculating the load-displacement curve obtained from
horizontal loading tests.

Page 39

Corrected KH by μ, and Kv
1) Corrected KH by μ
 
      
 
 
      
 

Correction KH = 0.9×26817 =24,135 (kN/m3)

2) Pile Axial Spring Constant Kv

a = 0.031(L/D)-0.15
= 0.031（17.0/0.8)-0.15 = 0.5088

Ap E p 0.5027× 2.5×107
Kv = a = 0.5088× = 376,138(kN / m)
L 17.0

Page 40
(2.4.2)Radial Spring Constant K (Normal Time & During Earthquake)

Page 41

Coefficient of Matrix

In this case, the displacement of the origin can be obtained by solving

the following simultaneous equation with three unknowns.

Axx Axy Axα δx Ho

or Ayx Ayy Ayα α = Vo
Aαx Aαy Aαα δy Ho

Page 42
Reference (about Frame Model)
The same coefficient kH, Kv as displacement method are used in
Frame Model.

Page 43

Bearing Capacity of Pile (Japanese Standard )

Ru= qd A + U ΣLi fi …………….(Eq-12.4.1)


Table-C.12.4.5 Maximum Shaft Resistance Intensity fi (kN/m2)

Sandy Soil Cohesive Soil
Cast in place RC Pile method 5N (≦200) C or 10N (≦150)
Table-C.12.4.1Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Cast-in-placed RC Pile

Page 44
Example
1) Friction: UΣfi･Li
Example:Soil Condition and Shaft Resistance

Description Li(m) N-value Fi(kN/m2) Li・Fi

s 2.1 9 45 94.5
s 5.5 12 60 330.0
s 3 14 70 210.00
s 6.4 23 110 736.0
Sum 17.00 1370.5

UΣfi･Li =0.8×π×1370.5 = 3444.4

2) Bearing Capacity at pile tip: qd･A

qd･A=0
Because it had not been confirmed that N value at pile tip was more than
30 in case of sand layer.
3)Ultimate Bearing Capacity: Ru
Assume γp =1.0, because this site will be controlled by a skilled
engineer.
Ru =0+ 1.0×3444.4= 3444.4 (kN) Page 45

Allowable bearing capacity of Pile

a
  u
 s  s


＊The factor of safety for the bearing pile can be used in a friction pile if the pile
satisfies reliable conditions regarding bearing capacity.

Ra : axial allowable bearing capacity of pile (kN)

n : factor of safety shown in Table-12.4.1
Ru : ultimate bearing capacity of pile (kN)
Ws : effective weight of soil replaced by pile (kN)
W : effective weight of pile and soil inside pile (kN)
1
Normal Time : Ra 
4
  
 3444.4  85.5  85.5  128.2  797.0 kN / pile 
1
Earthquake : Ra 
3
 
 3444.4  85.5  85.5  128.2  1076.9 kN / pile  
Page 46
 Axial Allowable Pull out of Pile

u
  i
 i
(12.4.3)
a
 u
 (Japanese Standard )

where,
Pa : axial allowable pull-out force of pile at pile head (kN)
N : safety factor shown in Table-12.4.3
Pu : ultimate pull-out force of pile

Normal Time : a
   

Earthquake : a
   

Page 47

(2.5).Displacement at the center of footing (δx , δy , α )

(Japanese Standard )

Normal Time During Earthquake Vo

Exclude Include Exclude Include
Buoyancy Buoyancy Buoyancy Buoyancy Mo
Ho
horzontal displacement δx (m) 2.128E-03 3.091E-03 4.277E-03 4.257E-03
≤ 15mm
vertical displacement δy (m) 1.497E-03 1.307E-03 1.268E-03 1.191E-03

rotation α (rad) 5.430E-04 8.065E-04 1.560E-03 1.556E-03

(2.6).Displacement at respective pile head (δx , δy , α )

Normal Time During Earthquake

Exclude Include Exclude Include
Buoyancy Buoyancy Buoyancy Buoyancy

Front low Back low Front low Back low Front low Back low Front low Back low
δxi (m) 2.128E-03 2.128E-03 3.091E-03 3.091E-03 4.277E-03 4.277E-03 4.257E-03 4.257E-03
δyi (m) 2.040E-03 9.540E-04 2.113E-03 5.002E-04 2.828E-03 -2.913E-04 2.747E-03 -3.655E-04
αi (rad) 5.430E-04 5.430E-04 8.065E-04 8.065E-04 1.560E-03 1.560E-03 1.556E-03 1.556E-03
Page 48
Check Bearing Capacity of Pile

Normal Time During Earthquake

Exclude Include Exclude Include
Buoyancy Buoyancy Buoyancy Buoyancy
δx (mm) 2.13 3.09 4.28 4.26
δf (mm) 2.13 3.09 4.28 4.26
PNmax (kN/pile) 767.22 794.68 1063.53 1032.88
PNmin (kN/pile) 358.78 188.09 -109.54 -137.46
PH (kN/pile) 77.747 111.235 226.429 224.823
Mt (kN・m/pile) -38.698 -50.719 -12.238 -10.760

【Check Stability 】

Normal Time During Earthquake

Displacement δf (mm) 3.09 ≤ 15 ok 4.28 ≤ 15 ok
Bearing PNmax (kN/pile) 794.68 ≤ 797.0 ok 1063.53 ≤ 1076.9 ok
Pull PNmin (kN/pile) 188.09 ≥ -702.2 ok -137.48 ≥ -1276.3 ok
Page 49

2.2 Bending Moment Distribution in Ground

 In case of Fixed pile Top
(Table -12.9.1) (Japanese Standard )

 In case of Hinged Pile Head

Normar Time Earthquake

Fix Hinge Fix Hinge
h m 0.00 0.00
-1
β (m ) 0.313 0.372
PH (kN) 77.747 77.747 226.429 226.429
Mt (kN･m) -38.698 0.000 -12.238 0.000
ho (m) -0.498 0.000 -0.054 0.000
ℓm (m) 3.092 2.509 2.165 2.110
Mm (kN･m) -57.264 -80.066 -188.273 -196.084
Page 50
Stress Check in RC Pile

Concrete fc 24 (Mpa) Concrete Ec 2.50E+04 (N/mm2)

Re-bar fy 275 (Mpa)
Normal Time Earthquake
PNmax PNmin PNmax PNmin
N(kN) 767.22 188.09 1063.53 -137.46
Member
M(kN･m) 80.07 114.55 196.08 194.69
Force
PH（kN） 77.747 111.235 226.429 224.823
Cover (mm) 100.0 D20 -n=16
Re-bar arrangement 2
As (mm ) 5024.0
σc(Mpa) 2.88 4.72 6.06 9.16 ≤ 12
Stress σs(Mpa) -2.5 62.0 12.6 212.7 ≤ 240
τm(Mpa) 0.180 0.258 >0.23 0.524 0.521 >0.345
Pc (kN) 99.3 99.3 149.0 149.0
Shear Strength Ps (kN) 127.7 127.7 239.5 239.5
Pc+Ps 227.0 227.0 388.4 388.4
Aw (mm2) 226.10 D12 pitch 150mm
Stirrup
pitch s (mm) 150

Page 51

・Shear Strength

d0  D2
4

d= do-Δc

Ps = Sc + Ss Eq:(5.2.1)
Sc =τa1ｂd Eq:(5.2.1)

w
 sy
s


Page 52
Requirement on Re-ba in RC Pile

D20 in Myanmar

Pile (m) Re-bar requirement , A×0.44% Re-bar

0.6 1130.4 m2 D20 n=4, As =1256 m2
0.8 2009.6 m2 D20 n=8, As = 2512 m2
1.0 3140.0 m2 D20 n=12, As=3765 m2

n=4 n=8 n=16

Page 53
Minimum spacing 100mm

Re-bar cage
Mmax=196.1(kN･m)
ℓa=40φ+0.1m
L ≥ 5.0 +2×0.8+0.1 = 6.7→
L=5 m

ℓa=40φ=0.8m

1/2Mmax=98.05 (kN･m)

Φ: Re-bar
diameter
D20
Page 54
Detail Drawing for Bore RC Pile

Page 55

3 Design Breast Wall

During Earthquake

PA1 H=4.601(m)

yu-2=2.301(m)

yu-1=1.534(m)

O pa

V (kN)
V・x H H･y
x (m) y (m)
height width depth unit weight (kN・m) (kN) (kN・m)

1 Parapet Wall 1.742 × 0.4 × 4.91 × 24.5 × = 83.77 1.0 83.77 16.75 3.73 62.49
2 Breast Wall 2.859 × 1.2 × 4.91 × 24.5 × = 412.46 0.600 247.48 82.49 1.4295 117.92
Pressure

2 Pa1 0 1.2 0.00 491.33 1.534 753.7

Earth

3 Pa2
Reaction

4 Rd 846.1 0.4 338.44 338.40 2.859 967.49

5 RL
Total 1342.33 669.69 928.98 1901.6
Page 56
■ Compute Stress

During
Normal Time Dead Loading
Earthquak
M kN･m/m 163.899 415.256 115.508
N kN//m 356.301 273.554 114.911
S kN/m 78.166 189.316 78.17
2
Concrete Ec (N/mm ) 2.500E+04
n=Es/Ec 15
c=40+12+20/2
concrete cover Specifeid
=62 mm (center)
(mm)
Round c (mm) 70.0
Re-bar schedule
pitch in meter 150 nos in meter 6.667
2
Diameter (mm) D16 as (mm ) 201.0
2
As(mm /m) 1340.1 d1 (mm) 1130
e=M/N 460.002 1518.004 1005.195
c=d1-B/2 530 530 530
Neutral axis x(mm) 597.808 265.860 314.223
2
σc N/mm 1.27 4.05 1.10
2
σs N/mm 16.9 197.3 42.6
2
τm N/mm 0.069 0.168 0.069
Check Ductility ( φMn≧φrMcr ) by AASHTO Page 57

Content Requirement
Front side As1
Longitudinal re-bar
Back side As2 Minimum ≧1/2 As1
Front side Ab1 Ab1 ≧ 1/3 As1
Lateral re-bar
Back side Ab2 Ab2 ≧ 1/3 As2
Vertical h ≦ 600mm
Intermediate tie AT
Horizontal w ≦ 1000mm
Page 58
 4. Design Pile Cap
Critical section for shear
AASHTO(5.13.3.6.1)
Verification of Pile Cap Footing
• One-way action, with a critical section extending in a plane across the entire width and located
at a distance taken.

• Two-way action, with a critical section perpendicul3I to the plane of the slab and located so that
its perimeter, b 0' is a minimum but not closer than 0.5d~ to the perimeter of the concentrated
load or reaction area

• Where the slab thickness is not constant, critical sections located at a distance not closer than
O.5d~ from the face of any change in the slab thickness and located such that the perimeter, bo'
is a minimum

O.5d
=

Page 59

Verification of Pile Cap Footing

Normal Condition & During Earthquake

A1= 0.600m B = 3.60m Δc= 0.8 m
A2= 1.200m hc = 1m
A3= 1.800m L = 4.91m
 Consider Water level as Abutment Design
hc=1
(1)Toe
(1.1) Exclude Buoyancy  c=0.8 PN PN  c=0.8
A1=0.6 A2=1.2 A3=1.8
(1.1.1) Bending Moment
B=3.6
F (kN)
unit x(m) M=F･x(kN･m)
height width depth
weight
Reaction F 2404.21 -0.200 0.000
Footing 1.000 ×0.600 × 4.9 × -24.5= -72.133 0.300 -21.640
Sum -21.640

hc/2=0.5
(1.1.2) Shear
F (kN)
unit
height width Depth
weight
Reaction F = 0
Footing 1.000 × 0.1 × 4.9 × -24.5= -12.022
Sum -12.022
Page 60
(1.2) Include Buoyancy

(1.2.1) Bending Moment

F (kN)
x(m) M=F･x(kN･m)
unit
height width depth
weight

Reaction F 2486.57 -0.200 0.000

Footing 1.000 × 0.600 × 4.9 × -24.5= -72.133 0.300 -21.640

Buoyancy 1.000 × 0.600 × 4.9 × 9.80= 28.853 0.300 8.656

Sum -12.984

(1.2.2) Shear
F (kN)

height width Depth unit weight sum

Reaction F = 0

Footing 1.000 × 0.100 × 4.9 × -24.5= -12.022

Buoyancy 1.000 × 0.100 × 4.9 × 9.80= 4.809

Sum -7.213

Page 61

(2)Heel

Surface surcharge q=1.0 tf/m2

(2.1) Exclude Buoyancy
(2.1.1) Bending Moment & Shear
F (kN)
M=F･x (kN・
heigh unit x (m)
width Depth m)
t weight
1
Pmin = -1095.58 1.00 -1095.584
Reaction F
Pmidle 0.0 0.00 0.000
2 Footing 1.000 × 1.800 × 4.9 × 24.50= 216.40 0.900 194.759
3 Back fill 4.600 × 1.800 × 4.9 × 20.00= 812.60 0.900 731.339
4
Surcharge 1.800 × 4.9 × 10.00= 88.33 0.900 79.493
5
Earth pressure = 269.33 1.200 323.196
Sum 291.07 233.203

(2.2) Include Buoyancy

(2.2.1) Bending Moment & Shear
F (kN)
unit x (m) M=F･x (kN・m)
height width Depth
weight
1Pmin = -583.26 1.00 -583.263
Reaction F
Pmidle 0.00 0.00 0.000
2 Footing 1.000 × 1.800 × 4.9 × 24.50= 216.40 0.900 194.759
3 Back fill 4.600 × 1.800 × 4.9 × 20.00= 812.60 0.900 731.339
4 Surcharge 1.800 × 4.9 × 10.00= 88.33 0.900 79.493
5 Earth pressure = 229.16 1.200 274.990
Buoyancy 1.000 × 1.800 × 4.9 × -9.80= -86.56 0.900 -77.903
Sum 676.66 619.415 Page 62
(3)Stress Calculation for Toe & Heel

(i) Assume rebar schedule

 Cover Example:
 Rebar diameter concrete cover (mm)
Specifeid c=75+16+20/2=101 mm (center)
 Rebar pitch Round c (mm) 110
Diameter D, and a D16 a (mm2) 201
(upper) As
b・x x x - d' pitch in petter 150mm/meter n nos in m 6.667
Kc  (d - )  nA's (d - d' ) Re-bar schedule
tension side
2 3 x As(mm ) 2
1340.1 d(mm) 890
1 x Diameter D, and a D12 a (mm2) 113
Ks  Kc (lower) As'
n d-x compression side
pitch in petter 150mm/meter n nos in m 6.667
2
M M As'(mm ) 753.4 d'(mm) 110
c s Neutral axis x(mm) 166.721 166.721 166.721 166.721
Kc Ks
Kc 72557209 72557209 72557209 72557209
Ks 1114999 1114999 1114999 1114999

(ii) Check Strength (AASHTO 5.7.2.2)

b
φMn ≧ Mu
n(As  A's ) n(As  A's ) 2n
x -   2  (d  As  d' A's )
b b b
f y A s1
 x a 
k3 fcub
  x  f y A s1 
M u  f y AS1  d1    f yA S 1  d 1  
 2   2 k 3 f cu b 
Page 63

(iii) Check Stress

 c <  ca
 s <  sa =0.6 sa
τm < τa1

(iv) Check Ductility

φMn ≧ Mcr (AASHTO 5.7.3.2)
1.7M ≤ Mcr (OK)

σc (Mpa) 0.63 1.72 2.21 2.22

σs (Mpa) 41.2 111.8 143.7 144.5
τm (Mpa) 0.525 1.239 1.593 1.585

Check Ductility ( φMn≧Mcr ) by AASHTO

φMn (kN・m) 365.6 φMn < 1.2Mcr NG φ= 0.900

1.2 MCR (kN・m) 519.2 fr(N/mm2) 2.596

1.7M ≤ Mcr OK OK OK OK

Page 64
 Content Requirement
Tension side Main re-bar As1-T
(lower side) distribution Ab1-T ≧1/3 As1-T
Toe
Compression side Main re-bar As2-T ≧1/2 As1-T
(upper side) distribution Ab2-T ≧1/3 As2-T
Tension side Main re-bar As1-R
(upper side) distribution Ab1-R ≧1/3 As1-R
Rear
Compression side Main re-bar As2-R ≧1/2 As1-R
(lower side) distribution Ab2-R ≧1/3 As2-R
Stirrup Both side AKN Distribution pitch
Page 65
(Intermediate tie) Toe and Rear AT-R ≦d (effective height of cap)

5 Design Wing Wall

The wing walls should be generally designed to carry the active earth pressure.
However, for abutments forming a U with its front wall and wing walls, there have been instances in which
cracks occurred at the connection portion of the wing walls because the earth filled inside was always
compacted by a live load.
Thus, wing walls satisfying all the following conditions should be designed with earth pressures at rest earth
pressure.
① No approach slab is installed.
② No sidewalk or the like is provided.
③ The angle between the front wall and wing walls of the abutment is less than 90 degrees.
④ The shape of the wing walls is of the side wall type.

"Sidewalk or the like" here includes, besides sidewalks, portions ordinarily not loaded with vehicle loads such
as shoulders. "No sidewalk or the like is provided" may be thought of as a sidewalk or the like less than 1 m
in width.
Give consideration to wall thickness and arrangement of reinforcements to ensure adequate transfer of
forces. The connected portions make structural weak points and therefore are desirably provided with a
haunch.
In a wing wall of the parallel type, the main horizontal reinforcements must be anchored in the direction of the
lateral reinforcements (horizontal bars) in the parapet.
Therefore, it is necessary to add reinforcing bars in the parapet if the wall thickness or the amount of
horizontal reinforcements of the parapet is smaller than the wing wall.
Page 66
 Wing Wall Design ( 8.4.4) Japan Standard

1. Parallel Wing Wall

Page 67

2. Side Wing Wall

Fig(8.4.12 ) Japan Standard

Page 68
1.Calculation of Member Force
Ultimate Limit , α₁=1 ,α₂=1.75
Serviceability Limit , α₁=1 ,α₂=1

Unit weight of soil  t = 20 (kN/m )

Coefficient of active earth pressure KA = 0.30847
Angle of wall friction δ =  /3 = 10
KA’ = KA×cosδ = 0.3038
Surcharge of live load q = 10 in case of AASHTO q=3kN/m²

L1=4.5m

a● e

h=0.9m
●
h2=3.7m

h3=2.34m

H=5.5m
b●
h1=1.8m

● f
h4=3.16m

b● ●

’
● 45
● ●
c c d
°
’
b2=2.7m
b1=1.8m

Page 69

(1.1) e-f section

L1=4.5m
PD 
1
 2 1

α 1K'A γ t b3 h3  h3h  h 2  α 2K'A qb3 (h3 h) e●
h2=3.7m

h=0.9m
6 2

h3=2.34m
MD 
1
 1

α 1K'A γ t b3 h3  2h3h  3h2   2 K ' A qb3  h3  2h
2 2 2

H=5.5m
24 6
h1=1.8m

h4=3.16m

Example:
● f

45°
PD-1 = 1/6×0.3038 ×20 ×2.7 ×(5.476 +2.106 +0.900 ) = 23.189 kN/m

PD-2 = 1/2×0.3038 ×10× 2.7 × (2.340 + 0.900 ) = 13.287 kN/m

b1=1.8m b2=2.7m

MD-1 = 1/24 × 0.3038 × 20 × 7.29 × ( 5.476 + 4.212 + 2.430 ) = 22.363 kN.m/m

MD-2 = 1/6 × 0.3038 × 10 × 7.29 × ( 2.340 + 1.800 ) = 15.281 kN.m/m

Ultimate Limit Servicebility Limit

α1 α2 α1 α2
Sum Sum
1.00 1.75 1.00 1.00
PD (kN) 23.189 23.252 46.441 23.189 13.287 36.476
e - f section
MD (kN･m) 22.363 26.742 49.105 22.363 15.281 37.644

sD =PD /h3 (kN/m) 19.847 15.588

e - f section
mD =MD /h3 (kN･m/m) 20.985 16.087

Page 70
 L1=4.5m
(1.2) a-b section
p1   1  K ' A  z
a● e●

h=0.9m
p2  

h2=3.7m
2  K ' A q

h4=3.16m h3=2.34m
1
PA  1 '   b1  p 1  z , P A  2 '  b1  p 2  z
2

H=5.5m
PA  1  P A  1 '  PD  1 , PA 2  P A 2 '  PD  2
b●

h1=1.8m
1 1
M A 1 '  b1 P A  1 ' , M A 2 '  b PA  2 ' ● f
2 2
M A  1  M A  1 '  M  PD  1  b1 
D 1
45°
M A 2  M A 2 '  M D 1  PD  2  b 1 
Example:
b2=2.7m
PA-1‘ = ½ ×1.800 ×(0.3038 × 20 × 3.700 ) × 3.700 = 74.858 kN/m b1=1.8m

PA-2‘ = 1.800 × 0.3038 × 10 ×3.700 = 20.232 kN/m

MA-1'= ½ × 1.800 × 74.858 = 67.373 kN.m/m
MA-2'= ½ × 1.800 × 20.232 = 18.209 kN.m/m
PA-1 = 74.858 + 23.189 = 98.047 kN/m
PA-2 = 20.232 + 13.287 = 33.519 kN/m
MA-1 = 67.373 + 22.363 + 23.189 × 1.800 = 131.476 kN.m/m
MA-2 = 18.209 + 15.281 + 13.287 × 1.800 = 57.406 kN.m/m
Ultimate Limit Servicebility Limit
α1 α2 α1 α2
Sum Sum
1.00 1.75 1.00 1.00
PA (kN) 98.047 58.658 156.706 98.047 33.519 131.566
a - b section
MA (kN･m) 131.476 100.461 231.937 131.476 57.406 188.882
sA=PA /h2 (kN/m) 42.353 35.558
a- b section
mA =MA /h2 (kN･m/m) 62.686 51.049 Page 71

L1=4.5m
(1.3) b-b' section
a● e
pi  1   1 K A'  h 2 , pi  2   2  K A 'q
h=0.9m
●
h2=3.7m

h3=2.34m

 h 
p j  1   1  K A '    h2  1  , p j 2   2  K A ' q
 2
H=5.5m

b● pi
pk  1   1  K A 'H , pk  2   2  K A ' q
h1=1.8m

h4=3.16m

● f
PB  1  pi 1  b1 (kN / m), PB 2  pi 2  b1 (kN / m) b’● ● pj
1 1 45° pk
MB   PB 1  b1 (kN  m / m), M B 2   PB  2  b1 ( kN  m / m)
2 2
Example:
b1=1.8m b2=2.7m
PB-1 = 0.3038 × 20 × 3.700 ×1.800 = 40.64 kN/m

PB-2 = 0.3038 × 10 × 1.800 = 5.468 kN/m

MB-1‘ = ½ × 40.464 × 1.800 = 36.418 kN.m/m

MB-2‘ = ½ × 5.468 ×1.800 =4.921 kN.m/m

Ultimate Limit Servicebility Limit

α1 α2 α1 α2
Sum Sum
1.00 1.75 1.00 1.00

sB=PB (kN/m) 40.464 9.569 50.033 40.464 5.468 45.932

b - b' section
mB =MB (kN･m/m) 36.418 8.612 45.030 36.418 4.921 41.339
Page 72
 L1=4.5m
(1.4) b'-c section
a● e●

h=0.9m
h2=3.7m
b b
PB '  1  p j  1  1 , PB ' 2  p j  2  1

h4=3.16m h3=2.34m
2 2
1 1

H=5.5m
b● pi
M B '  1   b1  PB ' 1 , M B ' 2   b1  PB ' 2

h1=1.8m
４ ４
● f
b’ ● ● pj
Example: ●
45°
c
PB'-1 = 0.3038 × 20 × (3.700 +1/2×1.800 ) × 1.800 /2 = 25.153 kN/m
b1=1.8m b2=2.7m
PB'-2 = 0.3038 ×10 ×1.800 /2 = 2.734 kN/m

MB'-1 = ¼ ×1.800 ×25.153 =11.319 kN.m/m

MB'-2 = ¼ ×1.800 ×2.734 =1.230 kN.m/m

Ultimate Limit Servicebility Limit

α1 α2 α1 α2
Sum Sum
1.00 1.75 1.00 1.00

sB'=PB' (kN/m) 25.153 4.785 29.938 25.153 2.734 27.887

b'- c section
mB' =MB' (kN･m/m) 11.319 2.153 13.472 11.319 1.230 12.549

Page 73

(1.5) c'-d section

1 1
PC  1    p1 1  pk  1   h1 , Pc 2    pi  2  pk  2   h1
2 2 L1=4.5m
1 1
M c 1    2 pi 1  pk  1   h1 , M c 2    2 pi 2  pk  2   h1
2 2
a● e●
6 6
h=0.9m
h2=3.7m

h3=2.34m

Example:
pi-1 = 0.3038 × 20 ×3.700 = 22.480 kN/m
H=5.5m

b● pi
h1=1.8m

pi-2 = 0.3038 × 10 = 3.038 kN/m ● f

h4=3.16m

b’● ● pj
pk-1 = 0.3038 × 20 × 5.500 = 33.416 kN/m
pk-2 = 0.3038 × 10 = 3.038 kN/m ● 45°
● ● pk
c c’ d
Pc-1 = ½ × (22.480 + 33.416 )× 1.800 = 50.307 kN/m
Pc-2 = ½ × (3.038 +3.038 ) ×1.800 = 5.468 kN/m b1=1.8m b2=2.7m

Mc-1 =1/6 ×(2 × 22.480 + 33.416 ) ×3.24 = 42.323 kN.m/m

Mc-2 =1/6 × (2 × 3.038 + 3.038 ) × 3.24 =4.921 kN.m/m

Ultimate Limit Servicebility Limit

α1 α2 α1 α2
Sum Sum
1.25 1.75 1.00 1.00

sC=PC (kN/m) 62.883 9.569 72.452 50.307 5.468 55.775

c'- d section
mC =MC (kN･m/m) 52.904 8.612 61.516 42.323 4.921 47.244
Page 74
 (1.6) c-c' section

  p j  1  pk  1   h1 / 2,   p j  2  pk  2   h1 / 2
1 1
PC ' 1  PC '  2 
2 2
M C ' 1   2 p j  1  pk  1    h1 / 2 ,   2 p j  2  pk  2    h1 / 2
1 2 1 2
MC 2 L1=4.5m
6 6
Example: a● e

h=0.9m
●

h2=3.7m
pj-1 = 0.3038 × 20 × 4.600 = 27.948 kN/m

h3=2.34m
pj-2 = 0.3038 × 10 = 3.038 kN/m

H=5.5m
b● pi
PC'-1 = ½ × (27.948 + 33.416 ) × 1.800 /2 = 27.614

h1=1.8m
● f

h4=3.16m
b’● ● pj
PC'-2 = ½ × (3.038 + 3.038 ) × 1.800 /2 = 2.734
● 45°
● ● pk
c c’ d
MC'-1 = 1/6 ×(2 × 27.948 + 33.416 ) × 0.81 =1 2.057
MC'-2 = 1/6×(2 × 3.038 + 3.038 ) × 0.81 =1.230 b1=1.8m b2=2.7m

Ultimate Limit Servicebility Limit

α1 α2 α1 α2
Sum Sum
1.00 1.75 1.00 1.00

sC'=PC' (kN/m) 27.614 4.785 32.399 27.614 2.734 30.348

c- c' section
mC' =MC' (kN･m/m) 12.057 2.153 14.210 12.057 1.230 13.287
Page 75

2. Verification on Wing Wall

(2.1) Design Condition
(i) Assume rebar schedule (ii) Check Stress
 Cover n(As  A's) n(As  A's )
 Rebar diameter Kc 
b・ x x
(d - )  nA's
x - d'
(d - d' ) x -    2  2n (d As  d' A's )
2 3 x b b b
 Rebar pitch 1 x
Ks  M
Example: n d-x
Kc
 c  <  ca
Kc
e - f section a - b section b - b' section b' - c section c' - d section c - c' section
M <  
D A B B' C C'  s  sa =0.6 sa
M (kN・m/m) 16.087 51.049 :41.339 12.549 47.244 13.287 Ks
Re-bar Diameter D16 D16 D16 D16 D16 D16

as (mm ) 2
201.1 201.1 201.1 201.1 201.1 201.1 < τa1
Pitch (mm/m) 300 150 150 300 150 300
2
As (mm /m) 663.6 1347.4 1347.4 663.6 1347.4 663.6

x 61.293 82.327 82.327 61.293 82.327 61.293 Example: For e - f section

Kc 7035447.5 9161225.4 9161225.4 7035447.5 9161225.4 7035447.5 b =1000mm

Ks 152342.1 299874.3 299874.3 152342.1 299874.3 152342.1

σc (N/mm2) 2.3 5.6 4.5 1.8 5.2 1.9 =50mm

2
σs (N/mm ) 106 170 138 82 158 87

S (kN/m) 15.588 35.558 45.932 27.887 55.775 30.348 =250mm

=300mm
τm (N/mm2) 0.062 0.142 0.184 0.112 0.223 0.121
D16, =663.6

Page 76
3.Ultimate Condition

(i) Bending Moment (AASHTO 5.7.2.2)

M u  steel  ( 0 . 85 f y ) A s z
M u  concrete  0 .15 f cu bd 2

1 .1 f y A a
z  (1  )d
f cu bd

(ii) Check Strength

φMn≧Mu ( OK )
Example:
e - f section a' - b section b - b' section b' - c section c' - d section c - c' section φ= 0.9
D A B B' C C'
M (kN・m/m) 20.985 62.686 45.030 13.472 61.516 14.210
Z (mm) 239.507 228.694 228.694 239.507 228.694 239.507
Mn-steel 46.61 90.36 90.36 46.61 90.36 46.61
Mn-concrete 225.00 225.00 225.00 225.00 225.00 225.00
Mn (kN・m) 46.61 90.36 90.36 46.61 90.36 46.61
φMn (kN・m/m) 41.95 81.32 81.32 41.95 81.32 41.95
Remarks OK OK OK OK OK OK Page 77

Wing Wall
(iii) Check Shear (AASHTO 5.8.2.9)

V
v
bd
Parapet Wall

1
0.27  100As  3
vc     fcu  13
 m  bd 
Reinforcing bar As2

v < vc (OK)

Example:
e - f section a' - b section b - b' section b' - c section c' - d section c - c' section

D A B B' C C'

V (kN) 19.847 156.706 50.033 29.938 72.452 32.399

v (N/mm2) 0.079 0.627 0.2 0.12 0.29 0.13

γm 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25

vc (N/mm2) 0.4 0.507 0.507 0.4 0.507 0.4

Remarks OK NG OK OK OK OK

Page 78
Detail Drawing of Abutment (1)

Page 79

Detail Drawing of Abutment (2)

Page 80
Detail Drawing of Abutment (3)

Page 81

Detail Drawing of Abutment (4)

Page 82
Thank you for your kind attention

If you have any questions?

Khin Myat Thu

Assistant Engineer
Myanmar Branch in Yangon
Eight-Japan Engineering Consultants Inc.
EJEC Myanmar Branch
Page 83
Xxxxx xxnd, 2019