Unit 04

mij‡iLv BDwbU
(The Straight Line) 4

f~wgKv
R¨vwgwZ (Geometry) MwY‡Zi GKwU AwZ mycÖvPxb kvLv| MÖxK kã (geo) gv‡b f~wg ev ¯’vb Avi wgwZ (metron)
gv‡b cwigvc A_v©r R¨vwgwZ n‡jv fzwg ev ¯’v‡bi cwigvc| g~jZ ¯’v‡bi cwigv‡ci avibv ‡_‡KB R¨vwgwZi DrcwË|
cÖvPxb BivK, wgki Ges wmÜz DcZ¨vKvq wLªóc„e© 3000 Aã †_‡K R¨vwgwZi eënvi nZ e‡j cÖgvY cvIqv hvq|
cÖPxb wgkixqiv Zv‡ì K…wl fzwgi mxgvbv msμvšÍ Rwi‡ci Kv‡Ri ga¨w`‡q me©cÖ_g R¨vwgwZi m~ÎcvZ K‡ib| MªxK
MwYZwe` BDwK¬W wLªóc„e© 300 A‡ã R¨vwgwZ‡K GKwU myweb¨¯Í êÁvwbK KvVv‡gvq iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡ib| G Kvi‡b
BDwK¬W‡K R¨vwgwZi RbK ejv nq| BDwK¬W †iLv‡K ÓcÖ¯’nxb ˆ`N©¨Ó wnmv‡e mÁvwqZ K‡ib| g~jZ †iLv nj AweiZ
we›`yi †mU hv B”QvgZ mvg‡bi ev wcQ‡bi w`‡K ewa©Z Kiv hvq| weL¨vZ divwm MwYZwe` †i‡b †`KvZ© (Rene
Descartes: 1596-1650) R¨vwgwZ‡Z Kv‡Z©mxq R¨vwgwZ ev we‡kølbg~jK R¨vwgwZi cÖeZ©b K‡ib|
BDwb‡Ui D‡Ïk¨
GB BDwbU †k‡l Avcwb -
 mgZ‡j Kv‡Z©mxq I †cvjvi ¯’vbvsK e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
 †iLv wef³Kvix we›`yi ¯’vbvsK wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
 wÎfz‡Ri †ÿÎdj wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
 mÂvic‡_i mgxKiY wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
 mij‡iLv m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ m~Î cÖgvY I cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡ev©”P mgq 15 w`b
GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV 4.1: mgZ‡j Kv‡Z©mxq I †cvjvi ¯’vbv¼
cvV 4.2: †iLv wefw³Kvix we›`yi ¯’vbv¼
cvV 4.3: wÎfz‡Ri †ÿÎdj
cvV 4.4: mÂvic_
cvV 4.5: mij‡iLvi Xvj
cvV 4.6: mij‡iLvi cÖwgZ mgxKiYmg~n
cvV 4.7: †jLwP‡Î mij‡iLv Dc¯’vcb
cvV 4.8: `yBwU mij‡iLvi †Q`we›`y I AšÍfy©³ †KvY
cvV 4.9: `yBwU mij‡iLvi ci¯úi mgvšÍivj ev j¤^ nIqvi kZ©
cvV 4.10: wewfbœ kZv©ax‡b mij‡iLvi mgxKiY
cvV 4.11: mij‡iLvi j¤^ `~iZ¡ wbY©q
cvV 4.12: eënvwiK
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV 4.1 mgZ‡j Kv‡Z©mxq I †cvjvi ¯’vbv¼
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 mgZ‡j Kv‡Z©mxq I †cvjvi ¯’vbv†¼i aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
 Kv‡Z©mxq I †cvjvi ¯’vbv‡¼i g‡a¨ m¤úK© cÖwZôv I cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
 `yBwU we›`yi gaëZx© `~iZ¡ wbY‡q©i m~Î cÖwZôv I cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã Zj, mgZj, ¯’vbv¼, Kv‡Z©mxq ¯’vbv¼, †cvjvi ¯’vbv¼, we›`y, Aÿ, `~iZ¡
g~jcvV-
mgZ‡j Kv‡Z©mxq ¯’vbv¼(Cartesian Co-ordinates on plane)
mvaviYZ ‡Kv‡bv e¯‘i c„ô‡K Zj e‡j| †Kv‡bv Z‡j Aew¯’Z †h †Kv‡bv `yBwU we›`yi ms‡hvRK mij‡iLv hw` H Z‡j
_v‡K Z‡e H Zj‡K mgZj (Plane) e‡j| ‡Kv‡bv mgZ‡ji Dci j¤^fv‡e Aew¯’Z ci¯úi‡”Q`x `yBwU mij‡iLv‡K
AvqZ Aÿ (Rectangular axes) Ges Zv‡ì †Q`we›`y‡K g~jwe›`y (Origin) e‡j| D³ †iLvØ‡qi Abyf~wgK
†iLvwU‡K x -Aÿ, Dj¤^ †iLv‡K y -Aÿ Ges GB mgZj‡K Kv‡Z©mxq mgZj (Cartesian Plane) e‡j| †i‡b
†`KvZ© Gi bvgvbymv‡i Kv‡Z©mxq mgZj bvgKib Kiv n‡q‡Q| mgZ‡j x -Aÿ †_‡K b `~i‡Z¡ Ges y -Aÿ †_‡K a
`~i‡Z¡ †Kv‡bv we›`y‡K (a, b) μg‡Rvo Øviv wPwýZ Kiv nq Ges G‡K H we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ e‡j|
wP‡Î XOX  †K x -Aÿ Ges YOY  †K y -Aÿ we‡ePbv Kiæb| Y
Zvn‡j O n‡e Zv‡ì g~jwe›`y| mgZ‡j †h †Kv‡bv we›`y P n‡Z
P (a,b)
XOX  †iLvi Dci PM Ges YOY  †iLvi Dci PN j¤^ AuvKzb| N
Zvn‡j ON  PM ( y -Aÿ n‡Z j¤^ `~iZ¡) †K P we›`yi fzR
b
(abscissa) Ges ON  PM (x-Aÿ n‡Z j¤^ `~iZ¡) †K P we›`yi a
†KvwU (ordinate) e‡j| ON  PM  b Ges OM  PN  a n‡j X X
(a, b) †K P we›`yyi Kv‡Z©mxq ¯’vbv¼ ejv nq Ges G‡K P(a, b) Øviv O M
m~wPZ Kiv nq| Gfv‡e mgZ‡ji cÖ‡Z¨KwU we›`yi GKwU μg‡Rvo cvIqv
hvq hvi cÖ_g I wØZxq Dfq c`B ev¯Íe msL¨v| Y
P we›`yi Ae¯’v‡bi Dci fzR I †KvwUi wPý wbf©i K‡i|
wb‡¤œ Q‡K wewfbœ PZzf©v‡M fzR I †KvwUi wPý †`Lv‡bv n‡jv: Y
PZzf©vM fy‡Ri wPý †KvwUi wPý
cÖ_g + +
(,+) (+,+)
wØZxq - +
Z„Zxq - - X
O X
PZy_© + -
(,) (+,)
A_v©r †Kv‡bv A‡ÿi Dci Aew¯’Z bq Giƒc †h †Kvb we›`y:
(i) cÖ_g PZzf©v‡M _vK‡j x I y Dfq abvZ¡K| Y
(ii) wØZxq PZzf©v‡M _vK‡j x FYvZ¡K, y abvZ¡K |
(iii) Z…Zxq PZzf©v‡M _vK‡j x , y Dfq FYvZ¡K|
c„ôv 70 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq

D”PZi MwYZ 1g cÎ BDwbU Pvi
(iv) PZz_© PZzf©v‡M _vK‡j x abvZ¡K, y FYvZ¡K|

Z‡e -A‡ÿi Dci †h †Kv‡bv we›`yi †KvwU k~b¨ †hgb 2,0  x -A‡ÿi Dci GKwU we›`y Ges y -A‡ÿi Dci †h
†Kv‡bv we›`yi fyR k~b¨ †hgb 0,4  , y -A‡ÿi Dci GKwU we›`y|
mgZ‡j †cvjvi ¯’vbv¼ (Polar Co-ordinates on plane)
mgZ‡j †Kvb we›`yi Ae¯’vb wbY©q Ki‡Z Kv‡Z©mxq ¯’vbv¼ P (r,)
QvovI AviI GK cÖKvi ¯’vbv¼ e¨venvi Kiv nq hv‡K r
†cvjvi ¯’vbv¼ ( Polar Co-ordinates) ejv nq Ges 
G‡K Pr ,  Øviv wPwýZ Kiv nq | GLv‡b r ‡K O X
e¨mva© †f±i (Radius vector) Ges  ‡K †f±wiqvj
†KvY (Vectorial angle) ejv nq |
Q (r, +)
GLv‡b D‡jøL¨ †h †f±i †KvY‡K Nwoi KuvUvi wecixZ w`‡K cwigvc Ki‡j abvZ¡K gvb Ges Nwoi KuvUvi w`‡K
cwigvc Ki‡j FYvZ¡K gvb cvIqv hvq| GB c×wZ‡Z †Kv‡bv we›`y Pr ,  Gi gvb wbY©‡qi Rb¨ cÖ_‡g †f±i †KvY
 A¼b K‡i c‡i r mgvb e¨mva© †K‡U †bIqv nq| wP‡Î PO †iLv‡K Q chšÍ© Ggbfv‡e ewa©Z Kiæb †hb
OP  OQ  r nq| Zvn‡j r ,     A_ev  r ,   Dfq Q we›`yi †cvjvi ¯’vbv¼ wb‡`©k K‡i| GLv‡b D‡jøL¨
†h g~j we›`yi †cvjvi ¯’bv¼ 0,0 |
Kv‡Z©mxq I †cvjvi ¯’vbv‡¼i g‡a¨ m¤úK© (Relation between polar and Cartesian coordinates)
g‡b Kiæb Kv‡Z©mxq mgZ‡j r ,  Ges  x, y  †h †Kv‡bv we›`y P Gi †cvjvi I Kv‡Z©mxq ¯’vbv¼ wb‡`©k K‡i| OP
†hvM Kiæb Ges OX Gi Dci PM j¤^ AvuKzb|
Zvn‡j, OP  r , POM   , OM  x Ges PM  y Y P (x,y)
OMP G POM =mg‡KvY, (r,)
fzwg = OM = x, j¤^  PM  y Ges AwZfzR  OP  r r
Avgiv Rvwb, mg‡KvYx wÎfz‡Ri †ÿ‡Î, y
fywg OM x
cos    , 
AwZfzR OP r X X
O x M
 x  r cos ............(i)
j¤^ PM y Y
Ges sin   AwZfzR  
OP r
 y  r sin  ............(ii)
(i) I (ii) eM© K‡i †hvM K‡i cvB, r 2 cos 2   sin 2    x 2  y 2
 r  x 2  y 2 ..................(iii) [‡h‡nZz, cos 2   sin 2   1 ]
Avevi, (ii) †K (i) Øiv fvM K‡i cvB,
r sin  y y  y
 ev tan   ,   tan 1  ..........(iv)
r cos x x x
myZivs (i) I (ii) Øviv †Kv‡bv we›`yi †cvjvi ¯’vbv¼ r ,  †K Kv‡Z©mxq ¯’vbv¼ (x,y) Gi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q
Ges mgxKiY (iii) I (iv) Øviv †Kv‡bv we›`yi Kv‡Z©mxq ¯’vbv¼ (x,y) ‡K †cjvi ¯’vbv¼ r ,  Gi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
mij‡iLv c„ôv 71
 
D`vnviY 1: 1, 3 we›`ywUi †cvjvi ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q Kiæb|
 
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, 1, 3 we›`ywUi †cvjvi ¯’vbv¼ r ,  | Zvn‡j Avgiv Kv‡Z©mxq I †cvjvi ¯’vbv‡¼i g‡a¨ m¤úK©
  3 
2
n‡Z cvB, r  12 1 3  4  2
 3
Ges   tan 1    tan 1 3  60 

 1 

 1, 3  we›`yi †cvjvi ¯’vbv¼ r ,   2,60 
D`vnviY 2: 1,1 we›`ywUi †cvjvi ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, 1,1 we›`ywUi †cvjvi ¯’vbv¼ r ,  | Zvn‡j Avgiv Kv‡Z©mxq I †cvjvi ¯’vbv‡¼i g‡a¨ m¤úK©
n‡Z cvB, r  12  12  1  1  2
Ges   tan 1    tan 1 1  45
1
1
 1,1 we›`yi †cvjvi ¯’vbv¼ r ,     2 ,45 
 
D`vnviY 3: 3 ,1 we›`ywUi †cvjvi ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q Kiæb|
 
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, 3 ,1 we›`ywUi †cvjvi ¯’vbv¼ r ,  | Zvn‡j Avgiv Kv‡Z©mxq I †cvjvi ¯’vbv‡¼i g‡a¨ m¤úK©
n‡Z cvB, r   3 1  2 2
3 1  4  2
 1 
Ges   tan 1    30
 3
 
 3 ,1 we›`yi †cvjvi ¯’vbv¼ r ,   2,30 
 
D`vnviY 4:  2 ,  we›`yi Kv‡Z©mxq ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q Kiæb|
 4
 
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb,  2 ,  we›`ywUi Kv‡Z©mxq ¯’vbv¼ (x, y) | Zvn‡j Avgiv Kv‡Z©mxq I †cvjvi ¯’vbv‡¼i g‡a¨
 4
 1
m¤úK© n‡Z cvB, x  r cos  2 cos  2 cos 45e  2 1
4 2
 1
Ges y  r sin   2 sin  2 sin 45e  2 1
4 2
 
 2 ,  we›`yi Kv‡Z©mxq ¯’vbv¼ (1, 1)
 4

D`vnviY 5: 1,  we›`yi Kv‡Z©mxq ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q Kiæb|
 3

mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, 1,  we›`ywUi Kv‡Z©mxq ¯’vbv¼  x, y  | Zvn‡j Avgiv Kv‡Z©mxq I †cvjvi ¯’vbv‡¼i g‡a¨
 3
 1
m¤úK© n‡Z cvB, x  r cos  1. cos  cos 60 
3 2

3
Ges y  r sin   1. sin 60 
2
  1 3
1,  we›`yi Kv‡Z©mxq ¯’vbv¼  , 
 3 2 2 
 
`yBwU we›`yi gaëZ©x `~iZ¡ (Distance between two points):

g‡b Kiæb, GKB mgZ‡j P x1 , y1  Ges Qx2 , y2  †h †Kv‡bv `yBwU we›`y| P I Q n‡Z OX Aÿ‡iLvi Dci PN
I QM j¤^ AuvKzb| Avevi Q n‡Z PN Gi Dci QR j¤^ AuvKzb|
Y
Zvn‡j, wPÎ n‡Z cvB
P (x1,y1)
ON  x1 , OM  x2 , PN  y1 , QM  y2  RN
y2y1
Ges QR  MN  ON  OM , PR  PN  RN Q (x2,y2)
R
x2x1
GLb, PQR mg‡KvYx wÎfzR n‡Z cvB
PQ 2  QR 2  PR 2  ON  OM   PN  RN 
2 2
 ON  OM   PN  QM    x1  x2    y1  y2 
2 2 2 2
X
O
x1  x2    y1  y2 
2 2 M N
PQ 
`yBwU we›`yi `~iZ¡ = (fzRØ‡qi AšÍi)2 + (†KvwUØ‡qi AšÍi)2
D`vnviY 6: 2,2 Ges 3,1 we›`y `ywUi gaëZ©x `~iZ¡ wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, we›`y `ywU P2,2 Ges Q3,1
myZivs PQ  2  32   2  12  1  9  10
AZGe wb‡Y©q `~iZ¡ 10
D`vnviY 7: 5,1 Ges 2,1 we›`y `ywUi gaëZ©x `~iZ¡ wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, we›`y `ywU P5,1 Ges Q2,1
myZivs PQ  5  22  1   12  9  4  13
AZGe, wb‡Y©q `~iZ¡ 13
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 4.1-
1. wb¤œ wjwLZ Kv‡Z©mxq we›`y¸wji †cvjvi ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q Kiæb:

(i)  
3 ,1 (ii) 1,0  
(iii)  1, 3 
(iv) 1, 3  (v)  3,3
2. wb¤œ wjwLZ ‡cvjvi we›`y¸wji Kv‡Z©mxq ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q Kiæb:
 11   
(i) 1,45o  (ii)  4,  (iii)  3,  (iv) 4,135o 
 6   3
3. wb¤œwjwLZ mgxKiY¸wj‡K †cvjvi AvKv‡i cÖKvk Kiæb:
(i) xy  4 (ii) x 2  y 2  4 (iii) x 2  y 2  2 xy  0
(iv) y  mx  c
4. wb¤œwjwLZ mgxKiY¸wj‡K Kv‡Z©mxq AvKv‡i cÖKvk Kiæb:

(i) r  a sin  (ii) sin 2  1 (iii) r 1  sin    2
5. wb¤œwjwLZ we›`y¸wji gaëZ©x `~iZ¡ wbY©q Kiæb:
(i)  2,3 Ges 2,2  (ii) 0,4  Ges 4,0  (iii)  6,4  Ges 0,4
6.  x, y  we›`ywU 1,2 Ges  2,5 we›`yØq n‡Z mg`yieZ©x n‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h x  2 y  4  0
cvV 4.2 †iLv wef³Kvix we›`yi ¯’vbv¼

(Coordinates of a line divisor point)
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
 †Kv‡bv †iLvsk‡K wbw`©ó Abycv‡Z wef³Kvix we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã †iLvsk, AbycvZ, AšÍwe©f³, ewnwe©f³, fi‡K›`ª
g~jcvV-
`yBwU we›`yi ms‡hvRK †iLvsk †Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z wbw`ª©ó Abycv‡Z wef³ n‡j, Avgiv wef³ we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q Ki‡Z
cvwi| g‡b Kiæb, mgZ‡j P x1 , y1  Ges Q x 2 , y 2  †h †Kv‡bv `yBwU we›`y Ges Zv‡ì ms‡hvRK mij‡iLvsk
R(x,y) we›`y‡Z m1 : m 2 Abycv‡Z AšÍwe©f³ I ewnwe©f³ nq |
AšÍwe©fw³i †ÿ‡Î: g‡b Kiæb, P x1 , y1  Ges Q x 2 , y 2  ms‡hvRK mij‡iLvi R(x, y) we›`y‡Z m1 : m 2 Abycv‡Z
PR m1
AšÍwe©f³ nq| A_v©r PR : RQ  m1 : m2 ev  |
RQ m2
P, Q Ges R we›`„ n‡Z OX Gi Dci h_vμ‡g PA, QB Ges RC j¤^ AuvKzb| Avevi P n‡Z RC Gi Dci PS Ges
R n‡Z QB Gi Dci RT j¤^ AuvKzb|
Zvn‡j Avgiv cvB, OA  x1 , OB  x 2 , OC  x Y
Q (x2,y2)
Ges PA  y1 , QB  y 2 , RC  y
m2
 PS  AC  OC  OA  x  x1 R (x,y)
T
Ges RS  RC  SC  RC  PA  y  y1 m1
Avevi, RT  CB  OB  OC  x2  x P (x1,y1) S
Ges QT  QB  TB  QB  RC  y 2  y
GLv‡b, PRS Ges QRT wÎfzR `yBwU m`„k @
X X
PS PR RS PS m1 RS O A C B
   ev    (i)
RT RQ QT RT m2 QT
Y
PS m1
Dc‡iv³ mgxKiY n‡Z cvB, 
RT m2

x  x1 m1
ev  ev m1  m2 x  m1 x2  m2 x1
x  x2 m2
m x  m2 x1
x  1 2
m1  m2
Avevi (i) bs n‡Z cvB,
y  y1 m1 m y  m2 y1
ev m1  m2  y  m1 y2  m2 y1  y  1 2
RS m1
 ev 
QT m2 y2  y m2 m1  m2
 m x  m2 x1 m1 y 2  m2 y1 
myZivs AšÍwe©f³Kvix we›`yi ¯’vbv¼, R  x, y    1 2 , 
 m 1  m 2 m 1  m 2 
we.`ª: hw` R, PQ †K mgwØLwÛZ K‡i Z‡e, m1  m 2
x  x2 y  y2
x 1 Ges y  1
2 2
D`vnviY 1: 2,4 Ges  2,1 we›`yØ‡qi ms‡hvRK mij‡iLvsk‡K †h we›`ywU 1:3 Abycv‡Z AšÍwe©f³ K‡i Zvi
¯’vbvsK wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, AšÍwe©fw³ we›`ywU (x, y).
1  2  3  2 1  1  3  4 11
Zvn‡j x   1 Ges y  
1 3 1 3 4
AZGe wb‡Y©q we›`y 1, 
11
 4
D`vnviY 2: 4,3 Ges 3,1 we›`yØ‡qi ms‡hvRK mij‡iLvsk‡K †h we›`ywU 3 : 1 Abycv‡Z AšÍwe©f³ K‡i Zvi
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, AšÍwe©fw³ we›`ywU (x, y).
3  3  1 4 9  4 13 3   1  1 3  3  3
Zvn‡j x    Ges y   0
3 1 4 4 3 1 4
 13 
wb‡Y©q we›`y  ,0 
4  Y
R (x,y)
ewnwe©fw³i †ÿ‡Î: g‡b Kiæb, R, PQ †K Ggbfv‡e
Q (x2,y2)
PR m1 T
ewnwe©fw³ K‡i †h PR : QR  m1 : m2 ev  nq|
QR m2 P (x1,y1)
S
GLv‡b, PRS I QRT wÎf~R`ywU m`„k|
PS PR m1 x  x1 m1 m x  m2 x1
   ev  ev x  1 2 X
QT QR m2 x  x2 m2 m1  m2 O A B C X
RS PR m1 y  y1 m1 m y  m2 y1
Abyiæcfv‡e,    ev  ev y  1 2 Y
RT QR m2 y  y2 m2 m1  m2
 m1 x2  m2 x1 m1 y2  m2 y1 
myZivs wef³Kvix we›`y R Gi ¯’vbv¼ =  , 
 m1  m2 m1  m2 
D`vnviY 3: 3,6 Ges  5,6 we›`yØ‡qi ms‡hvRK mij‡iLvsk‡K †h we›`ywU 3:1 Abycv‡Z ewnwe©f³ K‡i Zvi
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, ewnwe©fw³ we›`ywU (x, y).
3   5  1 3 3   6  1 6
Zvn‡j x   9 Ges y   12
3 1 3 1
AZGe wb‡Y©q we›`yi ¯’vbvsK  9,12
D`vnviY 4: 2,3 Ges  3,1 we›`yØ‡qi ms‡hvRK mij‡iLvsk‡K †h we›`ywU 2 : 1 Abycv‡Z ewnwe©f³ K‡i Zvi
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, ewnwe©fw³ we›`ywU (x, y)
2   3  1 2 2  1  1 3
Zvn‡j x   8 Ges y   1
2 1 2 1
AZGe wb‡Y©q we›`yi ¯’vbvsK  8,1
wÎfz‡Ri fi‡K›`ª
g‡b Kiæb ABC wÎfz‡Ri kxl©Îq h_vμ‡g Ax1 , y1 , B x2 , y 2  A (x1,y1)
Ges C x3 , y3  Ges BC, CA I AB evû wZbwUi ga¨we›`y h_vμ‡g
D, E, F| GLb AD, BE, Ges CF evû¸‡jv †hvM Kiæb Ges g‡b
Kiæb Zviv ci¯úi G we›`y‡Z wgwjZ nq | GB G we›`y‡KB wÎfz‡Ri F E
fi‡K›`ª ejv nq hv cÖ‡Z¨K ga¨gv‡K 2:1 Abycv‡Z AšÍwe©f³ K‡i G (x,y)
A_v©r AG:GD = 2:1
†h‡nZz BC evûi ga¨we›`y D, myZivs D Gi ¯’vbvsK
B (x2,y2) D C (x3,y3)
 x2  x3 y2  y3 
 ,  . g‡b Kiæb G we›`yi ¯’vbvsK  x, y  |
 2 2 
x x 
2 2 3   1 x1
2  x x x
myZivs x    1 2 3
2 1 3
 y  y3 
2 2   1 y1
 2  y  y 2  y3
Ges y   1 [AšÍwe©fw³i wbqg Abymv‡i]
2 1 3
x x x y y y
myZivs fi‡K›`ª G Gi ¯’vbvsK x, y    1 2 3 , 1 2 3 
 3 3 
x x x y y y 
A_v©r wÎfzR ABC Gi fi‡K‡›ì ¯’vbvsK  1 2 3 , 1 2 3 
 3 3 
D`vnviY 5: A3,5, B  2,5 Ges C 5,4 we›`yÎq ABC wÎfz‡Ri wZbwU kx©l we›`y n‡j, wÎfzRwUi fi‡K›`ª
wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, wÎfzRwUi fi‡K›`ª (x, y)
3   2  5 5  5   4
myZivs x   2 Ges y  2
3 3
 wb‡Y©q fi‡K›`ª 2,2 |

D`vnviY 6: A1,1, B  2,3 Ges C 0,1 we›`yÎq ABC wÎfz‡Ri wZbwU kx©l we›`y n‡j, wÎfzRwUi fi‡K›`ª
wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, wÎfzRwUi fi‡K›`ª (x, y)
1   2  0 1 1  3   1
myZivs x    Ges y  1
3 3 3
wb‡Y©q fi‡K›`ª   ,1
1
 3 
1. 2, t  we›`yywU 3,7  I 1,5 we›`yØ‡qi ms‡hvRK †iLvsk‡K mgwØLwÛZ Ki‡j t Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
2. 4,1 Ges  5,2 we›`yØ‡qi ms‡hvRK †iLvsk‡K †h we›`ywU 1 : 2 Abycv‡Z AšÍwe©f³ K‡i, Zvi ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q
Kiæb|
3. 2,1 Ges  3,4 we›`yØ‡qi ms‡hvRK †iLvsk‡K †h we›`ywU 2 : 3 Abycv‡Z ewnwe©f³ K‡i, Zvi ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q
Kiæb|
4. ABC Gi fi‡K›`ª 2,1 Ges B I C we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ h_vμ‡g 4,2  I 3,0 | A we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ KZ?
5. 5,3 Ges  2,4 we›`yØ‡qi ms‡hvRK mij‡iLv AÿØq Øviv †h Abycv‡Z wef³ nq Zv wbY©q Kiæb|
wef³Kvix we›`yØ‡qi ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q Kiæb|
6. P2,2  Ges Q5,8 we›`y `yBwU AB mij‡iLv‡K mgwÎLwÛZ Ki‡j A I B Gi ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q Kiæb|
7. A I B we›`y `yBwUi ¯’vbv¼ h_vμ‡g  2,4  Ges 4,5 | AB †iLv‡K C chšÍ© Ggbfv‡e ewa©Z Kiv nj †hb
AB  3BC | C we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q Kiæb|
8. 5,3 we›`ywU 4,5 Ges 7,1 we›`yØ‡qi ms‡hvRK †iLvsk‡K †h Abycv‡Z wef³ K‡i Zvi wbY©q Kiæb|
cvV 4.3 wÎfz‡Ri †ÿÎdj (Area of a triangle)
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
 wÎfy‡Ri kxl©we›`yi ¯’vbvs‡Ki gva¨‡g wÎfz‡Ri †ÿÎdj wbY‡©qi m~Î cÖwZôv I cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã kxl©we›`y, Aÿ, †ÿÎdj, UªvwcwRqvg
g~jcvV-
g‡b Kiæb, ABC Gi kxl©we›`y wZbwU h_vμ‡g Ax1 , y1 , B x2 , y 2  Ges C x3 , y3  | A, B , C n‡Z x-
A‡ÿi Dci h_vμ‡g AL, BN I CM j¤^ Uvbyb| Zvn‡j OL  x1 , ON  x2 , OM  x3 Ges
AL  y1 , BN  y2 , CM  y3 .
Zvn‡j LM  x3  x1 , MN  x2  x3 , LN  x2  x1
Y
cv‡ki wPÎ n‡Z cvB, ABC Gi †ÿÎdj
  UªvwcwRqvg ALMC + UªvwcwRqvg CMNB  UªvwcwRqvg ALNB
C (x3,y3)
1 1 1
  AL  CM LM  CM  BN NM   AL  BN LN
2 2 2 A (x1,y1) B (x2,y2)
1
  y1  y3  x3  x1    y3  y2  x2  x3    y1  y2  x2  x1 
2
1
  x1 y2  x1 y3  x2 y3  x2 y1  x3 y1  x3 y2  O L M N
X
2
1
 x1  y2  y3   x2  y3  y1   x3  y1  y2 
2
x1 y1 1
1 x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 y3
wbY©vq‡Ki gva¨‡g cÖKvk Ki‡j Avgiv cvB,   x2 y2 1 ev, 2   
2 x2 y2 x3 y3 x1 y1
x3 y3 1
wbY©vq‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb wÎfy‡Ri †ÿÎdj wbY©q Kivi mgq Nwoi KvUvi wecixZ w`K Abyhvqx kxl©we›`y¸‡jv wb‡q
wbY©vq‡Ki mvwi‡Z emv‡j †ÿÎdj abvZ¡K (+) Ges Nwoi KvUvi w`K Abyhvqx emv‡j †ÿÎdj FYvZ¡K () wPýhy³
nq| () FYvZ¡K wPýhy³ †ÿÎdj Avm‡j () FYvZ¡K wPý ev` w`‡q †ÿÎdj wjL‡Z nq Kvib †ÿÎdj me©`v
abvZ¡K nq|
Abywm×všÍ: A, B, C we›`yÎq mg‡iL n‡j, ABC wÎfz‡Ri †ÿÎdj k~b¨ n‡e| myZivs Ax1 , y1 , B x2 , y 2  Ges
C  x3 , y3  we›`y wZbwU mg‡iL n‡e hw`
x1 y1 1
x2 y2 1  0
x3 y3 1
D`vnviY 1: ABC wÎfz‡Ri kxl©we›`y¸‡jv A(-2,1), B(4, 1) Ges C(2, -3) n‡j wÎfzRwUi †ÿÎdj wbY©q Kiæb|
2 1 1
1 1 1 1 4 1 4 1 
mgvavb: wb‡Y©q †ÿÎdj,   4 1 1   2 1 1 
2 2  3 1 2 1 2  3
2 3 1
1 1
  21  3  14  2   1 12  2    8  2  14   12
2 2
myZivs wb‡Y©q †ÿÎdj 12 eM© GKK|
D`vnviY 2: ABC wÎfz‡Ri kxl©we›`y¸‡jv A (0,1), B (3, 2) Ges C (-3,2) n‡j wÎfzRwUi †ÿÎdj wbY©q Kiæb|
0 1 1
1 1 2 1 3 1 3 2
mgvavb: wb‡Y©q †ÿÎdj,   3 2 1  0  1 1 
2 2  2 1 3 1 3 2
3 2 1
1 1
 0  13   3  6   6    6  12  3
2 2
myZivs wb‡Y©q †ÿÎdj 3 eM© GKK|

D`vnviY 3: (4,2), (5, -3) Ges (a,0) we›`y wZbwU mg‡iL n‡j ‘a’ Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
mgavb: Avgiv Rvwb, wZbwU we›`y mg‡iL n‡j Zv‡ì Øviv MwVZ wÎfz‡Ri †ÿÎdj k~b¨ nq
4 2 1
A_v©r 5  3 1  0
a 0 1
3 1 5 1 5 3
ev 4 2 1 0
0 1 a 0 a 0
12 12
ev 4 3  0  20  a   10  3a   0 ev  12  2a  3a  0 ev a  AZGe a 
5 5
D`vnviY 4: ‘k’ Gi gvb KZ n‡j (3, 0), (2, 5) Ges (-2, k) we›`y wZbwU mg‡iL n‡e wbY©q Kiæb|
mgavb: Avgiv Rvwb, wZbwU we›`y mg‡iL n‡j Zv‡ì Øviv MwVZ wÎfz‡Ri †ÿÎdj k~b¨ nq
3 0 1
1
A_v©r 2 5 10
2
2 k 1
5 1 2 1 2 5
ev 3 0 1 0
k 1 2 1 2 k
ev 35  k   0  12k  10  0 ev 15  3k  2k  10  0 ev k  25 . AZGe k  25 .
1. ABC wÎfz‡Ri kxl© we›`y¸‡jv A(-3,-2), B(-4, 1) Ges C(2, -3) n‡j wÎfzRwUi †ÿÎdj wbY©q Kiæb|
2.  4,3,  1,2 Ges 3,2 we›`y¸wj Øviv MwVZ wÎfz‡Ri †ÿÎdj wbY©q Kiæb|
3. a Gi gvb KZ n‡j a,2  2a , 1  a,2a  Ges  4  a,6  2a  we›`yÎq mg‡iL n‡e?
4. 3,4, 2t ,5 Ges 6, t  we›`yÎq Øviv Drcbœ wÎfz‡Ri †ÿÎdj 19 1 eM© GKK n‡j t Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
2
5. wÎfz‡Ri kxl© we›`y¸‡jvi ¯’vbv¼ t  1,1, 2t  1,3 Ges 2t  2,2t  n‡j Zvi †ÿÎdj wbY©q Kiæb Ges cÖgvY
1
Kiæb †h t  2 A_ev t   n‡j H wÎfzRwU mg‡iL n‡e|
2
6. hw` GKwU wÎfz‡Ri kxl© we›`y¸‡jvi ¯’vbv¼ Ax, y , B1,3 Ges C 2,1 nq Ges †ÿÎdj 5 eM© GKK nq
Z‡e cÖgvY Kiæb †h 4 x  y  17  0
7. `yBwU wÎfz‡Ri kxl© we›`yÎq h_vμ‡g 3,0, 0,7 , 1,1 Ges 13,3, 2,3,  11,2 | cÖgvY Kiæb †h, wÎfzR
`yBwUi †ÿÎdj mgvb Ges Zv‡ì fi‡K›`ª GKB we›`y|
8. cÖgvY Kiæb †h, t , t  2, t  3, t  Ges t  2, t  2 we›`y¸‡jv Øviv MwVZ wÎfz‡Ri †ÿÎdj t ewR©Z|
cvV 4.4 mÂvic_ (Locus)
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
 mÂvic_ Kx e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
 `~iZ¡ m~Î cÖ‡qvM K‡i mÂvic‡_i mgxKiY wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã mÂvic_, Pjgvb we›`y, mgxKiY
g~jcvV-
hw` †Kv‡bv we›`y GK ev GKvwaK wbw`©ó k‡Z© GKwU mgZ‡j MwZkxj _v‡K Y
(0,a)
Z‡e †h c‡_ Bnv mÂviY ev wePib K‡i Zv‡K D³ we›`yi mÂvic_ e‡j
Ges H we›`y‡K Pjgvb we›`y e‡j| MwZkxj ev Pjgvb we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ (x,y) a
(-a,0) (a,0)
Øviv m~wPZ Kiv nq| wbw`©ó kZ© mg~n‡K x I y Gi mvnv‡h¨ cÖKvk Ki‡j
X O (0,0) X
Avgiv x I y Gi g‡a¨ GKwU m¤^Ü (relation) cve, hv‡K Pjgvb we›`ywUi
mÂvic‡_i mgxKiY e‡j|
(0,-a)
Y Y
mÂvic‡_i mgxKiY wbY©‡qi Rb¨ cÖ`Ë mKj kZ© eënvi K‡i we›`yi fzR
(x) I †KvwU (y) Gi g‡a¨ exRMvwYwZK m¤úK© wbY©q Ki‡Z nq| †hgb:
g~jwe›`yi PZzw`©‡K a GKK `~iZ¡ eRvq †i‡L Aew¯’Z mKj we›`ymg~‡ni †mU A B
GKwU mÂvic_ ‰Zwi K‡i| GB mÂvic_wU GKwU e~Ë, hvi †K›`ª 0,0
X X
Ges e¨vmva© a Ges hvi mgxKiY x 2  y 2  a 2 . Avevi `yBwU wbw`ª©ó we›`y
†_‡K mg`~ieZx© we›`yi mÂvic_ GKwU †iLvs‡ki mgwØLÛK mij‡iLvi A
Y
mgxKiY wb‡`©k K‡i|
GKB fv‡e GKwU wbw`©ó †KvY Gi evû `yBwU n‡Z †h Pjgvb we›`yi j¤^ C
`~iZ¡ mgvb, Zvi mÂvic_ D³ ‡Kv‡Yi mgwØLÛK mij‡iLvi mgxKiY O
wb‡`©k K‡i|
B
D`vnviY 1: 3,4 Ges  3,1 we›`yØq n‡Z me©`v mg`~ieZx© we›`yi mÂvic‡_i mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, mÂvic‡_i Dci †h †Kvb GKwU we›`y, Ges A(3,4) Ges B (-3,1).
Zvn‡j PA= ( x  3) 2  ( y  4) 2 PB= ( x  3) 2  ( y  1) 2
cÖkœg‡Z, PA =PB
ev, ( x  3) 2  ( y  4) 2  ( x  3) 2  ( y  1) 2
ev, x 2  6 x  9  y 2  8 y  16  x 2  6 x  9  y 2  2 y  1
ev, x 2  6 x  9  y 2  8 y  16  x 2  6 x  9  y 2  2 y  1  0

ev,  12 x  6 y  15  0
ev, 4 x  2 y  5  0
wb‡Y©q mÂvic‡_i mgxKiY 4 x  2 y  5  0
D`vnviY 2: A(2,0) we›`y †_‡K GKwU †m‡Ui we›`y mg~‡ni `~iZ¡, B(-2,1) ‡_‡K Zv‡ì `~i‡Z¡i wØ¸Y| mÂvic‡_i
mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, †h †Kvb we›`y P Gi ¯’vbvsK (x,y)| myZivs P(x,y) n‡Z A(2,0)Gi `~iZ¡
AP= ( x  2) 2  ( y  0) 2 Ges P(x,y) n‡Z B(-2,1) we›`yi `~iZ¡ PB= ( x  2) 2  ( y  1) 2
cÖkœg‡Z, AP = 2PB
ev, ( x  2) 2  y 2  2 ( x  2) 2  ( y  1) 2
ev, x 2  4 x  4  y 2   4x 2  4 x  4  y 2  2 y  1
ev, 3x 2  20 x  16  3 y 2  8 y  0
wb‡Y©q mÂvic_ 3x 2  3 y 2  20 x  8 y  16  0
D`vnviY 3: 3,2 we›`y †_‡K GKwU †m‡Ui we›`y mg~‡ni `~iZ¡ 4 GKK| mÂvic‡_i mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: †m‡Ui †h †Kvb GKwU we›`y Px, y  n‡Z A3,2 we›`yi `~iZ¡
PA= ( x  3) 2  ( y  2) 2
cÖkœg‡Z, PA=4
ev, ( x  3) 2  ( y  2) 2  4 ev, ( x  3) 2  ( y  2) 2  16
wb‡Y©q mÂvic_ ( x  3) 2  ( y  2) 2  16
1. (1,2) Ges (-1,2) we›`yØq n‡Z mg`~ieZx© we›`y mg~‡ni †mU Øviv m„ó mÂvic‡_i mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb|
2. g~j we›`y Ges (0,4) we›`y †_‡K †h mKj we›`yi `~i‡Z¡i AbycvZ 3:4 Zv‡ì mÂvic‡_i mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb|
3. A(x,y), B(1,2), C(-1,-2)GB wZbwU kxl© we›`y Øviv MwVZ wÎfz‡Ri †ÿÎdj 5 GKK n‡j A we›`yi mÂvic‡_i
4. (a,0) we›`y Ges y -Aÿ †_‡K GKwU †m‡Ui we›`y¸wji `~iZ¡ mgvb| mÂvic‡_i mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb|
5. (a,0) Ges (0,a) we›`y `yBwU ‡_‡K GKwU ‡m‡Ui we›`y mg~‡ni `~i‡Z¡i e‡M©i AšÍidj me`©v 2a| mÂvic‡_i
cvV 4.5 mij‡iLvi Xvj (Slope of the straight line)
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
 mij‡iLvi Xvj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
 `yBwU we›`yi ms‡hvRK †iLvi Xvj wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
 `yBwU mij‡iLv j¤^ I mgvšÍivj nevi kZ© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã Xvj, j¤^, mgvšÍivj, U¨vb‡RU
g~jcvV-
†Kvb mij‡iLv x-A‡ÿi abvZ¡K w`‡Ki mv‡_ †h †KvY Drcbœ K‡i Y

A
Zvi wÎ‡KvbwgwZK U¨vb‡RU (tangent) Gi gvb‡K H mij‡iLvi Xvj C
e‡j| Xvj‡K mvavibZ m Øviv m~wPZ Kiv nq| g‡b Kiæb, AB
†iLvwU x-A‡ÿi abvZ¡K w`‡Ki mv‡_  †KvY Drcbœ K‡i 180o-
 
0o    90o  Ges CD †iLvwU x-A‡ÿi FYvZ¡K w`‡Ki mv‡_  X X
†KvY A_v©r abvZ¡K w`‡Ki mv‡_ 180o    †KvY Drcbœ K‡i|
O
myZivs AB †iLvi Xvj m  tan  Ges CD †iLvi Xvj B

n‡e m  tan 180o      tan 
D
Y
`ªóe¨:
1. hw` †iLvwU x-A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj nq Z‡e   0o Ges m  tan 0o  0 A_v©r x-A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj mij‡iLvi Xvj
k~b¨ (0).
2. hw` †iLvwU y-A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj nq Z‡e   90o Ges m  tan 90o   A_v©r y-A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj mij‡iLvi
Xvj msÁvwqZ bq |
3. `yBwU mij‡iLvi Xvj mgvb n‡j Zviv ci¯úi mgvšÍivj n‡e|
4. `yBwU mij‡iLv ci¯úi j¤^ n‡j Zv‡ì XvjØ‡qi ¸Ydj 1 n‡e A_v©r m1m2  1 n‡e|
`yBwU we›`yi ms‡hvRK †iLvi Xvj
g‡b Kiæb, AB mij‡iLvwU x-A‡ÿi abvZ¡K w`‡Ki mv‡_
†KvY Drcbœ K‡i Ges P x1 , y1  I Q  x2 , y2  we›`y w`‡q hvq| Y
B
P I Q we›`y n‡Z OX Gi Dci h_vμ‡g PM I QN Ges P Q (x2,y2)
n‡Z QN Gi &Dci PR j¤^ AuvKzb|
Zvn‡j, OM  x1; PM  y1; ON  x2 ; QN  y2 ; P (x1,y1)  R
MN  PR  x2  x1 ;
QR  QN  RN  QN  PM  y2  y1
Ges BAX  QPR   X  X
O M N
AZGe AB †iLvi Xvj, A
Y

QR QN  RN y2  y1
m  tan   tan BAX  tan QPR   
PR PR x2  x1
y2  y1
m
x2  x1
we›`yØ‡qi †KvwUØ‡qi AšÍi
myZivs `yBwU wbw`©ó we›`yMvgx mij‡iLvi Xvj = we›`yØ‡qi fzRØ‡qi AšÍi
D`vnviY 1: 5,6 Ges  4,2 we›`yMvgx mij‡iLvi Xvj wbY©q Kiæb Ges x-A‡ÿi abvZ¡K w`‡Ki mv‡_ †h †Kvb
Drcbœ K‡i Zv wbY©q Kiæb|
y2  y1 26 4
mgvavb: †iLvwUi Xvj m    Ges wb‡Y©q ‡KvY  n‡j Avgiv cvB,
x2  x1  4  5 9
4 4
m  tan  ev  tan  ev   tan 1  
9 9
4 4
AZGe wb‡Y©q Xvj Ges wb‡Y©q †KvY,   tan 1  
9 9
D`vnviY 2: 3,1 Ges 2,2 we›`yMvgx mij‡iLvi Xvj wbY©q Kiæb Ges x-A‡ÿi abvZ¡K w`‡Ki mv‡_ †h †Kvb
y2  y1 2  1
mgvavb: †iLvwUi Xvj m    1 Ges wb‡Y©q ‡KvY  n‡j Avgiv cvB,
x2  x1 2  3
m  tan  ev  1  tan  ev tan   1
   
ev   tan 1  1  tan 1 tan  45  tan 1 tan 180  45  135
AZGe wb‡Y©q Xvj  1 Ges wb‡Y©q †KvY,   135
D`vnviY 3: 3,4 Ges 5,0 we›`yMvgx mij‡iLvi Xvj wbY©q Kiæb Ges x-A‡ÿi abvZ¡K w`‡Ki mv‡_ †h †KvY
y2  y1 0   4 
mgvavb: †iLvwUi Xvj m    2 Ges wb‡Y©q ‡KvY n‡j Avgiv cvB,
x2  x1 53
m  tan  ev 2  tan  ev tan   2 ev   tan 1 2  63.44
AZGe wb‡Y©q Xvj 2 Ges wb‡Y©q †KvY,   63.44 
D`vnviY 4: y  3 x  5 mij‡iLvwU x-A‡ÿi abvZ¡K w`‡Ki mv‡_ †h †KvY Drcbœ K‡i hvq Zv wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: †Ìqv Av‡Q, y  3 x  5 ev y  3 x  5
Dc‡iv³ †iLv‡K y  mx  c †iLvi mv‡_ Zzjbv Ki‡j Avgiv cvB, m  3 ev, tan   3
 
ev,   tan 1 3  60 
AZGe wb‡Y©q †KvY 60
1. (3,4) Ges (1,0) we›`yMvgx mij‡iLvi Xvj wbY©q Kiæb Ges x-A‡ÿi abvZ¡K w`‡Ki mv‡_ †h †KvY Drcbœ K‡i
Zv wbY©q Kiæb|
2. (2, 3) Ges (0,0) we›`yMvgx mij‡iLvi Xvj wbY©q Kiæb Ges x-A‡ÿi abvZ¡K w`‡Ki mv‡_ †h †KvY Drcbœ K‡i
Zv wbY©q Kiæb|
3. (0,4) Ges (0,2) we›`yMvgx mij‡iLvi Xvj wbY©q Kiæb Ges x-A‡ÿi abvZ¡K w`‡Ki mv‡_ †h †KvY Drcbœ K‡i
Zv wbY©q Kiæb|
4. (-3,1) Ges (1,1) we›`yMvgx mij‡iLvi Xvj wbY©q Kiæb Ges x-A‡ÿi abvZ¡K w`‡Ki mv‡_ †h †KvY Drcbœ K‡i
Zv wbY©q Kiæb|
5. 3 y  x  5 mij‡iLvwU x-A‡ÿi abvZ¡K w`‡Ki mv‡_ †h †KvY K‡i hvq Zv wbY©q Kiæb|
6. y  x  5 mij‡iLvwU x-A‡ÿi abvZ¡K w`‡Ki mv‡_ †h †KvY K‡i hvq Zv wbY©q Kiæb|
7. y  5 mij‡iLvwU x-A‡ÿi abvZ¡K w`‡Ki mv‡_ †h †KvY K‡i hvq Zv wbY©q Kiæb|
8. x  9  0 mij‡iLvwU x-A‡ÿi abvZ¡K w`‡Ki mv‡_ †h †KvY K‡i hvq Zv wbY©q Kiæb|
mij‡iLvi cÖwgZ mgxKiY mg~n

cvV 4.6
(Standard equations of straight line)
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
 A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj mij‡iLvi mgxKiY wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
 wewfbœ AvKv‡ii mij‡iLvi mgxKiY wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
 `yBwU Pj‡Ki GKNvZ mgxKiY GKwU mij‡iLvq cÖKvk I cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã PjK, NvZ, Aÿ, mgvšÍivj, j¤^, mÂvic_
g~jcvV-
(a) x-A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj mij‡iLvi mgxKiY
Y
g‡b Kiæb, x-A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj †h †Kvb mij‡iLv AB, y-Aÿ‡K
C 0, b  we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i|  OC  b
aiæb, Px, y  , AB mij‡iLvi Dci †h †Kvb GKwU we›`y| A P (x,y) B
P n‡Z OX Gi Dci PM j¤^ AuvKzb| C (0,b)

 OC  PM  y  b
myZivs AB mij‡iLvi Dci we›`y mgy‡ni mÂvic‡_i mgxKib y  b . X O M X
x-A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj mij †iLvi mgxKiY y  b . Y

`ªóe¨:
(i) b Gi gvb abvZ¡K n‡j, †iLvwU x-A‡ÿi b GKK Dc‡i Ges b Gi gvb FYvZ¡K n‡j †iLvwU x-A‡ÿi b GKK
wb‡P _vK‡e|
(ii) b  0 n‡j mgxKiYwU y  0 nq hv x-A‡ÿi mgxKiY myZivs b  0 n‡j †iLvwU x-A‡ÿi Dci mgvcwZZ nq|
Y A
(b) y-A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj mij‡iLvi mgxKiY
g‡b Kiæb, y-A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj †h †Kvb mij‡iLv AB, x-Aÿ‡K M
x
P (x,y)
C a,0 we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i| myZivs OC  a
aiæb, AB †iLvi Dci Px, y  ‡h †Kvb GKwU we›`y, P n‡Z a
PM  OY AuvKzb| X X
 PM  x  OC  a ev x  a O C (a,0)
P we›`yi mÂvic‡_i mgxKiY x  a
AZGe, y-A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj †iLvi mgxKiY x  a . Y B
`ªóe¨: a Gi gvb abvZ¡K n‡j, †iLvwU y Aÿ n‡Z a GKK Wv‡b Ges a Gi gvb FYvZ¡K n‡j y-Aÿ n‡Z a GKK
ev‡g Aew¯’Z n‡e Ges a  0 n‡j †iLvwU y-A‡ÿi mv‡_ wg‡j hv‡e|
A
(c) gyj we›`yMvgx mij‡iLvi mgxKiY Y
g‡b Kiæb, gyjwe›`y O eivei AB GKwU mij‡iLv Ges Px, y  , AB
P (x,y)
Gi Dci ‡h †Kv‡bv we›`y| P n‡Z OX Gi Dci PN j¤^ Uvbyb|
 ON  x Ges PN  y y
PN y y 
aiæb, PON    OPN G tan    ev, m  X
O x
X
ON x x N
B
[ Xvj m  tan  ]
Y
myZivs gyjwe›`yMvgx mij‡iLvi mvaviY mgxKiY y  mx †hLv‡b Xvj
 m hv P we›`yi mÂvic‡_i mgxKiY|
(d) y-Aÿ‡K †Kvb wbw`©ªó we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i Ges x-A‡ÿi mv‡_ abvZ¡K †KvY Drcbœ K‡i Giƒc mij‡iLvi mvaviY
mgxKiY
g‡b Kiæb, AB mij‡iLvwU y-Aÿ‡K gyjwe›`y n‡Z c GKK `~i‡Z¡ Q
we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i Ges x-A‡ÿi abvZ¡K w`‡Ki mv‡_   90  †KvY
Y
B
Drcbœ K‡i| P (x,y)
aiæb, AB †iLvi Dci Px, y  †h †Kv‡bv GKwU we›`y | yc

P n‡Z x-A‡ÿi Dci PN Ges Q n‡Z PN Gi Dci QM j¤^ AuvKzb| Q 
M
GLv‡b BAX  BAN    PQM Ges c
OQ  c  MN , ON  QM  x Ges PN  y X 
X
myZivs PM  PN  MN  PN  OQ  y  c O N
GLb PQM n‡Z cvB, A
PM y  c Y
tan    ev, y  c  x tan 
QM x
ev, y  mx  c  m  tan  
`ªóe¨: c abvZ¡K, FYvZ¡K ev ïb¨ n‡Z cv‡i|
c  0 n‡j †iLvwU g~jwe›`yMvgx Ges ZLb †iLvwUi mgxKiY n‡e y  mx .
(e) x1 , y1  we›`yMvgx Ges m Xvjwewkó mij‡iLvi mgxKiY:

g‡b Kiæb, mij‡iLvwUi mgxKiY y  mx  c ................(i ) †hLv‡b c GKwU aªeK|
†h‡nZz mji‡iLvwU x1 , y1  we›`yMvgx, myZivs y1  mx1  c ev, c  y1  mx1 ;
c Gi gvb (i) mgxKi‡Y ewm‡q cvB, y  mx  y1  mx1 ev, y  y1  mx  x1 
myZivs x1 , y1  we›`yMvgx Ges m Xvj wewkó mij †iLvi mgxKiY, y  y1  mx  x1  |
(f) `yBwU wbw`©ó we›`yMvgx mij‡iLvi mgxKiY
g‡b Kiæb, AB mij‡iLvwU Qx1 , y1  Ges P x2 , y2  `yBwU wbw`©ó
we›`yMvgx Ges †iLvwUi Dci Rx, y  ‡h †Kv‡bv GKwU we›`y|
y y y  y1
Zvn‡j PQ Gi Xvj  2 1 Ges QR Gi Xvj  A
x2  x1 x  x1
‡h‡nZy P, Q, R GKB †iLvq Aew¯’Z| P (x2,y2)
myZivs PQ Gi Xvj = QR Gi Xvj Q (x1,y1)
y1  y2 y  y1 y1  y 2
ev,  ev, y  y1  ( x  x1 ) R (x,y)
x1  x2 x  x1 x1  x2
ev, y  y1  mx  x1  [GLv‡b m = †iLvwUi Xvj] B
AZGe, `yBwU wbw`©ªó we›`y Px1 , y1  Ges Qx2 , y2  w`‡q hvq Giyc mij‡iLvi mvaviY mgxKiY
y  y1  m x  x1 
y y
†hLv‡b m  1 2
x1  x2
(g) Aÿ `yBwU †_‡K wbw`©ó ˆ`‡Nï Ask †Q` K‡i Giƒc mij‡iLvi mgxKiY (Intercept form)
g‡b Kiæb, AB mij‡iLv x-A‡ÿ‡K gyjwe›`y n‡Z a GKK `~i‡Z¡ A(a,0) we›`y‡Z Ges y-Aÿ‡K g~jwe›`y n‡Z b
GKK `~iZ¡ B(0,b) we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i| aiæb, P(x,y), AB †iLvi Dci †h †Kv‡bv GKwU we›`y| P †_‡K x-A‡ÿi
Dci PM j¤^ Uvbyb| Y
Zvn‡j OM  x, PM  y, OA  a Ges OB  b .
GLb AOB Ges PMA m`„k¨‡KvYx wÎfzR n‡Z cvB, B (0,b)
OA MA a OA  OM a ax y ax
 ev,  ev,  ev,  P (x,y)
OB MP b y b y b a b
y x x y A (a,0)
ev,  1  ev   1 X
M
X
b a a b O
x y a
A_v©r  1
x  A‡ ÿi LwÛZvsk y  A‡ ÿi LwÛZvsk Y
1 1
`ªóe¨: Dc‡ii mgxKiYwU‡K lx+my=1 AvKv‡iI wjLv hvq †hLv‡b l  , m 
a b
(h) gyj we›`y †_‡K mij‡iLvi Dci AswKZ j‡¤î ˆ`N¨© p Ges x-A‡ÿi abvZ¡K w`‡Ki mv‡_ D³ j¤^  ‡Kvb
Drcbœ K‡i Giƒc mij‡iLvi mgxKiY:
g‡b Kiæb, AB †iLvwU x I y Aÿ‡K h_vμ‡gA I B we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i|

myZivs †iLvwU Øviv x-A‡ÿi LwÛZvsk  OA Y

Ges y-A‡ÿi LwÛZvsk  OB |
g~jwe›`y O n‡Z AB Gi Dci ON j¤^ Uvbyb| B
Zvn‡j ON  p Ges AON   myZivs BON  90    .

N
OBN n‡Z cvB,
ON
OB
 
 cos 90    sin  ev,
OB
ON
 cos ec
90o

p
A
X X
ev, OB  ON cos ec  p cos ec O
Ges ONA n‡Z cvB,
Y
ON
 cos ev, OA  ON sec   p sec 
OA
myZivs AB †iLvi mgxKiY
x y x y
  1 ev,   1 ev, x cos   y sin   p, p  1
OA OB p sec  p cos ec
`ªóe¨: a1 x  b1 y  c1  0 Ges a2 x  b2 y  c2  0 mij‡iLv `yBwU GKB mij‡iLv wb‡`©k K‡i hw`
a1 b1 c1
  nq|
a2 b2 c2
D`vnviY 1: Giƒc mij‡iLvi mgxKiY wbY©q Kiyb hv  4,1 Ges 4,2 we›`y w`‡q hvq|
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb Px1 , y1  Ges Qx2 , y2  we›`yMvgx mij‡iLvi mgxKiY|
 y  y2 
y  y1   1 ( x  x1 )
 x1  x2 
myZivs  4,1 Ges 4,2 we›`yMvgx mij‡iLvi mgxKiY
  1   2  
y   1    x   4 
 44 
1  2
ev, y  1   x  4
8
ev,  8 y  1  1.x  4 ev, x  8 y  12  0
wb‡Y©q mgxKiY x  8 y  12  0 .
D`vnviY 2: 4 x  5 y  40  0 †iLvwU x I y Aÿ †_‡K †h Ask †Q` K‡i Zv wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb, x-Aÿ †_‡K a Ges y-Aÿ †_‡K b Ask †Q` K‡i Giƒc mij‡iLvi mgxKiY
x y
  1..............................................(1)
a b
†Ìqv Av‡Q, 4 x  5 y  40  0..................(2)
(2) ‡K (1) bs Gi gZ mvwR‡q cvB,
4 x  5 y  40
4x  5 y
ev  1
 40  40
x y
ev  1
 10 8
 a  10, b  8
A_v©r †iLvwU x-Aÿ †_‡K 10 GKK Ges y-Aÿ †_‡K 8 GKK Ask †Q` K‡i|
D`vnviY 3: Ah, k  we›`ywU 3 x  y  2 †iLvi Dci Aew¯’Z Ges Bk , h  we›`ywU x  y  4 †iLvi Dci Aew¯’Z
n‡j AB mij‡iLvi mgxKiY wbY©q Kiyb|
mgvavb: Ah, k  we›`ywU 3 x  y  2 †iLvi Dci Aew¯’Z, myZivs 3h  k  2..............(1)
Avevi, Bk , h  we›`ywU x  y  4 †iLvi Dci Aew¯’Z myZivs k  h  4 ev k  4  h...........(2)
(2) bs n‡Z k Gi gvb (1) bs G ewm‡q cvB,
3h  4  h   2
ev, 3h  4  h  2
ev, 2h  6
ev h  3
(2)bs †_‡K cvB , k  4  3  7
mZivs Ah, k   3,7  Ges Bk , h   7,3
AZGe, AB †iLvi mgxKiY
 7 3
y7   x  3 ev y  7  1 x  3 ev x  y  10  0 .
37
D`vnviY 4: GKwU mij‡iLvi mgxKiY wbY©q KiæY hv g~jwe›`y w`‡q AwZμg K‡i Ges x-A‡ÿi mv‡_ 600 †KvY
Drcbœ K‡i|
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb, g~jwe›`yMvgx mij‡iLvi mgxKiY y  mx GLv‡b m  tan 60  3 .
 y  3 x ev y  3 x  0
AZGe wb‡Y©q mgxKiY y  3 x  0
D`vnviY 5: g~jwe›`y n‡Z †Kv‡bv mij‡iLvi Dcvi AswKZ j‡¤î ‰`N¨© 5 GKK Ges x-A‡ÿi mv‡_ 1350 †KvY
Drcbœ K‡i| †iLvwUi mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb, x cos   y sin   p GLv‡b p  5,   135
 x cos135  y sin 135  5 ev  x cos 45  y sin 45  5
1 1
ev  x.  y.  5 ev, x  y  5 2  0
2 2
AZGe wb‡Y©q mgxKiY x  y  5 2  0 .
1. gyjwe›`y O(0,0) Ges P(4,3) n‡j OP Gi mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb|

2. GKwU mij‡iLvi mgxKiY 4 x  3 y  5 Gi Xvj wbY©q Kiæb|
3. †h mij‡iLv 3,1 we›`y w`‡q hvq Ges x-A‡ÿi abvZ¡K w`‡Ki mv‡_ 450 †KvY Drcbœ K‡i Zvi mgxKiY
wbY©q Kiæb |

4. 5 x  4 y  20 †iLv Øviv x I y A‡ÿi LwÛZvsk wbY©q Kiæb|

5. (2,1) Ges (1, 3) we›`y w`‡q Mgb K‡i Giƒc mij‡iLvi mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb|
6. Giƒc mij‡iLvi mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb hv x-A‡ÿi abvZ¡K w`‡Ki mv‡_ 600 †KvY Drcbœ K‡i Ges g~j we›`y n‡Z
hvnvi Dci AswKZ j‡¤î ‰`N¨© 3 GKK|
7. GKwU mij‡iLvi mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb hv 2,3 we›`y w`‡q hvq Ges x-A‡ÿi abvZ¡K w`K n‡Z 7 GKK Ask
LwÛZ K‡i|
8. GKwU mij‡iLv 2,5,  1,3 we›`yMvgx Ges  x, y  we›`ywU D³ mij‡iLvi Dci Aew¯’Z| cÖgvY Kiæb †h,
2 x  3 y  11  0 .
1 1
9. †`Lvb †h, a,0 , 0, b  Ges 1,1 we›`y wZbwU mg‡iL n‡e hw`   1 nq|
10. †Kv‡bv mij‡iLvi AÿØ‡qi gaëZx© LwÛZ Ask 3,4  we›`y‡Z mgwØLwÛZ
a b n‡j †iLvwUi mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb|
11. GKwU mij‡iLvi mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb hv AÿØ‡qi gaëZx© LwÛZ Ask  4,3 we›`y‡Z 3 : 4 Abycv‡Z
AšÍwe©f³ K‡i|
12. GKwU mij‡iLv 2,6  we›`y w`‡q hvq Ges †iLvwU Øviv AÿØq n‡Z LwÛZ As‡ki mgwó 15 n‡j Zvi mgxKiY
wbY©q Kiæb|
13. GKwU mij‡iLv AÿØq n‡Z mggv‡bi †hvM‡evaK Ask †Q` K‡i Ges g~j we›`y †_‡K Zvi Dci j¤^ `~iZ¡ 5
GKK n‡j †iLvwUi mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb|
14. GKwU mij‡iLv 1,4  we›`yMvgx Ges AÿØ‡qi mv‡_ cÖ_g PZyfv©‡M 8 eM© GKK †ÿÎdj wewkó GKwU wÎfzR
Drcbœ K‡i| mij‡iLvwU wbY©q Kiæb|
15. 3x  7 y  21 Ges 2ax  3by  12  0 mgxKiYØq GKB mij‡iLv wb‡`©k Ki‡j, a Ges b Gi gvb
wbY©q Kiæb|
16. ax  by  c Ges x cos  y sin   p GKB mij‡iLv wb‡`©k Ki‡j, p Gi gvb a, b I c Gi gva¨‡g
cÖKvk Kiæb|
17. 4 x  3 y  12 AÿØ‡qi gaëZx© LwÛZ As‡ki ga¨we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q Kiæb | DcwiD³ LwÛZvsk †Kv‡bv
e‡M©i evû n‡j, Zvi †ÿÎdj wbY©q Kiæb|
18. GKwU mij‡iLv x -Aÿ n‡Z 3 GKK Ask †Q` K‡i Ges Dnvi Xvj 1 | †iLvwUi mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb|
cvV 4.7 †jLwP‡Î mij‡iLv Dc¯’vcb (Graph of straight line)
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
 †jLwP‡Î mij‡iLv Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã †jLwPÎ, dvskb, eëwa, QK KvMR, e„ËPvc
g~jcvV-
†jLwP‡Î mij‡iLv Dc¯’vcb
mij‡iLv nj GK ev GKvwaK PjK wewkó GKNvZ mgxKiY | GwU GKwU GK-GK dvskb| †jLwPÎ n‡”Q dvsk‡bi
R¨vwgwZK Dc¯’vcb|
y  mx  c AvKv‡ii mij‡iLvi †jLwPÎ AsK‡bi Rb¨ †h †Kvb eëwa‡Z x †K ¯^vaxb PjK a‡i y Gi wewfbœ gvb
cvIqv hvq| GB x I y Gi gvb m¤^wjZ AmsL¨ we›`y ev μg‡Rvo cvIqv hvq| Giƒc K‡qKwU we›`y QK KvM‡R
XOX  ‡K -Aÿ Ges YOY  †K y-Aÿ a‡i ¯’vcb K‡i G‡ì ci¯úi mshy³ Ki‡jB D³ mij‡iLvi †jLwPÎ
cvIqv hvq| GLv‡b D‡jøL¨ †h mij‡iLv A¼‡bi Rb¨ AšÍZ `yBwU we›`y cÖ‡qvRb|
Y
-A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj †iLvi †jLwPÎ AsKb
Avgiv Rvwb -A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj †iLvi mgxKiY y  b (x,b)
(0,b)
hv y - Aÿ‡K (0,b) we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i| myZivs x-
b y=b
A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj †iLvi †jLwPÎ AsK‡bi Rb¨ Ggb b
GKwU mij‡iLv AuvK‡Z n‡e hv 0, b  Ges x, b  we›`y X X
O
w`‡q AwZμg K‡i ‡hLv‡b Gi gvb †h †Kvb ayªe
msL¨v| Y
-A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj †iLvi †jLwPÎ AsKb Y
Avgiv Rvwb, -A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj †iLvi mgxKiY x  a a
hv -Aÿ‡K a,0 we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i| (a,y)
myZivs -A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj †iLvi †jLwPÎ AsK‡bi Rb¨
xa
Ggb GKwU mij‡iLv AvuK‡Z n‡e hv a,0 Ges
a, y  we›`y w`‡q hvq †hLv‡b Gi gvb †h †Kvb aªæe X
O (a,0)
X
msL¨v|
Y
AÿØ‡qi LwÛZvsk Rvbv Av‡Q Ggb mij‡iLvi †jLwPÎ AsKb Y

Avgiv Rvwb, AÿØq‡K LwÛZ K‡i Giyc mij‡iLvi mgxKiY
-Aÿ‡K a,0 Ges -Aÿ‡K 0, b  we›`y‡Z
x y (0,b)
  1 hv
a b x y
†Q` K‡i| myZivs QK KvM‡R a,0 I 0, b  we›`yØq‡K ¯’vcb  1
a b
K‡i ms‡hvM Ki‡jB D³ mij‡iLvi †jLwPÎ cvIqv hv‡e| X X
O (a,0)
Y
m Xvj wewkó g~jwe›`yMvgx mij‡iLvi †jLwPÎ AsKb Y

m Xvj wewkó g~jwe›`yMvgx mij‡iLvi mgxKiY
y  mx †hLv‡b m  tan  ev   tan 1 m 
A_©vr -A‡ÿi abvZ¡K w`‡Ki mv‡_   tan 1 m 
†KvY Drcbœ K‡i| myZivs Giƒc mij‡iLvi †jLwPÎ   tan-1(m)
AsKb Kivi Rb¨ QK KvM‡Ri xy -mgZ‡j -A‡ÿi X X
O
abvZ¡K w`‡Ki mv‡_ Gi mgvb Pvc wb‡q †KvY Gu‡K
D³ mij‡iLvi ‡jLwPÎ AsKb Kiv nq|
Y

D`vnviY 1: 3 y  x mij‡iLvwUi †jLwPÎ AsKb Kiæb|

Y
x
mgvavb: †Ìqv Av‡Q, 3 y  x ev y 
3
1
myZivs cÖ`Ë †iLvwU g~j we›`yMvgx hvi Xvj m .
3
 1  30o
myZivs   tan 1 m   tan 1    30 X
O
X
 3 
AZGe, g~jwe›`y‡K †K›`ª K‡i Pvu`vi mvnv‡h¨ -A‡ÿi abvZ¡K
w`‡Ki mv‡_ 30 †KvY G‡K mij‡iLvwUi †jLwPÎ cvIqv hvq| Y
D`vnviY 2: 3,2 Ges  4,2 we›`yMvgx mij‡iLvi †jLwPÎ AsKb Kiæb|

mgvavb: QK KvM‡R ‡K -Aÿ Ges †K -Aÿ a‡i †QvU e‡M©i cÖ‡Z¨K eM©‡K GK GKK a‡i
3,2 Ges  4,2 we›`yØq ¯’vcb Kiæb| Gevi we›`yØq †hvM Kiæb hv wb‡Y©q mij‡iLvi †jLwPÎ|
D`vnviY 3: Giƒc mij‡iLvi mgxKiY AsKb Kiæb hv - A‡ÿi mv‡_   45 †KvY K‡i Ges abvZ¡K w`K n‡Z
c  2 Ask †Q` K‡i|
mgvavb: QK KvM‡R XOX  ‡K -Aÿ Ges YOY  †K -Aÿ a‡i †QvU e‡M©i cÖ‡Z¨K eM©‡K GK GKK a‡i
-Aÿi abvZ¡K w`K n‡Z 2 GKK Ask KvUzb| g‡b Kiæb, Zv -Aÿ‡K A2,0 we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i| Gevi Puv`vi
mvnv‡h¨ we›`y‡Z -Aÿi abvZ¡K w`‡K 45 †KvY AuvKzb Ges we›`yi mv‡_ †hvM Kiæb hv wb‡Y©q mij‡iLvi
†jLwPÎ|
Y
D`vnviY 4: cv‡ki †jLwPÎwU †Kvb mij‡iLv wb‡`©k K‡i Zv wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: †jLwPÎ n‡Z †`Lv hvq mij‡iLvwU -Aÿ‡K 3,0 Ges -
0,5 
Aÿ‡K 0,5 we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i A_v©r -A‡ÿi LwÛZvsk a  3 Ges
- A‡ÿi LwÛZvsk b  5
x y
myZivs mij‡iLvi mgxKiY n‡e   1 ev 5 x  3 y  1
3 5
myZivs wb‡Y©q mij‡iLvi mgxKiY 5 x  3 y  1 . 3,0  X
cvV 4.8 `yBwU mij‡iLvi †Q`we›`y I AšÍf©z³ †KvY
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
 `yBwU mij‡iLvi †Q`we›`y wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
 mgvšÍivj bq Ggb `yBwU mij‡iLvi AšÍf©z³ †KvY wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã mij‡iLv, †Q`we›`y, AšÍf©z³ †KvY
g~jcvV-
`yBwU mij‡iLvi †Q`we›`y (Point of intersection of two straight lines)
g‡b Kiæb, `yBwU mij‡iLvi mgxKiY a1 x  b1 y  c1  0 Ges a2 x  b2 y  c2  0 | mij‡iLv `yBwU mgvšÍivj bv
n‡j Zv‡ì GKwU †Q`we›`y _vK‡e | D³ †Q`we›`y‡K Zv‡ì mvaviY we›`y e‡j| Y B D
aiæb, Zv‡ì mvaviY we›`yi ¯’vbvsK x1 , y1 
myZivs x1 , y1  Øviv Dc‡iv³ mgxKiY `yBwU wm× n‡e| E
A_v©r a1 x  b1 y  c1  0 Ges a2 x  b2 y  c2  0 
eRª¸Yb c×wZ cÖ‡qvM K‡i cvB,
2 1
x1 y1 1 X X
  O
b1c2  c1b2 c1a2  a1c2 a1b2  b1a2 C
A
bc cb c a ac Y
 x1  1 2 1 2 Ges y1  1 2 1 2 ‡hLv‡b a1b2  b1a2  0
a1b2  b1a2 a1b2  b1a2
 b1c2  c1b2 c1a2  a1c2 
†Q` we›`yi ¯’vbvsK  , 
 a1b2  b1a2 a1b2  b1a2 
`yBwU mij‡iLvi AšÍf©y³ †KvY (Angle between two straight lines)

g‡b Kiæb, we›`y‡Z AB I CD †iLv `yBwU ci¯úi‡K †Q` K‡i AšÍf©y³ ‡KvY  Drcbœ K‡i| AEB  
g‡b Kiæb, BAX  1 Ges DCX   2 Ges 1   2 .myZivs   1   2
(i) g‡b Kiæb, AB I CD †iLv `yBwUi mgxKiY
y  m1 x  c1 Ges y  m2 x  c2
 tan 1  m1 Ges tan  2  m2
tan 1  tan  2
 tan   tan1   2  
1  tan 1 tan  2
tan 1  tan  2 m  m2
ev, tan    1
1  tan 1 tan  2 1  m1m2
Avevi, hw`  2  1 nq ZLb    2  1
 tan 1  tan  2   m  m2 
 tan   tan  2  1   tan 1   2    tan 1   2       1 
 1  tan 1 tan  2   1  m1m2 
m1  m2
myZivs tan   
1  m1m2
(ii) g‡b Kiæb, mij‡iLv `yBwUi mgxKiY

a1 x  b1 y  c1  0 Ges a 2 x  b2 y  c2  0
a1 c a c
A_©vr y   x  1 Ges y   2 x  2
b1 b1 b2 b2

a1 a
 m1   Ges m2   2
b1 b2
 a1   a2 
      
a b a b
 tan     1   2    2 1 1 2
b b
 a  a  a1a2  b1b2
1    1   2 
 b1  b2 
a c
we: `ª: ax  by  c  0 mij‡iLvi Xvj wbY©‡qi †ÿ‡Î Avgiv cvB, by   ax  c ev, y x  A_v©r
b b
a x Gi mnM
ax  by  c  0 mij‡iLvi Xvj m    |
b y Gi mnM
D`vnviY 1: 3x  4 y  5  0 Ges x  2 y  1  0 †iLvØ‡qi ‡Q`we›`yi ¯’vbvsK wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb, a1 x  b1 y  c1  0 Ges a2 x  b2 y  c2  0 †iLvØ‡qi †Q` we›`yi ¯’vbv¼
 b1c2  c1b2 c1a2  a1c2 
 ,  .
 a1b2  b1a2 a1b2  b1a2 
myZivs 3x  4 y  5  0 Ges x  2 y  1  0 †iLvØ‡qi ‡Q`we›`yi ¯’vbvsK
  4  1  5   2 5 1  3 1    4  10 5  3   6 2 
 ,  ev  ,  ev,  ,  ev,  3,1 .
 3   2   4  1 3   2   4  1   64 64 2 2
AZGe wb‡Y©q ¯’vbv¼  3,1 .
D`vnviY 2: x  2 y  3 Ges 2 x  y  1  0 †iLvØ‡qi ‡Q`we›`yi ¯’vbvsK wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb a1 x  b1 y  c1  0 Ges a2 x  b2 y  c2  0 †iLvØ‡qi †Q` we›`yi ¯’vbv¼
 b1c2  c1b2 c1a2  a1c2 
 ,  .
 a1b2  b1a2 a1b2  b1a2 
myZivs x  2 y  3 ev, x  2 y  3  0 Ges 2 x  y  1  0 †iLvØ‡qi ‡Q`we›`yi ¯’vbvsK
  2 1   3  1  3 1  1 1    4  3  6 1   7 7
  ,  ev  ,  ev,   , 
 1  1   2  2 1  1   2  2   1  4 1  4   3 3
 7 7
AZGe wb‡Y©q ¯’vbv¼   , 
 3 3
D`vnviY 3: 3x  y  4  0 Ges 2 x  3 y  5  0 †iLvØ‡qi AšÍM©Z †KvY wbY©q Kiæb|
3
mgvavb: GLv‡b, 3x  y  4  0 †iLvi Xvj m1  3
1
2
Ges 2 x  3 y  5  0 †iLvi Xvj m2  
3
aiæb, wb‡Y©q †KvY 
 2
3  
m  m2  3    11  11 Ges  11
Avgiv cvB, tan    1 
1  m1m2  2 3 3 3
1 3   
 3
11  11 
 tan      tan 1    74.75
3 3
11  11 
  
Ges tan       tan 1     tan 1  tan 74.75  tan 1 tan 105.25  105.25
3

 3
AZGe wb‡Y©q ‡KvY 74.75 , 105.25

D`vnviY 4: x  y  4  0 Ges x  y  5  0 : n‡j †`Lvb ‡h, †iLvØq ci¯úi j¤^|

1
mgvavb: GLv‡b, x  y  5  0 †iLvi Xvj m1    1
1
2
Ges 2 x  3 y  5  0 †iLvi Xvj m2  
3
aiæb, wb‡Y©q †KvY 
m1  m2 1   1 2
Avgiv cvB, tan      
1  m1m2 1  1  1 0
 tan       tan 1    90
A_v©r †iLvØ‡qi AšÍM©Z †Kv‡Yi cwigvb 90 , myZivs Zviv ci¯úi j¤^|
1. 3x  4 y  1  0 I 6 x  5 y  8  0 †iLvØ‡qi †Q`we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q Kiæb|

2. x  y  4  0 I x  y  8  0 †iLvØ‡qi †Q`we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q Kiæb|
3. 5 x  3 y  10 Ges x -A‡ÿi †Q`we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q Kiæb|
4. 3x  y  7  0 Ges 5 x  y  1 †iLvØ‡qi gaëZx© †KvY wbY©q Kiæb|
5. x  3 y  7  0 Ges 3 x  y  5  0 †iLvØ‡qi AšÍM©Z ¯’’~j‡KvY wbY©q Kiæb|
cvV 4.9 `yBwU mij‡iLvi ci¯úi mgvšÍivj ev j¤^ nIqvi kZ©
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
 `yBwU mij‡iLvi ci¯úi mgvšÍivj ev j¤^ nIqvi kZ© wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã mgvšÍivj, j¤^

g~jcvV-
`yBwU mij‡iLvi ci¯úi mgvšÍivj ev j¤^ nIqvi kZ© (Condition of parallel and perpendicular of two
straight lines)
y  m1 x  c1 Ges y  m2 x  c2 mij‡iLvØq ci¯úi mgvšÍivj n‡e hw` Zv‡ì AšÍM©Z †KvY   0 nq A_v©r
tan   tan 0  0
m  m2
A_v©r  1  0 ev, m1  m2  0 ev, m1  m2
1  m1m2
myZivs m1  m2 n‡j †iLvØq ci¯úi mgvšÍivj n‡e|
Avevi, y  m1 x  c1 Ges y  m2 x  c2 mgvšÍivj n‡e hw`
a b ab a a
 2 1 1 2  0 ev a2b1  a1b2  0 ev a2b1  a1b2 ev 1  2
a1a2  b1b2 b1 b2
myZivs `yBwU mij‡iLvi mgxKi‡Y Gi mnM Ges Gi mnM GKB Ges aªæeK c`Øq wfbœ n‡j Zviv ci¯úi
mgvšÍivj n‡e|
D`vnviY¯îƒc 3 x  4 y  5  0 Ges 3 x  4 y  11  0 mij‡iLvØq ci¯úi mgvšÍivj|
Avevi, y  m1 x  c1 Ges y  m2 x  c2 mij‡iLv `yBwU ci¯úi j¤^ n‡e hw` †iLv Ø‡qi AšÍ©MZ †KvY
  90 nq|
1
A_v©r tan   tan 90   
0
m1  m2 1
A_v©r   ev 1  m1m2  0 ev m1m2  1
1  m1m2 0
Abyiƒcfv‡e y  m1 x  c1 Ges y  m2 x  c2 †iLvØq ci¯úi j¤^ n‡e hw`

a2b1  a1b2 1  a  a 
  tan 90    ev a1a2  b1b2  0 ev   1   2   1
a1a2  b1b2 0  b1  b2 
myZivs †h †Kv‡bv mij †iLvi j¤^ †iLvi mgxKiY wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ`Ë mgxKi‡bi (i) x I y-Gi mnM cwieZ©b
Ki‡Z n‡e (ii) x I y-Gi †h †Kv‡bv GKwUi c„‡e©i wPý cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e Ges aªæeK c‡ì cwie‡Z© Ab¨ †Kv‡bv
aªæeK c` emv‡Z n‡e|
D`vnviY¯îƒc 2 x  3 y  10  0 †iLvi mv‡_ j¤^ †iLvi mgxKiY n‡e 3 x  2 y  k  0 GLv‡b †h †Kv‡bv
GKwU aªæeK msL¨v|
D`vnviY 1: GKwU mij‡iLvi mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb hv 2,3 we›`y w`‡q hvq Ges 5 x  4 y  11 †iLvi mgvšÍivj|
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb, 5 x  4 y  11 †iLvi mgvšÍivj †iLvi mgxKiY 5 x  4 y  k  0.......... ......(i ) ‡hLv‡b k †h
‡Kv‡bv aªæeK msL¨v|
(i)bs mgxKiYwU 2,3 we›`y w`‡q hvq| myZivs 2,3 we›`y w`‡q (i) wm× n‡e, A_v©r
5  2   4  3  k  0 ev k  2
myZivs k  2 (i) bs mgxKi‡Y ewm‡q cvB, 5 x  4 y  2  0
wb‡Y©q mgxKiY: 5 x  4 y  2  0
D`vnviY 2: GKwU mij‡iLvi mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb hv 1,2  we›`y w`‡q hvq Ges x  5 y  10  0 †iLvi mgvšÍivj|
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb, x  5 y  10  0 †iLvi mgvšÍivj †iLvi mgxKiY x  5 y  k  0.......................(i)

‡hLv‡b k †h ‡Kv‡bv aªæeK msL¨v|
(i) bs mgxKiYwU 1,2  we›`y w`‡q hvq| myZivs 1,2  we›`y w`‡q (i) wm× n‡e, A_v©r
1  5  2   k  0 ev k  9
myZivs k  9 (i) bs mgxKi‡Y ewm‡q cvB, x  5 y  9  0
wb‡Y©q mgxKiY: x  5 y  9  0
D`vnviY 3: mij‡iLvi mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb hv  2,7  we›`y w`‡q hvq Ges 2 x  5 y  7 †iLvi Dci j¤^|
mgvavb: 2 x  5 y  7 †iLvi j¤^ †iLvi mgxKiY 5 x  2 y  k  0....................(i)
†hLv‡b k †h ‡Kv‡bv aªæeK msL¨v|
(i) bs mgxKiYwU  2,7  we›`y w`‡q hvq| myZivs  2,7  we›`y w`‡q (i) wm× n‡e, A_v©r
5  2   2  7   k  0 ev k  4
myZivs k  4 (i) bs mgxKi‡Y ewm‡q cvB, 5 x  2 y  4  0
wb‡Y©q mgxKiY: 5 x  2 y  4  0 .
D`vnviY 4: 3,2  we›`y †_‡K 2 x  3 y  5  0 †iLvi Dci AswKZ j‡¤î cv`we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: 2 x  3 y  5  0 †iLvi j¤^ †iLvi mgxKiY 3 x  2 y  k  0 hv 3,2  we›`yMvgx|
myZivs 3  3  2  2  k  0 ev k  13
 3,2  we›`yMvgx 2 x  3 y  5  0 †iLvi j¤^ †iLvi mgxKiY 3 x  2 y  13  0
 2 x  3 y  5  0 Ges 3 x  2 y  13  0 †iLvØ‡qi †Q`we›`yB n‡e cÖ`Ë †iLvi Dci AswKZ j‡¤î cv`we›`y
eRª¸Yb c×wZ cÖ‡qvM K‡i cvB,
x y 1 29 41
  ev, x  , Ges y 
39  10 15  26 4  9 13 13
 29 41 
wb‡Y©q we›`y  ,  |
 13 13 
1. GKwU mij‡iLvi mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb hv y -A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj Ges x  2 y  2  0 I x  3 y  4  0

†iLvØ‡qi †Q`we›`y w`‡q hvq|
2. Giƒc mij‡iLvi mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb hv 5 x  3 y  7  0 †iLvi mgvšÍivj Ges 3x  2 y  5  0 I
x  y  4  0 †iLvØ‡qi †Q`we›`y w`‡q hvq|
3. 3,2 we›`yMvgx Ges x  3 y  5  0 †iLvi Dci j¤^ †iLvi mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb|
4. 1,2  we›`yMvgx Ges 3,5 I  4,3 ms‡hvRK †iLvi Dci j¤^ †iLvi mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb|
5. 2,1 we›`y †_‡K 2 x  3 y  6  0 †iLvi Dci AswKZ j‡¤î cv`we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ †ei Kiæb|
6. 4,3 we›`yMvgx Ges 2 x  11y  2  0 †iLvi Dci j¤^ †iLvi mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb|
7. k Gi gvb KZ n‡j 2 x  y  3  0 Ges 4 x  ky  5  0 †iLv `yBwU ci¯úi j¤^ n‡e?

cvV 4.10 wewfbœ kZ©vax‡b mij‡iLvi mgxKiY
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
 wewfbœ kZ©vax‡b mij‡iLvi mgxKiY wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
 wZbwU mij‡iLv mgwe›`y wKbv Zv wbY©‡q `ÿZv AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã †Q`we›`y, mgwe›`y, GKNvZ mgxKiY
g~jcvV-
`yBwU mij‡iLvi †Q`we›`yMvgx mij‡iLvi mgxKiY
g‡b Kiæb, mij‡iLv `yBwU
a1 x  b1 y  c1  0........................(i)
a2 x  b2 y  c2  0.......................(ii)
aiæb, Dc‡iv³ †iLvØ‡qi †Q`we›`y x1 , y1  .
 a1 x1  b1 y1  c1  k a2 x1  b2 y1  c2   0.......................(iii)
‡hLv‡b k †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU aªæeK Ges k  0  0  k .0  0
(iii ) bs n‡Z ¯úUZB ejv hvq †h x1 , y1  we›`ywU
a1 x  b1 y  c1  k a2 x  b2 y  c2   0...........................(iv)
mgxKiY‡K wm× K‡i| bs mgxKiYwU x I y Gi GKwU GKNvZ mgxKiY| A_v©r GwU GKwU mij‡iLvi
mgxKiY|
myZivs (iv) bs mgxKiYwU (i) I (ii) Gi †Q`we›`yMvgx GKwU mij‡iLv wb‡`©k K‡i| GLv‡b k Gi wewfbœ gv‡bi
k  0 Rb¨ (iv) bs mgxKiYwU Øviv wewfbœ mij‡iLv cvIqv hvq hv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨KwU x1 , y1  we›`yMvgx| D‡jøL¨ †h,
GKwU we›`y w`‡q AmsL¨ mij‡iLv AvuKv hvq| myZivs (iv) bs mgxKiYwU (i) I (ii) Gi †Q`we›`yMvgx †h †Kv‡bv
mij‡iLvi mvaviY mgxKiY wb‡`©k K‡i|
wZbwU mij‡iLv mgwe›`y nIqvi kZ©
g‡b Kiæb, a1 x  b1 y  c1  0 , a2 x  b2 y  c2  0 , Ges a3 x  b3 y  c3  0 mij‡iLv wZbwU x1 , y1  we›`y
w`‡q hvq|
  x1 , y1  we›`y Øviv †iLv wZbwU wm× n‡e, A_v©r
a1 x1  b1 y1  c1  0........................(i)
a2 x1  b2 y1  c2  0.......................(ii)
a3 x1  b3 y1  c3  0.......................(ii)
(i), (ii), I (iii)bs mgxKiY n‡Z x1 , y1  AcmviY K‡i cvB,
a1 b1 1
a2 b2 1  0 , hv wZbwU †iLvi mgwe›`y nIqvi wb‡Y©q kZ©|
a3 b3 1
D`vnviY 1: GKwU mij‡iLvi mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb hv 2,5 we›`y Ges 2 x  5 y  3  0 I 4 x  3 y  1  0

†iLvØ‡qi †Q`we›`y w`‡q hvq|
mgvavb: aiæb, †iLvwUi mgxKiY 2 x  5 y  3  k 4 x  3 y  1  0.................(i)
bs †iLvwU 2,5 we›`yMvgx|
 2  2  5  5  3  k 4  2  3  5  1  0
ev, 4  25  3  k 8  15  1  0
ev, 24k  24
ev, k  1
myZivs k  1 , (i) bs mgxKi‡Y ewm‡q cvB,
2 x  5 y  3  14 x  3 y  1  0
ev, 6 x  2 y  2  0
ev, 3 x  y  1  0
wb‡Y©q mij‡iLvi mgxKiY 3 x  y  1  0 |
D`vnviY 2: x  2 y  2  0, 2 x  y  1  0, x  ay  2  0 †iLv wZbwU mgwe›`y n‡j, a Gi gvb KZ?
mgvavb: x  2 y  2  0, 2 x  y  1  0, x  ay  2  0 mgwe›`y n‡j, Avgiv cvB,
1 2 2
2 1 1  0
1 a 2
ev, 1  2  a    2  4  1  2   2a  1  0
ev, 2  a  10  4a  2  0
ev,  3a  6 ev, a  2
myZivs a  2 n‡j cÖ`Ë †iLvÎq mgwe›`y n‡e|
D`vnviY 3: x-A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj Ges x  2 y  3  0 I x  2 y  7  0 †iLv `yBwUi mgwe›`y Giƒc mij‡iLvi
mgvavb: aiæb, x  2 y  3  0 I x  2 y  7  0 †iLv `yBwUi †Q`we›`yMvgx mij‡iLvi mgxKiY
x  2 y  3  k  x  2 y  7   0......................(i)
ev, x 1  k   y 2  2k   3  7 k   0
GwU -A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj nIqvq x -Gi mnM k~b¨ n‡e|
A_v©r 1  k  0 ev k  1
k  1 (i) bs mgxKiY ewm‡q cvB,
x  2 y  3   1 x  2 y  7   0
ev, x  2 y  3  x  2 y  7  0 ev, 4 y  10  0 ev 2 y  5  0
wb‡Y©q mij‡iLvi mgxKiY 2 y  5  0 |

D`vnviY 4: y-A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj Ges 3 x  y  2  0 I x  y  10  0 †iLv `yBwUi mgwe›`y Giƒc mij‡iLvi

mgvavb: aiæb, 3 x  y  2  0 I x  y  10  0 †iLv `yBwUi †Q`we›`yMvgx mij‡iLvi mgxKiY
3 x  y  2  k  x  y  10   0.......... .........( i )
ev, x 3  k   y  1  k   2  10 k   0
GwU y-A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj nIqvq y Gi mnM k~b¨ n‡e|
A_v©r  1  k  0 ev k  1
k  1 , bs mgxKiY ewm‡q cvB,
3 x  y  2  1.x  y  10   0
ev, 3 x  y  2  x  y  10  0
ev, 4 x  12  0 ev x  3  0
wb‡Y©q mij‡iLvi mgxKiY x  3  0 |
D`vnviY 5: 1,2  we›`y w`‡q hvq Ges x  2 y  5  0 †iLvi mv‡_ 45o †KvY K‡i hvq, Giƒc mij‡iLvØ‡qi
1 1
mgvavb: x  2 y  5  0 †iLvi Xvj m1    . aiæb, wb‡Y©q †iLvi Xvj  m2
2 2
m1  m2
myZivs tan 45  
1  m1m2
1
  m2
ev, 1   2 ev, 2  m2    1  2m 2 
 1
1    m2
 2
1
  a‡i cvB, 2  m2   1  2m 2  ev, 2  m2  1  2 m2  0 ev, 3m2  1 ev, m2  .
3
  a‡i cvB, 2  m2   1  2 m 2  ev, 2  m2  1  2 m2 ev, m2  3
1
myZivs 1,2  we›`yMvgx Ges Xvj wewkó mij‡iLvi mgxKiY
3
1
y  2   x  1 ev, 3 y  6  x  1 ev x  3 y  5  0
3
Abyiƒcfv‡e, 1,2  we›`yMvgx Ges  3 Xvj wewkó mij‡iLvi mgxKiY y  2  3x  1 ev, 3 x  y  5  0
wb‡Y©q mgxKiY x  3 y  5  0 Ges 3 x  y  5  0 .
D`vnviY 6: x  4 y  1  0 Ges x  y  2  0 †iLvØ‡qi †Q`we›`y w`‡q hvq Ges AÿØq n‡Z wecixZ wPý
wewkó mgvb Ask †Q` K‡i Giƒc mij‡iLvi mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb|
x y
mgvavb: aiæb, †iLvwUi mgxKiY   1 ev, x  y  a.......... ...(i )
a a
GLb x  4 y  1  0 Ges x  y  2  0 †iLvØ‡qi †Q`we›`yi ¯’vbvs¼
x, y     4   2  1  1 , 1  1  1   2     9 , 3 
 1  1   4  1 1  1   4  1   5 5 
 9 3
kZ© g‡Z, i  bs †iLvwU   ,  we›`yMvgx
 5 5
9 3 12
myZivs    a ev a  
5 5 5
12 12
a   , i  bs G ewm‡q cvB, x  y   ev 5 x  5 y  12  0
5 5
wb‡Y©q mgxKiY 5 x  5 y  12  0 |
1. x-A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj Ges x  y  5  0 I x  2 y  8  0 †iLv `yBwUi mgwe›`y Giƒc mij‡iLvi mgxKiY

wbY©q Kiæb|
2. y-A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj Ges x  4 y  3  0 I x  y  6  0 †iLv `yBwUi mgwe›`y Giƒc mij‡iLvi mgxKiY
wbY©q Kiæb|
3. x  3 y  2  0, x  6 y  3  0, x  ay  1  0 †iLv wZbwU mgwe›`y n‡j a Gi gvb KZ?
4. 3x  4 y  2  0, 2 x  3 y  0, ax  by  1  0 †iLv wZbwU mgwe›`y n‡j a I b Gi g‡a¨ m¤úK© wbY©q
Kiæb|
5. 3,2 we›`y w`‡q hvq Ges x  2 y  3  0 †iLvi mv‡_ 45o †KvY K‡i hvq, Giƒc mij‡iLvØ‡qi mgxKiY
wbY©q Kiæb|
6. 6,7  we›`y w`‡q hvq Ges 3x  y  5  0 †iLvi mv‡_ 45o †KvY K‡i hvq, Giƒc mij‡iLvØ‡qi mgxKiY
wbY©q Kiæb|
7. x  2 y  7  0, x  3 y  11  0 †iLvØ‡qi †Q`we›`y w`‡q hvq Ges x-A‡ÿi mv‡_ 45o †KvY Drcbœ K‡i
Giƒc mij‡iLvi mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb|
8. 3x  4 y  1  0 Ges 5 x  y  1  0 †iLvØ‡qi †Q`we›`y w`‡q hvq Ges AÿØq n‡Z GKB wPý wewkó mgvb
Ask †Q` K‡i Giƒc mij‡iLvi mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb|
cvV 4.11 mij‡iLvi j¤^ `~iZ¡ wbY©q
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
 †Kv‡bv we›`y †_‡K GKwU mij‡iLvi j¤^ `~iZ¡ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã mgvšÍivj mij‡iLv, j¤^ `~iZ¡, mgwØLÛK
g~jcvV-

†Kv‡bv we›`y †_‡K GKwU mij‡iLvi j¤^ `~iZ¡ wbY©q: Y

g‡b Kiæb, †h †Kv‡bv we›`y P Gi ¯’vbv¼ x, y  |
P P (x,y)
(a) aiæb, AB mij‡iLvi mgxKiY
M
x cos   y sin   p..............(i)
B
g~j we›`y O n‡Z AB Gi Dci OL j¤^ AuvKzb| L
p
 OL  p Ges XOL  
P we›`y n‡Z AB Gi mgvšÍivj K‡i PQ mij‡iLv AuvKzb| †iLvwU 
O X
Q
OL Gi ewa©Zvsk‡K M we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i| aiæb, OM  p A
 PQ †iLvi mgxKiY x cos   y sin   p............(ii)  AB PQ

‡h‡nZz PQ †iLvi Dci P  x, y  we›`ywU Aew¯’Z, myZivs bs mxKiYwU x, y  Øviv wm× n‡e|
A_v©r x cos   y sin   p
myZivs wb‡Y©q `~iZ¡ ML  OM  OL  p  p  x cos   y sin   p ..........(iii)
(iii) bs Gi Wvb c‡ÿi msL¨vi cig gvbB wb‡Y©q j¤^ `~iZ¡|
(b) g‡b Kiæb, mij‡iLvwUi mgxKiY ax  by  c  0 †hLv‡b a, b  0 | mgxKiYwU‡K x cos   y sin   p
Gi miæc we‡ePbv K‡i cvB,
cos  sin   p cos 2   sin 2  1
   
a b c a2  b2 a 2  b2
a b c
 cos   , sin   Ges p  2 2
a b
2 2
a b
2 2
a b
 x, y  we›`y n‡Z †iLvwUi j¤^ `~iZ¡
 x cos   y sin   p
 x
a
 y
b

 c 
a b
2 2
a b
2 2
a2  b2
ax  by  c ax  by  c
 
a2  b2 a2  b2
ax  by  c
 x, y  we›`y n‡Z ax  by  c  0 †iLvi j¤^ `~iZ¡
a 2  b2
c
`ªóe¨: g~j we›`y n‡Z ax  by  c  0 †iLvi j¤^ `~iZ¡
a 2  b2
`yBwU mgvšÍivj mij‡iLvi gaëZx© j¤^ `~iZ¡:
g‡b Kiæb, ax  by  c1  0 Ges ax  by  c2  0 `yBwU mgvšÍivj mij‡iLv| wP‡Î G‡ì‡K PQ I RS Øviv
wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| M (x,y)
aiæb, PQ †iLvi Dci †h †Kv‡bv GKwU we›`y M x, y
 ax  by  c1  0 ev ax  by  c1..............(i)
R S
GLb, M n‡Z RS Gi Dci MN j¤^ A¼b Kiæb|
P Q
N

ax  by  c2  c1  c2 c2  c1
Zvn‡j, MN   
a b
2 2
a b
2 2
a 2  b2
aª æeKØ‡ qi AšÍi
myZivs `yBwU mgvšÍivj mij‡iLvi gaëZx© j¤^ `~iZ¡ 
x - Gi mnM 2   y - Gi mnM 2
mij‡iLvi abvZ¡K cvk¦© I FYvZ¡K cvk¦©

P (x1,y1)
g‡b Kiæb, AB mij‡iLvi mgxKiY ax  by  c  0
Ges Px1 , y1  Ges Qx2 , y2  ‡h †Kv‡bv `yBwU we›`y| m1
aiæb, PQ †iLvsk R we›`y‡Z AB mij‡iLv‡K Ggb fv‡e
R
†Q` K‡i †hb PR : RQ  m1 : m2 nq| A B
(a) hw` P I Q we›`y AB mij‡iLvi wecixZ cv‡k¦©
m2
(A_v©©r GKwU †h cv‡k¦© AciwU Zvi wecixZ cv‡k¦© Aew¯’Z)
Ae¯’vb K‡i Z‡e R Gi ¯’vbv¼ n‡e
Q (x2,y2)
 m1 x2  m2 x1 m1 y2  m2 y1 
 , .
 m1  m2 m1  m2  P (x1,y1)
 R we›`ywU AB †iLvi Dci Aew¯’Z
 m x  m2 x1   m1 y2  m2 y1  Q (x2,y2)
 a 1 2   b   c  0
 m1  m2   m1  m2 
ev, am1 x2  m2 x1   bm1 y2  m2 y1   cm1  m2   0 A R B
ev, m1 ax2  by2  c   m2 ax1  by1  c   0

ax  by1  c m
ev, 1   1 , hv FYvZ¡K wPý wewkó|
ax2  by2  c m2
myZivs ax1  by1  c I ax2  by2  c ivwk `yBwUi gvb wecixZ wPý wewkó n‡e|
 x1 , y1  Ges  x2 , y2  we›`yØq ax  by  c  0 †iLvi wecixZ cv‡k¦© Aew¯’Z n‡e hw` ax1  by1  c I
ax2  by2  c ivwk `yBwUi gvb wecixZ wPý wewkó nq|
(b) hw` P I Q we›`y AB mij‡iLvi GKB cv‡k¦© Ae¯’vb K‡i, Z‡e R Gi ¯’vbv¼ n‡e
 m1 x2  m2 x1 m1 y2  m2 y1 
 , 
 m1  m2 m1  m2 
 R we›`ywU AB †iLvi Dci Aew¯’Z
 m x  m2 x1   m1 y2  m2 y1 
 a 1 2   b   c  0
 m1  m2   m1  m2 
ev, am1 x2  m2 x1   bm1 y2  m2 y1   cm1  m2   0
ev, m1 ax2  by2  c   m2 ax1  by1  c   0
ax  by1  c m1
ev, 1  hv abvZ¡K
ax2  by2  c m2
myZivs ax1  by1  c I ax2  by2  c ivwk `yBwUi gvb GKB wPý wewkó n‡e|

 x1 , y1  Ges  x2 , y2  we›`yØq ax  by  c  0 †iLvi wecixZ cv‡k¦© Aew¯’Z n‡e hw` ax1  by1  c I
ax2  by2  c ivwk `yBwUi gvb GKB wPý wewkó nq|
abvZ¡K cvk¦© I FYvZ¡K cvk¦©: ax  by  c  0 mij‡iLvi †Kv‡bv cv‡k¦©i †h †Kv‡bv we›`y x1 , y1  Gi Rb¨ hw`
ax1  by1  c me©`v abvZ¡K nq Z‡e H cvk¦©‡K mij‡iLvwUi abvZ¡K cvk¦© e‡j Ges Aci cvk¦w© U‡K FYvZ¡K cvk¦©
e‡j|
g~j we›`yi Ae¯’vb: hw` ax  by  c  0 mgxKi‡Yi abvZ¡K nq Z‡e g~j we›`y mij‡iLvi abvZ¡K cv‡k¦© Ges
FYvZ¡K nq Z‡e g~j we›`y mij‡iLvwUi FYvZ¡K cv‡k¦© Aew¯’Z|
g~j we›`y I Aci †h †Kv‡bv we›`yi Ae¯’vb: hw` ax1  by1  c Ges GKB wPý wewkó nq Z‡e g~j we›`y 0,0 Ges
x1 , y1  GKB cv‡k¦© Aew¯’Z n‡e| Avi hw` wfbœ wPý wewkó nq Z‡e g~j we›`y 0,0 Ges x1 , y1  wecixZ cv‡k¦©
Aew¯’Z n‡e|
`yBwU mij‡iLvi AšÍfz©³ †Kv‡Yi mgwØLÛK mij‡iLvi mgxKiY
Y D
g‡b Kiæb, AB Ges CD mij‡iLvØ‡qi mgxKiY h_vμ‡g B
ax1  by1  c1  0 Ges ax2  by2  c2  0
E
g‡b Kiæb, AB Ges CD †iLvØq ci¯úi E we›`y‡Z †Q`
M1
K‡i Ges Zv‡ì gaëZx© †Kv‡Yi mgwØLÛKØq EF Ges
EG | aiæb, AEC Gi mgwØLÛK EF Gi Dci P M2
G
P x, y †h †Kv‡bv GKwU we›`y| F
P n‡Z AB I CD Gi Dci h_vμ‡g PM1 I PM 2 j¤^ A O C X
A¼b Kiæb| Zvn‡j PM1 I PM 2 Gi ˆ`N¨© mgvb|

Avevi Px, y Ges g~j we›`y AB I CD GKB cv‡k© Aew¯’Z, myZivs PM1 I PM 2 GKB wPýwewkó n‡e|
 PM 1  PM 2
a1 x  b1 y  c1 a2 x  b2 y  c2
ev  .............(i)
a b
2
1 1
2
a22  b22
Abyiƒcfv‡e, aiæb, CEB Gi mgwØLÛK EG Gi Dci †h †Kv‡bv we›`y Qx, y | Q n‡Z AB I CD Gi
Dci h_vμ‡g QN1 I QN 2 j¤^ A¼b Kiæb| Zvn‡j QN1 I QN 2 Gi ˆ`N¨© mgvb| Avevi, Qx, y I g~jwe›`y
AB †iLvi GKB cv‡k© wKš‘ CD †iLvi wecixZ cv‡k© Aew¯’Z| myZivs QN1 I QN 2 wecixZ wPý wewkó n‡e|
 QN1  QN2
a1 x  b1 y  c1 a2 x  b2 y  c2
ev,  .............(ii)
a12  b12 a22  b22
I bs n‡Z cvB,
a1 x  b1 y  c1 a2 x  b2 y  c2

a12  b12 a22  b22
myZivs ax1  by1  c1  0 Ges ax2  by2  c2  0 †iLvØ‡qi AšÍfz©³ †KvYmg~‡ni mgwØfÛ‡Ki mgxKiY n‡e
a1 x  b1 y  c1 a2 x  b2 y  c2

a b
2
1 1
2
a22  b22

D`vnviY 1: 3 x  4 y  11  0 †iLvi 2 GKK `~ieZx© mgvšÍivj mij‡iLvi mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb|

mgvavb: †Ìqv Av‡Q, 3x  4 y  11  0..................(i)
aiæb, cÖ`Ë †iLvi mgvšÍivj †iLvi mgxKiY 3x  4 y  k  0...................(ii)
k   11 k  11 k  11 k  11
myZivs I Gi gaëZx© j¤^ `~iZ¡   
32   4 9  16 25 5
2
k  11
cÖkœg‡Z,  2 ev, k  11  10 ev, k  10  11 k  1,  21
5
k Gi gvb (ii) bs G ewm‡q cvB, 3 x  4 y  1  0 Ges 3 x  4 y  21  0
wb‡Y©q mij‡iLvi mgxKiY 3 x  4 y  1  0 Ges 3 x  4 y  21  0 .
D`vnviY 2: 4 x  3 y  2c Ges 12 x  5 y  2c  8 †iLv `yBwU g~jwe›`y †_‡K mg`~ieZx© n‡j Gi gvb wbY©q
Kiæb|
4  0  3  0  2c 2c
mgvavb: g~jwe›`y, 0,0 ‡_‡K 4 x  3 y  2c ev, 4 x  3 y  2c  0 , †iLvi `~iZ¡ 
4 2  32 5
Ges g~jwe›`y, 0,0 ‡_‡K 12 x  5 y  2c  8 ev 12 x  5 y  2c  8  0 †iLvi `~iZ¡
12  0  5  0  2c  8 2c  16

12 2  52 13
2c 2c  16
cÖkœg‡Z,  ev, 26c  10c  80 ev 16c  80 ev c  5 .
5 13
AZGe c  5 .
D`vnviY 3: 3 x  4 y  9  0 †iLvi Dci j¤^ Ges g~jwe›`y †_‡K j¤^ `~iZ¡ 7 GKK Giƒc mij‡iLvi mgxKiY
wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: 3 x  4 y  9  0 †iLvi j¤^ †iLvi mgxKiY 4 x  3 y  k  0..............(i)
4  0  3 0  k
g~jwe›`y 0,0 †_‡K
k
bs †iLvi j¤^ `~iZ¡  
4 3
2 2 5
k
cÖkœg‡Z,  7 ev, k  35
5
wb‡Y©q mij‡iLvi mgxKiY 4 x  3 y  35  0 .
D`vnviY 4: 3x  4 y  5  0 Ges 4 x  3 y  6  0 mij‡iLvØ‡qi AšÍfz©³ †Kv‡Yi mgwØLÛK mij‡iLvi
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb, 3x  4 y  5  0 Ges 4 x  3 y  6  0 mij‡iLvØ‡qi AšÍfz©³ †Kv‡Yi mgwØLÛK
mij‡iLvi mgxKiY
3x  4 y  5 4x  3y  6

3 4 4 2   3
2 2 2
ev, 3x  4 y  5  4 x  3 y  6
ev, 3 x  4 y  5  4 x  3 y  6 Ges 3x  4 y  5  4 x  3 y  6
ev, x  7 y  11  0 Ges 7 x  y  1  0
wb‡Y©q mij‡iLvi mgxKiY x  7 y  11  0 Ges 7 x  y  1  0 .

1.  5,3 we›`y n‡Z 2 x  5 y  5  0 †iLvi Dci Aw¼Z j‡¤î ‰`N¨© wbY©q Kiæb|
2. 5 x  12 y  11  0 †iLvi mgvšÍivj Ges Zv †_‡K 5 GKK `~ieZx© mij‡iLv mg~‡ni mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb|
3. 3x  4 y  15  0 †iLvi mgvšÍivj Ges Zv †_‡K 7 GKK `~ieZx© mij‡iLv mg~‡ni mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb|
4. g~jwe›`y †_‡K 5 GKK `~i‡Z¡ Ges 4 x  3 y  9  0 †iLvi Dci j¤^ Giƒc mij‡iLvi mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb|
5. 2,4 I 1,3 we›`y `yBwU 3x  5 y  7  0 †iLvi †Kvb cv‡k¦© Aew¯’Z Zv wbY©q Kiæb| g~jwe›`y †h cv‡k¦©
Aew¯’Z †mB cv‡k¦©i we›`y †KvbwU?
6.  3,4 I  4,1 we›`y `yBwU x  4 y  1  0 †iLvi †Kvb cv‡k¦© Aew¯’Z Zv wbY©q Kiæb| g~jwe›`y †h cv‡k¦©
Aew¯’Z †mB cv‡k¦©i we›`y †KvbwU?
7. a, b  we›`ywU 3x  4 y  4  0 Ges 4 x  3 y  9  0 n‡Z mg`~ieZx© n‡j, cÖgvY Kiæb †h
7 a  b  5  0 Ges a  7b  13  0 |
8. 3x  y  5  0 Ges x  3 y  6  0 mij‡iLvØ‡qi AšÍfz©³ †Kv‡Yi mgwØLÛK mij‡iLvi mgxKiY wbY©q
Kiæb|
9. 2 x  3 y  11  0 Ges 3x  2 y  4  0 mij‡iLvØ‡qi AšÍfz©³ †Kv‡Yi mgwØLÛK mij‡iLv x-Aÿ‡K P I
Q we›`y‡Z †Q` Ki‡j PQ Gi `~iZ¡ wbY©q Kiæb|
10. x  3 y  12  0 Ges 3x  y  4  0 mij‡iLvØ‡qi AšÍfz©³ †Kv‡Yi mgwØLÛK mij‡iLv y-Aÿ‡K R I S
we›`y‡Z †Q` Ki‡j RS Gi `~iZ¡ wbY©q Kiæb|
cvV 4.12 eënvwiK
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
 †iLv wef³Kvix we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
 kxl© we›`yi ¯’vbv‡¼i gva¨‡g wÎfz‡Ri †ÿÎdj wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
 mij‡iLvi mgxKi‡Yi †jLwPÎ A¼b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
 †jLwPÎ n‡Z mij‡iLvi mgxKiY wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
 Aÿ‡iLvi mv‡c‡ÿ we›`y I †iLvs‡ki cÖwZ”Qwe wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
 wbw`©ó †iLvi mv‡c‡ÿ we›`y I †iLvs‡ki cÖwZ”Qwe wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
g~jcvV-
†iLv wef³Kvix we›`yi ¯’vbv¼:
mgm¨v bs 1 wefw³KiY m~Îi mvnv‡h¨ `yBwU wbw`©ó we›`yi ms‡hvRK †iLvsk wbw`©ó ZvwiL:
Abycv‡Z wef³ n‡j wef³ we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|

mgm¨v: 2,3 Ges  3,4  we›`yØ‡qi ms‡hvRK †iLvsk‡K †h we›`ywU 2 : 3 Abycv‡Z AšÍwe©f³ K‡i Zvi ¯’vbv¼
wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
ZË¡: Ax1 , y1  I Bx2 , y2  we›`yØ‡qi ms‡hvRK †iLvsk C x, y 
we›`y‡Z m1 : m2 Abycv‡Z AšÍwe©e³ n‡j
m1 x2  m2 x1 m y  m2 y1
x Ges y  1 2
m1  m2 m1  m2
DcKiY: KvMR, QK KvMR, Kjg, †cwÝj, ivevi, †¯‹j, K¨vjKz‡jUi
BZ¨vw`|
Kvh©c×wZ: we›`y¸wj h_vh_ fv‡e QK KvM‡R ¯’vcb K‡i cÖ`Ë we›`yØ‡qi
ms‡hvRK †iLvs‡ki wef³ we›`yi ¯’vb¼ wbY©q Kiæb|
dj msKjb: g‡b Kiæb, A2,3 Ges B 3,4 we›`yØ‡qi ms‡hvRK
†iLvsk C x, y  we›`y‡Z 2 : 3 Abycv‡Z AšÍwe©f³ nq| Zvn‡j,
2. 3  3.2  6  6 2.4  3.3 8  9 17
x   0 Ges y   
23 5 23 5 5
 17 
wb‡Y©q we›`yi ¯’vbv¼  0,  |
 5
 17 
djvdj: wb‡Y©q ¯’vbv¼  0,  |
 5
kxl© we›`yi ¯’vbv‡¼i gva¨‡g wÎfz‡Ri †ÿÎdj wbY©q:

mgm¨v bs 2 mvaviY m~‡Îi gva¨‡g wÎfz‡Ri †ÿÎdj wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e| ZvwiL:
mgm¨v: mvaviY m~‡Îi gva¨‡g A3,5, B 2,3 I C 2,3 kxl© wewkó wÎfz‡Ri wPÎ A¼b I †ÿÎdj wbY©q|
ZË¡: ABC wÎfz‡Ri wZbwU kxl© we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ Ax1 , y1  , Bx2 , y2 
Ges C x3 , y3  nq Z‡e Gi †ÿÎdj
x1 y1 1
1
  x2 y1 1
2
x3 y3 1
x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 y3
ev, 2   
x2 y2 x3 y3 x1 y1

BZ¨vw`|
Kvh©c×wZ: we›`y¸wj Nwoi KvuUvi wecixZ w`‡K wb‡q QK KvM‡R ‡QvU 5
eM©Ni =1 GKK a‡i ¯’vcb Kiæb|
Zvici we›`y¸‡jv †hvM K‡i ABC wPÎ A¼b Kiæb Ges m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ †ÿÎdj wbY©q Kiæb|
3 5 1
1
dj msKjb: ABC Gi †ÿÎdj   2 3 1 eM© GKK
2
2 3 1

1 3 5 2 3 2  3
    eM© GKK
2  2 3 2 3 3 5
1 1
 9  10  6  6  10  9 eM© GKK  .26 eM© GKK  13 eM© GKK
2 2
djvdj: wÎfz‡Ri wb‡Y©q †ÿÎdj 13 eM© GKK|
mij‡iLvi †iLwPÎ A¼b
mgm¨v bs 3 cÖ`Ë mij‡iLvi mgxKi‡Yi †jLwPÎ A¼b Ki‡Z n‡e| ZvwiL:
mgm¨v: 2 x  y  3  0 mgxKi‡Yi †jLwPÎ A¼b Ki‡Z n‡e|
m~Î: cÖ`Ë mgxKiY‡K y  mx  c AvKv‡i cÖKvk Ki‡j cvB, y  2 x  3 .
myZivs GLv‡b c  3 . A_v©r cÖ`Ë mgxKiYwUi y -A‡ÿi LwÛZvs‡ki cwigvb
3 GKK Avevi, 2 x  y  3  0 nIqvq ïaygvÎ †jLw¯’Z mKj we›`y †jLwP‡Î
AšÍfy©³ _vK‡e|
DcKiY: KvMR, QK KvMR, Kjg, †cwÝj, ivevi, †¯‹j, K¨vjKz‡jUi BZ¨vw`|
mvaviY AvKvi wbY©q: 2 x  y  3  0
ev y  2 x  3 .
Kvh©c×wZ:
1. y  2 x  3 mgxKi‡Y x Gi K‡qKwU gv‡bi Rb¨ y Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
x 0 3 1
y 3 -3 1
2. QK KvM‡R XOX  ‡K x -Aÿ Ges YOY  †K y -Aÿ a‡i ‡QvU 5 eM©Ni =1 GKK a‡i we›`y¸wj ¯’vcb
Kiæb|
3. we›`y¸wj †hvM K‡i †jLwPÎ A¼b Kiæb|
djvdj: cÖ`Ë mgxKi‡Yi mvaviY iƒc y  2 x  3 Ges dvsk‡bi †jLwPÎ GKwU mij‡iLv|
mZK©Zv: mZK©Zvi mv‡_ we›`yMy‡jv ¯’vcb K‡i mij‡iLv Uvb‡Z n‡e|
†jLwPÎ n‡Z mij‡iLvi mgxKiY
mgm¨v bs 4 †jLwPÎ n‡Z mij‡iLvi mgxKiY wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e| ZvwiL:
mgm¨v: cv‡ki wPÎ n‡Z mij‡iLvi mgxKiY wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
ZË¡: †Kv‡bv mij‡iLvi Dci¯’ `yBwU we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ x1, y1  I
x2 , y2  Rvbv _vK‡j, H mii‡iLvi mgxKiY n‡e
y2  y1
y  y1  mx  x1  , †hLv‡b m  |
x2  x1
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY: Kjg, †cwÝj, K¨vjKz‡jUi BZ¨vw`|
Kvh©c×wZ: QK KvM‡Ri wbav©wiZ GK‡K cÖ`Ë †jLwPÎ n‡Z `yBwU
we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q Kiæb|

dj msKjb: GLv‡b, 3,4 Ges  2,3 we›`y `yBwU cÖ`Ë

†jLwP‡Îi Dci Aew¯’Z|
34 1 1
m   
23 5 5
1
myZivs mij‡iLvi mgxKiY: y  4  x  3 ev, 5 y  20  x  3 ev x  5 y  17  0
5
djvdj: wb‡Y©q mij‡iLvi mgxKiY x  5 y  17  0
mZ©KZv:
1. mZK©Zvi mv‡_ we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. wnmv‡e mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e|
Aÿ‡iLvi mv‡c‡ÿ we›`y I †iLvs‡ki cÖwZ”Qwe:
mgm¨v bs 5 Aÿ‡iLvi mv‡c‡ÿ †Kv‡bv we›`y cÖwZ”Qwe wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e| ZvwiL:
mgm¨v: Dfq A‡ÿi mv‡c‡ÿ  2,3 we›`yi cÖwZ”Qwe wbY©q|
ZË¡: †Kv‡bv we›`y I Gi cÖwZ”Qwe we›`yMvgx mshvRK †iLv cÖwZdjb †iLvi
Dci j¤^ Ges cÖwZdjb †iLv n‡Z mg`~ieZx©| ZvB x -A‡ÿi mv‡c‡ÿ
†Kv‡bv we›`yi cÖwZ”Qwe wb‡Y©q we›`yi fzR ev x ¯’vbv¼ AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K
wKš‘ †KvwU ev y ¯’vbv‡¼i wPý e`jvq| myZivs x -A‡ÿi mv‡c‡ÿ
†Kv‡bv we›`yi Px, y  Gi cÖwZ”Qwe Px, y  |
Avevi y -A‡ÿi mv‡c‡ÿ †Kv‡bv we›`yi cÖwZ”Qwe wb‡Y©q we›`yi ‡KvwU ev
y ¯’vbv¼ AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K wKš‘ fzR ev x ¯’vbv‡¼i wPý e`jvq| myZivs
y -A‡ÿi mv‡c‡ÿ †Kv‡bv we›`yi Q x, y  Gi cÖwZ”Qwe Q x, y  |
Kvh©c×wZ:
1. QK KvM‡R x -Aÿ I y -Aÿ wbe©vPb Kiæb|
2. myweavgZ GK‡K ( G‡ÿ‡Î ÿy`ª 5 e‡M©i evû = 1 GKK )  2,3 we›`ywU ¯’vcb Kiæb|
3.  2,3 we›`ywUi cÖwZ”Qwe we›`ywU wPwýZ Kiæb|
dj msKjb: x -A‡ÿi mv‡c‡ÿ  2,3 we›`ywUi cÖwZ”Qwe  2,3 Ges y -A‡ÿi mv‡c‡ÿ  2,3 we›`yi
cÖwZ”Qwe 2,3 |
mgm¨v bs 6 -A‡ÿi mv‡c‡ÿ †Kv‡bv †iLvs‡ki cÖwZ”Qwe wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e| ZvwiL:
mgm¨v: -A‡ÿi mv‡c‡ÿ 3x  4 y  12  0 †iLvs‡ki cÖwZ”Qwe wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
-A‡ÿi mv‡c‡ÿ 0, b 
x y x y
ZË¡:   1 mij‡iLvi -A‡ÿi mv‡c‡ÿ cÖwZ”Qwei mgxKiY   1 hv
a b a b
we›`yi cÖwZ”Qwe 0,b  Ges a,0 we›`yMvgx mij‡iLvi mgxKiY|

DcKiY: KvMR, QK KvMR, Kjg, †cwÝj, ivevi, †¯‹j,K¨vjKz‡jUi

BZ¨vw`|
Kvh©c×wZ:
x y
1. cÖ`Ë mii‡iLv‡K   1 AvKv‡i cÖKvk Kiæb|
a b
2. mij‡iLvi Dfq A‡ÿi †Q`we›`y wbY©q Kiæb|
3. cÖ`Ë mij‡iLv I y -A‡ÿi ‡Q`we›`yi cÖwZ”Qwe x -A‡ÿi
mv‡c‡ÿ wbY©q Kiæb|
4. QK KvM‡Ri Dfq Aÿ eivei †QvU e‡M©i 5 evû = 1 GKK a‡i
cÖwZ”Qwe we›`y I a,0 we›`yMvgx mij‡iLvi mgxKiY A¼b
Kiæb|
3x 4 y
 1    1 hv AÿØq‡K 4,0  I 0,3 we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i|
x y
dj msKjb: 3x  4 y  12  0  
12 12 4 3
0,3 we›`yi cÖwZ”Qwe 0,3 ( x -A‡ÿi mv‡c‡ÿ)|
 4,0  Ges 0,3 we›`yMvgx mij‡iLvi mgxKiY
30
y0 x  4
04
3
ev, y  x  4
4
ev, 4 y  3x  12
ev, 3x  4 y  12  0
djvdj: x -A‡ÿi mv‡c‡ÿ 3x  4 y  12  0 †iLvs‡ki cÖwZ”Qwei mgxKiY 3x  4 y  12  0 |
wbw`©ó †iLvi mv‡c‡ÿ we›`y Ges †iLvs‡ki cÖwZ”Qwe:
GKwU wbw`©ó †iLvi mv‡c‡ÿ †Kv‡bv we›`yi cÖwZ”Qwe ej‡Z H †iLv eivei GKwU KvMR fuvR Ki‡j we›`ywU KvM‡Ri
Aci cv‡k¦© †h we›`y‡Z ¯úk© K‡i Zv‡K eySvq| A_©vr GKwU wbw`©ó †iLvi mv‡c‡ÿ †Kv‡bv we›`y Ges Zvi cÖwZ”Qwe we›`y
mg`~ieZx© Ges GB we›`yØq Øviv MwVZ mij‡iLv D³ wbw`©ó †iLvi Dci j¤^| g‡b Kiæb,
ax  by  c  0..............(i) mij‡iLvi mv‡c‡ÿ P  ,   we›`yi cÖwZ”Qwe P ,   wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
a
Dc‡iv³ †iLvi Xvj  .
b
GUv ¯úó †h, PP †iLv ax  by  c  0 †iLvi Dci j¤^ | aiæb, Rx1 , y1  , PP †iLvi ga¨we›`y|
     
  x1 Ges  y1
2 2
ev,    2 x1   Ges    2 y1  
 P  ,   we›`yi cÖwZ”Qwe 2 x1   ,2 y1    .
mgm¨v bs 7 †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó †iLvi mv‡c‡ÿ †Kv‡bv we›`yi cÖwZ”Qwe wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e| ZvwiL:
mgm¨v: x  y  2  0 mij‡iLvi mv‡c‡ÿ 3,7  we›`yi cÖwZ”Qwe wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|

ZË¡: ax  by  c  0 mij‡iLvi mv‡c‡ÿ P ,   we›`yi cÖwZ”Qwe

P ,   †hLv‡b    2 x1   Ges    2 y1   ; R  x1 , y1  ,
PP †iLvi ga¨we›`y|
BZ¨vw`|
Kvh©c×wZ:
1. P ,   we›`yMvgx ax  by  c  0 †iLvi j¤^ †iLvi mgxKiY
wbY©q K‡i Zv‡ì †Q`we›`y wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. †Q`we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ x1 , y1  n‡j    2 x1   Ges    2 y1  
m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨  ,   Gi cÖwZ”Qwe  ,   wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. QK KvM‡Ri Dfq Aÿ eivei †QvU e‡M©i 5 evû = 1 GKK a‡i
cÖwZ”Qwe we›`y  ,   wPwýZ Kiæb|
dj msKjb: cÖ`Ë †iLv x  y  2  0 ...........(i)
aiæb, P3,7  we›`yi cÖwZ”Qwe P ,   .
(i) bs †iLvi j¤^ †iLvi mgxKiY x  y  k  0 hv P 3,7  we›`yMvgx|
myZivs 3  7  k  0 ev k  4
myZivs PP †iLvi mgxKiY x  y  4  0 ............(ii)
GLb, (i) I (ii) Gi †Q`we›`yi ¯’vbv¼  1,3 .
myZivs (i) Gi mv‡c‡ÿ 3,7  we›`yi cÖwZ”Qwe 2   1  3,2  3  7   5,1
djvdj: x  y  2  0 mij‡iLvi mv‡c‡ÿ 3,7  we›`yi cÖwZ”Qwe  5,1
mgm¨v bs 8 wbw`©ó †iLvi mv‡c‡ÿ †iLvs‡ki cÖwZ”Qwe wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e| ZvwiL:
mgm¨v: x  y  3  0 †iLvi mv‡c‡ÿ 3x  y  5  0 †iLvi cÖwZ”Qwe wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
ZË¡: L1 †iLvi mv‡c‡ÿ L2 †iLvi cÖwZ”Qwe L3 n‡j L3 †iLvi mgxKiY y  y1  m3 x  x1  ‡hLv‡b m3 n‡”Q
m2  m1 m3  m1
L3 Gi Xvj ,  x1 , y1  n‡”Q L1 I L2 Gi †Q`we›`y Ges   m¤ú‡K©i mvnv‡h¨ m3 Gi gvb
1  m1m2 1  m3m1
†ei Kiv hvq †hLv‡b m1 I m2 n‡”Q h_vμ‡g L1 I L2 Gi Xvj|
Kvh©c×wZ:
1. cÖ`Ë mgxKiY `ywUi †Q`we›`y I Xvj wbY©q Kiæb|
2. cÖwZ”Qwe †iLvi Xvj wbY©q Kiæb|
3. m~‡Îi gva¨‡g cÖ_g †iLvi mv‡c‡ÿ wØZxq †iLvi cÖwZ”Qwei mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb|
dj msKjb:
L1 : x  y  3  0  y  x  3
L2 : 3 x  y  5  0  y  3 x  5

Xvj m1  1, m2  3
mgvavb K‡i cvB, L1 I L2 Gi †Q` we›`y  4,7 
m2  m1 m  m1 3 1 m 1 1 m 1 1
GLv‡b   3   3   3  m3  .
1  m1m2 1  m3m1 1  1  3 1  m3  1 2 1  m3 3
1
 L3 Gi mgxKiY, y  7   x  4 ev, x  3 y  17  0 .
3
djvdj: cÖwZ”Qwe †iLvi mgxKiY x  3 y  17  0
1. 2,5 Ges  3,4 we›`yØ‡qi ms‡hvRK †iLvsk‡K †h we›`ywU 1 t 3 Abycv‡Z AšÍwe©f³ K‡i Zvi ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q
Kiæb|
2.  1,3 Ges  2,2 we›`yØ‡qi ms‡hvRK †iLvsk‡K †h we›`ywU 2 t 3 Abycv‡Z AšÍwe©f³ K‡i Zvi ¯’vbv¼
wbY©q Kiæb|
3. 0,2 Ges 5,3 we›`yØ‡qi ms‡hvRK †iLvsk‡K †h we›`ywU 3 t 2 Abycv‡Z ewnwe©f³ K‡i Zvi ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q
Kiæb|
4. mvaviY m~‡Îi gva¨‡g A 1,4 , B2,3 I C  3,3 kxl© wewkó wÎfz‡Ri wPÎ A¼b I †ÿÎdj wbY©q Kiæb|
5. mvaviY m~‡Îi gva¨‡g A1,5, B3,2  I C  4,1 kxl© wewkó wÎfz‡Ri wPÎ A¼b I †ÿÎdj wbY©q Kiæb|
6. x  3 y  3  0 mgxKi‡Yi †jLwPÎ A¼b Kiæb|
7. 2 x  5 y  3  0 mgxKi‡Yi †jLwPÎ A¼b Kiæb|
8. Dfq A‡ÿi mv‡c‡ÿ 3,5 we›`yi cÖwZ”Qwe wbY©q Kiæb|
9. x  3 y  1  0 †iLvi mv‡c‡ÿ 3x  4 y  5  0 †iLvi cÖwZ”Qwe wbY©q Kiæb|
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb-
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
1. Kve¨ A 2,1 Ae¯’vb n‡Z hvÎv K‡i †mvRv B 3,2  Ae¯’v‡b †cŠQvq Ges †mLvb n‡Z c~bivq hvÎv K‡i
C 3,3 Ae¯’v‡b wM‡q †cuŠQvq|
(i) Kve¨ †gvU KZ `~iZ¡ AwZμg Kij?
(ii) Kve¨ Zvi Avw` Ae¯’vb n‡Z eZ©gv‡b KZ `~‡i Av‡Q?
2. GKwU †g‡m 10 Rb QvÎ _vK‡j †gvU LiP nq 1200 UvKv Ges 15 QvÎ _vK‡j †gvU LiP nq 1400 UvKv|
Zvn‡j
(i) H †g‡mi QvÎ Ges †gvU Li‡Pi ga¨Kvi mij‰iwLK m¤úK© wbY©q Kiæb|
(ii) H †g‡m 25 Rb QvÎ _vK‡j Zv‡ì †gvU LiP KZ n‡e?
eûwbe©Pbx cÖkœ
mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b (1-36):
1. wØZxq PZzf©v‡M-
(K) x I y DfqB abvZ¡K (L) x I y DfqB FYvZ¡K

(M) x abvZ¡K Ges y FYvZ¡K (N) x FYvZ¡K Ges y abvZ¡K

2.  4,1 we›`ywU †Kvb PZzf©‡M Aew¯’Z
(K) cÖ_g PZzf©v‡M (L) wØZxq PZzf©v‡M (M) Z…Zxq PZzf©v‡M (N) PZz_© PZzf©v‡M
3. 1,1 we›`ywUi †cvjvi ¯’vbv¼ ‡KvbwU
(K) 1,0 
(L) 2 ,    
(M)  2 , 
4

(N) 3 ,45o 
4. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv jÿ Kiæb: 
(i) Kv‡Z©mxq ¯’vbv¼ GKB mgZ‡j  x, y  Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
(ii) ‡cvjvi ¯’vbv¼ GKB mgZ‡j r ,  Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
x
(iii) Kv‡Z©mxq I †cvjvi ¯’vbv‡¼i g‡a¨ m¤úK©: r  x 2  y 2 Ges   tan 1  
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?  y
(K) (i) (L) (ii) (M) (i) Ges (ii) (N) (i), (ii) Ges (iii)
5. 2,5 Ges  4,7  we›`y `yBwUi ms‡hvM †iLvs‡ki mgwØLÛK we›`yi ¯’vbv¼-
(K)  1,1 (L)  1,1 (M) 1,1 (N) 1,1
6. we›`ywU Ges we›`yØ‡qi ms‡hvRK †iLvsk‡K †h Abycv‡Z AšÍwe©f³ K‡i Zv nj-
(K) (L) (M) (N)
7. Ges we›`yØ‡qi ms‡hvRK †iLvsk‡K x-Aÿ †h Abycv‡Z AšÍwe©f³ K‡i Zv nj-
(K) (L) (M) (N)
8. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv jÿ Kiæb:
(i) wÎfz‡Ri fi‡K›`ª cÖ‡Z¨K ga¨gv‡K 2:1 Abycv‡Z AšÍwe©f³ K‡i |
 m x  m2 x1 m1 y2  m2 y1 
(ii) ewnwe©fw³Kvix we›`y R  x, y  Gi ¯’vbv¼ =  1 2 , |
 m1  m2 m1  m2 
 x  x y  y2 
(iii) mgwØLwÛZ we›`yi ¯’vbv¼, x, y    1 2 , 1 |
 2 2 
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) (i) Ges (ii) (L) (ii) (M) (i) Ges (iii) (N) (i), (ii) Ges (iii)
9. Ges we›`y wZbwU Øviv MwVZ wÎfz‡Ri †ÿÎdj n‡e-
(K) (L) (M) (N)
10. Ges we›`y wZbwU mg‡iL n‡j a Gi gvb n‡e-
(K) (L) (M) 2 (N)
(i) wÎfz‡Ri kxl© we›`yÎq mg‡iL n‡j MwVZ wÎfz‡Ri †ÿÎdj k~b¨ nq|
(ii) .
(iii) GKwU kxl© we›`y g~j we›`y n‡j, †ÿÎdj
(K) (i) Ges (ii) (L) (ii) (M) (i) Ges (iii) (N) (i), (ii) Ges (iii)
12. Ges we›`yØq n‡Z mg`~ieZx© we›`ymg~‡ni †mU Øviv m„ó mÂvic‡_i mgxKiY-
(K) (L) (M) (N)
13. -Aÿ n‡Z mg`~ieZx© we›`ymg~‡ni mÂvic_ Gi mgxKiY †KvbwU-
(K) (L) (M) (N)
(i) mÂvic‡_i mgxKiY wbY©‡qi Rb¨ ‡Kv‡bv k‡Z©i cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|

(ii) mÂvic‡_i MwZkxj we›`y‡K ÓPjgvb we›`yÓ e‡j|

(iii)mÂvic‡_i mgxKiY me©`v mij‡iLv wb‡`©k K‡i|
(K) (i) Ges (ii) (L) (ii) (M) (i) Ges (ii) (N) (i), (ii) Ges (iii)
15. Ges we›`yØq w`‡q MgbKvix mij‡iLvi Xvj-
(K) (L) (M) (N)
16. hw` GKwU mij‡iLv x-A‡ÿi abvZ¡K w`‡Ki mv‡_ †KvY K‡i hvq, Z‡e Xvj n‡e-
(K) (L) (M) (N)
17. mij‡iLvi Xvj ‡KvbwU-
(K) (L) (M) (N)
(i) x-A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj mij‡iLvi Xvj k~b¨ (0).
(ii) y-A‡ÿi mgšÍivj mij‡iLvi Xvj mÁvwqZ bq|
we›`yØ‡qi fzRØ‡qi AšÍi
(iii) `yBwU wbw`©ó we›`yMvgx mij‡iLvi Xvj = we›`yØ‡qi †KvwUØ‡qi AšÍi
(K) (i) Ges (ii) (L) (ii) Ges (iii) (M) (i) Ges (ii) (N) (i), (ii) Ges (iii)
19. Ges we›`y w`‡q hvq Giƒc mij‡iLvi mgxKiY-
(K) (L) (M) (N)
20. †Kv‡bv mij‡iLv -A‡ÿi abvZ¡K w`‡Ki mv‡_ †KvY Drcbœ Ki‡j Xvj n‡e-
(K) (L) (M) 1 (N) AmsÁvwqZ
21. -Aÿ mgvšÍivj Ges Zvi wb‡P 5 GKK `~‡i Aew¯’Z mij‡iLvi mgxKiY-
(K) (L) (M) (N)
(i) - A‡ÿi mgxKiY |
(ii) - A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj †iLvi mgxKiY |
(iii) we›`yMvgx Ges m Xvjwewkó mij‡iLvi mgxKiY |
(K) (i) Ges (ii) (L) (ii) (M) (i) Ges (ii) (N) (i), (ii) Ges (iii)
23. Ges †iLvØ‡qi †Q`we›`yi ¯’vbv¼-
(K) (L) (M) (N)
24. Ges †iLvØ‡qi AšÍM©Z †KvY-
(K) , (L) , (M) (N) ,
(i) `yBwU mij‡iLv mgvšÍivj n‡j Zv‡ì GKwU †Q`we›`y _vK‡e |
(ii) hw` nq ZLb
m1  m2
(iii) tan   
1  m1m2
(K) (i) Ges (ii) (L) (i) Ges (iii) (M) (iii) (N) (ii)

26. Ges †iLvØq mgvšÍivj n‡j Gi gvb KZ?

(K) 4 (L) -3 (M) 3 (N) ‡Kv‡bvUvB bq
27. †iLvi Dci j¤^ Ges we›`yw`‡q hvq Giƒc mij‡iLvi mgxKiY-
(K) (L)
(M) (N)
28. -A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj Ges I †iLvØ‡qi †Q`we›`y w`‡q hvq Giƒc mij‡iLvi
mgxKiY-
(K) (L) (M) (N)
29. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸wj jÿ Kiæb-
a1 a2
(i) `yBwU mij‡iLv ci¯úi mgvšÍivj nIqvi kZ© 
b1 b2
(ii) `yBwU mij‡iLv ci¯úi j¤^ nIqvi kZ© m1m2  1 .
 a   a 
(iii) `yBwU mij‡iLv ci¯úi j¤^ nIqvi kZ©   1     2   1 .
 b1   b2 
(K) (i) Ges (ii) (L) (i) Ges (iii) (M) (iii) (N) (i), (ii) Ges (iii)
30. 2,5 we›`y Ges x  y  3  0 I x  y  1  0 †iLvØ‡qi †Q`we›`yMvgx mij‡iLvi mgxKiY-
(K) x  7 y  2  0 (L) 7 x  y  9  0 (M) x  5 y  9 (N) 7 x  y  9
31. k Gi gvb KZ n‡j kx  y  3  0, x  2 y  0, 3x  y  1  0 †iLvÎq mgwe›`y n‡e|
(K) 5 (L) 7 (M) 8 (N) 9
(i) GKwU we›`y w`‡q AmsL¨ mij‡iLv AvuKv hvq|
(ii) `yBwU mij‡iLvi †Q`we›`yMvgx mij‡iLvi mgxKiY ax1  by1  c  k ax2  by2  c   0
a1 b1 c1
(iii) wZbwU †iLvi mgwe›`y nIqvi kZ© a2 b2 c2  0
a3 b3 c3
(K) (i) Ges (ii) (L) (i) Ges (iii) (M) (iii) (N) (i), (ii) Ges (iii)
33. 2 x  3 y  5  0 Ges 2 x  3 y  10  0 mgvšÍivj †iLvØ‡qi gaëZx© `~iZ¡-
(K) 13 (L) 12 (M) 3 (N) 5
34. g~jwe›`y †_‡K 3x  4 y  10  0 †iLvi j¤^ `~iZ¡ -
(K) 3 (L) 2 (M) 4 (N) 10
35. 2,3 we›`y †_‡K x  3 y  13  0 †iLvi j¤^ `~iZ¡ -
3 6 5
(K) (L) (M) (N) 7
13 13 12
c
(i) g~j we›`y n‡Z ax  by  c  0 †iLvi j¤^ `~iZ¡  .
a  b2
2

(ii)  x1 , y1  I  x2 , y2  we›`yØq ax  by  c  0 †iLvi GKB cv‡k¦© Aew¯’Z n‡e hw` ax1  by1  c  0 I
ax2  by2  c  0 ivwk `yBwUi gvb wecixZ wPý wewkó nq|
(iii) ax1  by1  c  0 Ges ax2  by2  c  0 †iLvØ‡qi AšÍfz©³ †KvYmg~‡ni mgwØLÛ‡Ki mgxKiY n‡e
ax1  by1  c ax2  by2  c
 |
a2  b2 a 2  b2
(K) (i) Ges (ii) (L) (i) Ges (iii) (M) (iii) (N) (i)
DËigvjv-
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 4.1
1. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
2. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
3. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

4 (i) (ii) (iii)
5. (i) (ii) (iii)

1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 3:4, Ges 6. I 7. 8. 1:2

1. 7 2. 10 eM© GKK 3. ev 4.
5.

1. , y-Aÿ 2. 7x2 +7y2+72x-144=0 3.
4. y2=a(2x-1) 5.

1. Xvj Ges 2. Xvj Ges 3. Xvj Ges
4. Xvj Ges 5. 6.

7. 8.

1. 2. 3. 4. 4 Ges 5
5. 6. 7. 10.
11. 12.
13. 14. 15. Ges
16. 17. , eM© GKK 18.

1. 2. 3. 4.
5.

1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7.

1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6.
7. 8.
1. 2. ,
3. , 4.
5. , abvZ¡K cv‡k¦©; , FYvZ¡K cv‡k¦©;
6. abvZ¡K cv‡k¦©; FYvZ¡K cv‡k¦©;
8.
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
1. (N) 2. (L) 3. (M) 4. (M) 5. (L)
6. (L) 7. (M) 8. (M) 9. (L) 10. (M)
11. (N) 12. (M) 13. (L) 14. (L) 15. (N)
16. (L) 17. (L) 18. (K) 19. (M) 20. (L)
21. (L) 22. (N) 23. (L) 24. (M) 25. (M)
26. (L) 27. (K) 28. (L) 29. (N) 30. (L)
31. (M) 32. (K) 33. (M) 34. (L) 35. (L)
36. (N)

Unit 04

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mij‡iLv BDwbU

(The Straight Line) 4

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡ev©”P mgq 15 w`b

cvV 4.1 mgZ‡j Kv‡Z©mxq I †cvjvi ¯’vbv¼

c„ôv 70 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq

(iv) PZz_© PZzf©v‡M _vK‡j x abvZ¡K, y FYvZ¡K|

c„ôv 72 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq

`yBwU we›`yi ga¨eZ©x `~iZ¡ (Distance between two points):

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 4.1-

1. wb¤œ wjwLZ Kv‡Z©mxq we›`y¸wji †cvjvi ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q Kiæb:

4. wb¤œwjwLZ mgxKiY¸wj‡K Kv‡Z©mxq AvKv‡i cÖKvk Kiæb:

cvV 4.2 †iLv wef³Kvix we›`yi ¯’vbv¼

gyL¨ kã †iLvsk, AbycvZ, AšÍwe©f³, ewnwe©f³, fi‡K›`ª

c„ôv 74 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq

c„ôv 76 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 4.2-

cvV 4.3 wÎfz‡Ri †ÿÎdj (Area of a triangle)

gyL¨ kã kxl©we›`y, Aÿ, †ÿÎdj, UªvwcwRqvg

c„ôv 78 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 4.3-

cvV 4.4 mÂvic_ (Locus)

gyL¨ kã mÂvic_, Pjgvb we›`y, mgxKiY

c„ôv 80 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 4.4-

cvV 4.5 mij‡iLvi Xvj (Slope of the straight line)

gyL¨ kã Xvj, j¤^, mgvšÍivj, U¨vb‡RU

†Kvb mij‡iLv x-A‡ÿi abvZ¡K w`‡Ki mv‡_ †h †KvY Drcbœ K‡i Y

myZivs AB †iLvi Xvj m  tan  Ges CD †iLvi Xvj B

c„ôv 82 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 4.5-

mij‡iLvi cÖwgZ mgxKiY mg~n

gyL¨ kã PjK, NvZ, Aÿ, mgvšÍivj, j¤^, mÂvic_

P n‡Z OX Gi Dci PM j¤^ AuvKzb| C (0,b)

x-A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj mij †iLvi mgxKiY y  b . Y

c„ôv 84 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq

aiæb, AB †iLvi Dci Px, y  †h †Kv‡bv GKwU we›`y | yc

c  0 n‡j †iLvwU g~jwe›`yMvgx Ges ZLb †iLvwUi mgxKiY n‡e y  mx .

(e) x1 , y1  we›`yMvgx Ges m Xvjwewkó mij‡iLvi mgxKiY:

c„ôv 86 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq

myZivs †iLvwU Øviv x-A‡ÿi LwÛZvsk  OA Y

Zvn‡j ON  p Ges AON   myZivs BON  90    .

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 4.6-

1. gyjwe›`y O(0,0) Ges P(4,3) n‡j OP Gi mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb|

c„ôv 88 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq

4. 5 x  4 y  20 †iLv Øviv x I y A‡ÿi LwÛZvsk wbY©q Kiæb|

cvV 4.7 †jLwP‡Î mij‡iLv Dc¯’vcb (Graph of straight line)

gyL¨ kã †jLwPÎ, dvskb, e¨ewa, QK KvMR, e„ËPvc

AÿØ‡qi LwÛZvsk Rvbv Av‡Q Ggb mij‡iLvi †jLwPÎ AsKb Y

m Xvj wewkó g~jwe›`yMvgx mij‡iLvi †jLwPÎ AsKb Y

c„ôv 90 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq

D`vnviY 1: 3 y  x mij‡iLvwUi †jLwPÎ AsKb Kiæb|

D`vnviY 2: 3,2 Ges  4,2 we›`yMvgx mij‡iLvi †jLwPÎ AsKb Kiæb|

cvV 4.8 `yBwU mij‡iLvi †Q`we›`y I AšÍf©z³ †KvY

gyL¨ kã mij‡iLv, †Q`we›`y, AšÍf©z³ †KvY

`yBwU mij‡iLvi AšÍf©y³ †KvY (Angle between two straight lines)

(ii) g‡b Kiæb, mij‡iLv `yBwUi mgxKiY

c„ôv 92 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq

D`vnviY 4: x  y  4  0 Ges x  y  5  0 : n‡j †`Lvb ‡h, †iLvØq ci¯úi j¤^|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 4.8-

1. 3x  4 y  1  0 I 6 x  5 y  8  0 †iLvØ‡qi †Q`we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q Kiæb|

cvV 4.9 `yBwU mij‡iLvi ci¯úi mgvšÍivj ev j¤^ nIqvi kZ©

gyL¨ kã mgvšÍivj, j¤^