Cardiology - final test,

Seria 2, English Group,

November 29, 2022
Cardiology Dept – “Elias” University Hospital

Short answer questions (answer precisely, stay brief, be concise):

1. Describe four main clinical findings in patients that present with chronic inferior limb ischemia
(peripheral artery disease).
No pulse, cold extremities, pallor, changes of skin and nails, loss of hair, finger tip necrosis
2. Provide four criteria to define massive pulmonary embolism:
systemic hypotension and shock, pulmonary HT, right heart dilatation, increase in nt-proBNP and
troponin, syncope
3. Provide four criteria of severity of myocardial ischemia in patients with chronic angina that perform
ECG exercise testing
Exercise limiting angina, exercise induced hypotension, early ST changes, ST elevation, persistent ST
depression in recovery, chronotropic incompetence. Exercise induced ventricular arrhythmias.
4. Describe 4 main complications of mitral stenosis
Atrial fibrillation, pulmonary edema, systemic cardioembolism, endocarditis, venocapillary pulmonary
HT, right HF.
5. Enumerate at least three causes of aortic stenosis:

Rheumatic, degenerative, calcific, congenital

6. Enumerate 5 contraindications for cardioversion of atrial fibrillation

Depressed EF except tachycardiomyopathy, left atrial appendage thrombus, uncontrolled

hyperthyroidism, persistent AFib without OAC, large LA volume, recent systemic cardioembolism

7. Enumerate five cardiac conditions responsible for ventricular tachycardia / fibrillation:

Acute MI, cardiomyopathy, severe aortic stenosis, channelopathies (Brugada), long QT sdr, HFreF

8. Enumerate at least five main clinical signs of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction

Tachyarrhythmia, gallop sounds, AV valve regurgitation, heart dilatation, pulsus alternans, edema,
pleural effusion, cachexia

9. Enumerate at least three causes of type 2 acute myocardial infarction:

Acute anemia, tachyarrhytmia, coronary spasm, spontaneous coronary artery dissection, microvascular
dysfunction, Takotsubo
10. Enumerate at least four causes for chronic arterial pulmonary hypertension:
Chronic pulmonary thromboembolic disease, primary PAH, COPD, interstitial lung disease