FUNDAMENTALS OF ELELCTRICAL

ENGINEERING(FEE)
Mr. Manoj D Kharad
Lecturer in Electrical Engg Govt polytechnic Ch.Sambhajinagar

CH.4 Electromagnetic Induction & Inductors

Contents: (14/70)
4.1 Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction, Lenz’s law, Fleming’s right rule
and left hand rule.
4.2 Statically and dynamically induced emf, Self and Mutual inductance,
Coefficient of self & mutual inductance.
4.3 Energy stored in inductor.(Only Expression)

Mr. M.D.Kharad Lecturer ,Govt Poly CS 1

 Faraday’s First laws of electromagnetic induction:
• “Whenever the magnetic flux linking with conductor changes, an emf is
induced in the
it itconductor”.
or
• “When a conductor or coil cuts magnetic flux or it cut by magnetic flux an emf
is induced in the conductor or coil.”
Applications: Generator principle, Transformer principle.

Mr. M.D.Kharad Lecturer ,Govt Poly CS 2

 Faraday’s second laws of electromagnetic induction:
• “Magnitude of induced emf is directly proportional to the rate of change of
flux linkages”.
dØ
• eαN Where, N: Number of turns of coil.
dt

dØ
: The rate of change of flux.
dt

Applications: To find magnitude of induced emf in Generator

Mr. M.D.Kharad Lecturer ,Govt Poly CS 3

• Direction of induced EMF:

• Direction of induced emf can find out using two methods firstly using Lenz’s
Law and secondly using Fleming’s right hand rule

Lenz`s Law:
• “It states that the direction of an induced emf is such that it always opposes
the cause that produces it.”
• This represents mathematically
dØ
e = −N
dt
• Negative sign indicates that induced emf oppose the cause producing it.

Mr. M.D.Kharad Lecturer ,Govt Poly CS 4

Fleming’s Right Hand Rule:
“Stretch out the first three fingers of your right hand such that they are mutually
perpendicular to each other,
“If the first finger points in the direction of the magnetic field,
the thumb points in the direction of motion of the conductor,
then the middle finger will point in the direction of the induced e.m.f.”

Applications : Fleming’s right hand rule is used for finding the direction of
dynamically induced emf.

Mr. M.D.Kharad Lecturer ,Govt Poly CS 5

Fleming's Left Hand Rule:
• Stretch out the first three fingers of your left hand such that they are mutually
perpendicular to each other, align first finger in direction of magnetic field,
middle finger in direction of current then the thumb will give the direction of
force acting on conductor.
• Applications : Fleming’s left hand rule is used for finding the direction of force
acting on current carrying conductor when placed in magnetic field.

Mr. M.D.Kharad Lecturer ,Govt Poly CS 6

 Nature of the induced emf

• If the flux linkage with a conductor changes due to either magnet movement
or due to the coil movement, an emf gets induced in to the conductor.

• The change in flux linkage can be practically obtained using one of the
following two method

1. Statically induced emf

2. Dynamically induced emf

Mr. M.D.Kharad Lecturer ,Govt Poly CS 7

 Statically induced emf
• when
“An emf magnetic field
is induced dueistomoving andmovement,
no physical conductorbut is itstationary in change
is due to the magnetic
in
field then
the flux EMF
linked is coil
with induced in a conductor
by increasing is called
or decreasing is statically
the current induced
that produce
EMF.
flux”

• In statically induced emf the conductor and magnetic field both are stationary.
dØ
• The change in current produce alternating flux with respect to time ( ).
dt

dØ
• This will induced an emf in this coil which will be called as the statically
dt
induced emf.

Applications: transformer.

• Types of statically induced emf

(i) Self induced emf

(ii) Mutually induced emf

Mr. M.D.Kharad Lecturer ,Govt Poly CS 8

 Self induced emf
• e.m.f. induced in a coil due to the change of its own flux linked with it is
called as self induced emf

• If current through the coil it changed , then the flux linked with its own turns
will also change , which will produced in it is called self induced “e.m.f” .

• The direction of this induced e.m.f (as given by lenz’s law) would be such as to
oppose any change of flux which is, in fact , the very cause of its production .
Hence, it is also known as opposing or counter e.m.f of self induction.

self-induced EMF is given by,

𝐝𝒊
• 𝐞 = −𝐋
𝒅𝒕

Where,

L is the self-inductance of the coil.

Mr. M.D.Kharad Lecturer ,Govt Poly CS 9

 Mutually induced emf
• Consider two coils A and B lying close to each other. Coil A is joined to a battery, a
switch and a variable resistance R whereas coil B is connected to a sensitive Voltmeter V.

• When current through A flowing by switch on, it’s magnetic field is set up which partly
links with the coil B.

• As current through A changed, the flux linked with B is also changed. Hence, mutually
induced e.m.f. is produced in B whose magnitude is given by Faraday’s Law and
direction by Lenz’s law.

• The phenomenon in which a changing current in one coil induced an emf in another
coil is called the Mutual induced emf or mutual Induction

Mr. M.D.Kharad Lecturer ,Govt Poly CS 10

 Dynamically induced emf
• “an emf is induced due a physical movement of either conductor or flux is
called as dynamically induced emf”

• Consider a conductor of length l placed in the magnetic field produced by a

permanent magnet as shown in the figure

Mr. M.D.Kharad Lecturer ,Govt Poly CS 11

• The conductor moves in a plane which is parallel to the plane of the magnetic
flux. there for it does not cut any magnetic flux. Hence the induced emf is zero

• The plane of direction of motion of the conductor is perpendicular to the plane

of magnetic flux .there for the cutting of magnetic flux is maximum and the
induced emf in the conductor is maximum.

• When the plane of motion of the conductor is exactly perpendicular to the plane
of flux, the induced emf is given by,
𝒆 = 𝑩. 𝒍. 𝒗 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒔

Where e= induced emf

B= magnetic flux density

L= length of conductor

V=velocity

Mr. M.D.Kharad Lecturer ,Govt Poly CS 12

Statically induced emf Dynamically induced emf
1. An emf is induced not due 1. An emf is induced due a
to any physical movement physical movement of either
conductor or flux
2. Current through 2. Current through
electromagnet must be electromagnet can be
must be alternating or constant
chenging
dØ 3. 𝑒 = 𝐵. 𝑙. 𝑣. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
3. e = −N dt
or e=
di
−L dt
4. Application in Transformer 4.Aplication in DC generator,
Induction motors, DC motors

Mr. M.D.Kharad Lecturer ,Govt Poly CS 13

 Self-inductance (L)
• The property of the coil due to which it opposes any increase or decrease or
current of flux through it, is known as Self-inductance (L)
First method for L
• The coefficient of self-induction of a coil is defined as the weber-turns per
ampere in the coil
• ‘weber-turns’ is meant the product of flux in webers and the number of turns
with which the flux is linked. In other words, it is the flux-linkages of the coil.
• Consider a solenoid having N turns and carrying a current of I amperes. If the
flux produced is Φ webers, the weber-turns are NΦ.
𝐍Ø
• 𝐋=
𝐈
• The unit of self-induction L is henry

Mr. M.D.Kharad Lecturer ,Govt Poly CS 14

Mr. M.D.Kharad Lecturer ,Govt Poly CS 15
 Mutual-inductance (M)
• Mutual inductance defined as the ability of one coil (or circuit) to produce an
e.m.f. in a nearby coil by induction when the current in the first coil changes.

Mr. M.D.Kharad Lecturer ,Govt Poly CS 16

Mr. M.D.Kharad Lecturer ,Govt Poly CS 17
Mr. M.D.Kharad Lecturer ,Govt Poly CS 18
Coefficient of self & mutual inductance

Mr. M.D.Kharad Lecturer ,Govt Poly CS 19

Mr. M.D.Kharad Lecturer ,Govt Poly CS 20
 Energy stored in inductor
• When current through an inductor is gradually changed from zero to maximum
value I, then every change of it is opposed by the self-induced e.m.f. produced
due to this change. Energy is needed to overcome this opposition. This energy is
stored in the inductor.

Mr. M.D.Kharad Lecturer ,Govt Poly CS 21

 ASSIGNMENT-5
1) State following laws with its applications
i. Faraday’s first laws of electromagnetic induction
ii. Faraday’s second laws of electromagnetic induction
iii. Lenz’s law
iv. Fleming’s right rule
v. Fleming’s left hand rule
2) Explain Statically and dynamically induced emf.
3) Differentiate Statically and dynamically induced emf
4) Explain Self induced emf and Mutual induced emf with examples.
5) Explain Self and Mutual inductance with its expressions.
6) Explain Coefficient of self & mutual inductance.
7) Write expression for Energy stored in inductor.

Mr. M.D.Kharad Lecturer ,Govt Poly CS 22