Embedded Based Electronic Ration Center

Introduction

India’s Public Distribution System (PDS) with a network of 4.78 Lakh Fair Price
Shops (FPS) is perhaps the largest retail system in the world. Major problems due to this
system are the inefficiency in the targeting of beneficiaries and the resulting leakage of
subsidies. The TPDS system today supports over 40 crore Indians below the poverty line
with monthly supply of subsidized food grains. The Government of India is having a UID
(Unique Identification) number system called AADHAR number, which contains all
general information like age, count of family, finger print of the family, address, contact
numbers, bank account information etc. for every resident in the country. Using the
AADHAR number and the contact details, the Government can send a message (SMS) to
the individuals, containing information regarding quality and quantity of products allotted
to him/her in a respective ration shop.
To introduce our project is called * Automotive unmanned ration system “
Abstract

Automatic control, is the use of various control systems operating equipment such as
machinery, processes in factories, boilers and heat treating ovens, switching on telephone
networks, steering and stabilization of ships, aircraft and other applications and vehicles
with minimal or reduced human intervention. Some processes have been completely
automated.

Machine tools are a key component in industrial production processes as they play an
important role in the added value of manufactured products. The main objective of this
project is to develop a Automative un manned ration system to improve the overall
productivity and process quality of production line.

With this objective in mind, project has focused in active spindle heads and smart fixtures
proposing a new generation of UN manned Ration machine system.

Our project to improve the dynamic behaviour of machine tools in several aspects
and increase their productivity introducing new features in existing ration system
Methods

More people are using Ration products due to cost control and Good quality. Our project
concept is Electronic based Ration supply center. Each ration card holder having
electronic card when any person purchase the ration products they have to the card
scanner section. Each card holder will have their own password. After inserting a card in
the card scanner and the card holder will enter the password. Then the unit will display
all products which is eligible to that particular card holder. The card holder select the
products and then the cost of the product automatically credit to the ration shop account
the product come out in the output section. In the output section the product will count
according to the list of product.
Block Diagram
Block Explanation

Power supply:
The power supply section is very useful to give power to all sections. In this section we
are using regulated IC 7805. The IC output gets a 5volt constant voltage supply and other
unregulated supply connects to the relay driving section.

Micro controller
In this micro controller we are programmed in assembly language program. The inputs
and outputs are connected in the hardware circuits and check the input signal and analysis
the program and give the corresponding output signal to the output port.

Relay driving Section:

In this relay driving section is connected in the output of the micro controller. If the
micro controller gives a signal the relay will switch ON. The relay will ON or OFF
depends upon the micro controller signal. The relay is very useful to enable or disable the
output devices like alarm, camera supply etc.,

TONE ENCODER SECTION:-

In this section we using a tone encoder chip um 91214. The output of the matrix
keypad switch is connected to the input of the tone encoder section. When we press any
switch, this tone encoder chip will analyze and its output will give the corresponding tone
signal.

TONE DECODER SECTION

In this section we are using tone decoder chip CMD 8870. We are connecting the
input of tone signal to this chip and its output get the corresponding digital signal in four
bit BCD output and also give the acknowledge signal. This signal will be connected to
the input of the micro controller.

LCD display:

In this section very useful to display the display message. Here we are using use 16*2
matrix LCD display.

IR Transmitter and IR Recevier

The IR transmitter sends an IR radiation(in the infrared wavelength region),which is

reflected of a surface and falls upon a reciever.Due to the falling of light on the reciever a
potential difference is created across the ends.This p.d is recognized by a microcontroller
as HIGH or LOW.

Project Working principle:

Every ration customers is having electronic cards (we are using a IC2402). If any persons
want to purchase a ration product they have to go to the electronic ration shops. We
assumed that the ration shop is our project kit. While inserting their electronic card in the
electronic card reader section and enters their password number with the help of input
keys. The micro controller will read the card data and it compare with the corresponding
password. If the password matches the micro controller will display the eligible product.
The customer will select the product one by one by using input keys. After selecting the
product, the micro controller will display the cost of the product then it will debit the
amount from the customer bank account. And the amount from the customer’s account
will credit in the ration card account. Then in the output sections, a model door will open
and the output sensor will count number of products which will match with the customer
selected number of products and then the door will close (we assumed that the output
sections are machinery product output sections).

Hardware description

IC2402:

IC24c04 is a memory IC. We can store the customer data like customer code, password
number, and bank account balance in the memory chip. If the customer enters the chip
the microcontroller read all datas and it will compared with the stored data’s. If the
customer could not enter the correct password immediately the micro controller will not
continue the next step. If the customer enters the correct password then the micro
controller change the data i.e. account balance will change in the particular customer chip
and the micro controller writes the changed data (current available balance).
Power supply

This section is to give the DC Supply all section. In this section we are using Step down
transformer. In this transformer we are connecting a main card wire in primary as input
and in secondary output we got a 12V supply. These supplies are AC supply. But we
require DC supply. For that we are rectifying the supply by using Bridge rectifier. The
DC supplies are connected to the regulated (Positive regulator) IC and its output gets the
constant voltage.
Regulated Chip Details

Positive & Negative Voltage Regulators

 3 Terminal Regulators
 Output Current up to 1.5A
 No external Components
 Internal Thermal Overload Protection
 High Power Dissipation Capability
 Internal short circuit current limiting
 Output transistor safe-area compensation

Description
This series of fixed voltage monolithic integrated circuit voltage regulators is designed
for a wide range of application. These applications include on card regulation for
elimination of noise and distribution problems associated with single point regulation.
Each of these regulators can deliver up to 1.5 amperes of output current. The internal
current limiting and thermal shutdown features of these regulators make them essentially
immune to overload. In addition to use as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be
used with external components to obtain adjustable output voltages and currents and also
as the power pass element in precision regulators

LCD display

Hex keyboard and 2 line, 16 characters LCD display

Description:

This interface, board consists of Matrix Hex keyboard and 2 line, 16 characters LCD text
display.

LCD Display:

LCD display has got built in controller. To display a character or numeral, the
corresponding ASCII value is to be given as input. The controller in turn converts the
ASCII value into dot matrix format and displays it. The characters are displayed in 5*7
matrix format. The LCD display works with 5V power supply. The contrast of the display
is adjusted through a variable resistance, which is connected across 5V power supply.

Before writing the data, certain commands are to be sent to the controller like at what
position the character is to be displayed, the cursor is to be blinking or not.

The LCD display has got 8 data inputs namely DB0 to DB7 (Data Bus signals)

There is another pin namely RS (Register select signal). If a command is written, this pin
is to be made as 0 level, (RS =0, Command Register). If data is written, then this pin is to
be made as 1 level (RS =1, Data register).

There is another pin namely E (Enable signal). The data or command is written into the
controller only by making the Enable signal high to low.

LCD display contains internal buffer memory to store the data. It is also possible to read
the content of the memory. Normally, the command and data are written in the LCD
controller. At the time of writing inside the controller, in addition to giving proper inputs
to the control input pins RS and E, the R/W pin of the LCD display must be kept zero.
The pin details are given as follows.

Interface pin connections

Pin No Symbol Function

1 Vss Gnd
2 Vdd +5V
3 V0 Contrast adjustment
4 RS Register select signal
5 R/W Read/Write signal
6 E Enable signal
7 DB0 Data bus signal
8 DB1 Data bus signal
9 DB2 Data bus signal
10 DB3 Data bus signal
11 DB4 Data bus signal
12 DB5 Data bus signal
13 DB6 Data bus signal
14 DB7 Data bus signal
15 A +4.2 V for BKL
16 K Power supply for BKL (OV)

There are many commands to be used in the LCD display. The following table gives 8 bit
code for selected commands.
LCD Command Codes

Code (Hex) Command to LCD

1 Clear display screen
2 Return home
4 Decrement cursor (shift cursor to left)
6 Increment cursor (shift cursor to right)
5 Shift display right
7 Shift display left
8 Display off, cursor off
A Display off, cursor on
C Display on, cursor off
E Display on, cursor blinking
10 Shift cursor position to left
14 Shift cursor position to right
18 Shift the entire display to the left
1C Shift the entire display to right
80 Force cursor to beginning of 1st Line
C0 Force cursor to the beginning of 2nd Line
38 2 line and 5*7 matrix

In this interface board, the LCD data lines are connected to the port A of IC 8255.
RS pin is connected to PB0
R/W pin is connected to PB1
E Pin is connected to PB2

The signals are to be given appropriately through the Microprocessor or Micro controller
to write information in the controller.
Once the commands and data are written in the LCD controller, there is no necessity to
refresh the display externally. The controller inside the LCD display will take care of this.

Matrix Hex Keyboard:

The keyboard is a 16 keys keyboard. It is constructed in 4*4 matrix. There are 4 rows and
4 column lines. In the intersections of rows and columns, the keys are wired. The row
lines are called scan lines and the column lines are called return lines. The columns are
read inside the processor or controller through port. Normally, the columns are tied with
5V and hence they will be in level.
Then the row lines are given 0 level one by one. At that instant, any key is pressed in that
row, 0 level is transferred to the column line. It is read inside as key input. The row line
and the column line nos generate the key code.

In the application board, PC0- PC3 are used as row lines (input port) and PC4- PC7 are
used as column lines (output port).

IR LEDs

IR LED emits infrared light, means it emits light in the range of Infrared frequency. We
cannot see Infrared light through our eyes; they are invisible to human eyes. The
wavelength of Infrared (700nm – 1mm) is just beyond the normal visible light.
Everything which produces heat emits infrared like our human body. Infrared have the
same properties as visible light, like it can be focused, reflected and polarized like
visible light.

Other than emitting invisible infrared light, IR LED looks like a normal LED and also
operates like a normal LED, means it consumes 20mA current and 3vots power. IR
LEDs have light emitting angle of approx. 20-60 degree and range of approx. few
 centimeters to several feet’s, it depends upon the type of IR transmitter and the
manufacturer. Some transmitters have the range in kilometers.

DTMF ENCODER:-
The UM91214 is a single-chip, silicon gate, CMOS integrated circuit with an on-chip
oscillator for a 3.57MHz crystal or ceramic resonator. It provides dialing pulse(DP) or
dualtonemulti-frequency(DTMF)dialing.
DTMF ENCODER CIRCUIT

FEATURES:
one touch redial operation
tone/pulse switchable
32-digit capacity for redialing
automatic mixed redialing(last number redial) of pulse to DTMF with multiple
automatic access pauses
PABX auto-pause is 2.2 seconds
DTMF timing: manual dialing...Minimum duration for bursts and pauses,
redialing, calibrated timing
hands-free control function
wide operating voltage range:2V to 5.5V
key-in beep tone output
 digits dialed manually after redialing are cascadable and stored as additional
digitals for the next redialing
uses inexpensive ceramic resonator(3.58MHz);(12)two versions for different
telephones systems
built-in power up reset circuit
four extra function keys: flash, pause, redial and DP or DTMF mixed dialing
four-by-four(or 2 of 8)keyboard can be used
low Stand by current.

The absolute maximum ratings of the UM91214 can be summarized as:

supply voltage(VDD):≤6.0V;
input voltage(VIN):VSS-0.3V to VDD+0.3V;
output voltage(VOUT):VSS-0.3V to VDD+0.3V;
output voltage(VOUT)(DP,XMIT MUTE):≤1.2V;
tone output current(Itone):≤50mA;
power dissipation(PD):≤500mW;
operating temperature(TOP):-20℃ to +70℃;
Storage temperature (TSgt):-40℃ to +125℃.

DTMF DECODER/TONE SENSING CIRCUIT:-

The M-8870 is a full DTMF Receiver that integrates both band split filter and
decoder functions into a single 18-pin DIP or SOIC package. Manufactured using CMOS
process technology, the M-8870 offers low power consumption (35 mW max) and
precise data handling. Its filter section uses switched capacitor technology for both the
high and low group filters and for dial tone rejection. Its decoder uses digital counting
techniques to detect and decode all 16 DTMF tone pairs into a 4-bit code. External
component count is minimized by provision of an on-chip differential input amplifier,
clock generator, and latched tri-state interface bus. Minimal external components
required include a low-cost 3.579545 MHz color burst crystal, a timing resistor, and a
timing capacitor.

The M-8870-02 provides a “power-down” option which, when enabled, drops

consumption to less than 0.5 mW. The M-8870-02 can also inhibit the decoding of fourth
column digits
A microcontroller µC) is a computer system on a chip that does a job. It contains an
integrated processor memory (a small amount of RAM, program memory, or both), and
programmable input ports output ports peripherals, which are used to interact with things
connected to the chip[1] A microcontroller is different than a microprocessor which only
contains a cpu (the kind used in a personal computer ).

The microcomputer is making great impact on every activity of the mankind and
is playing and expected to play very important role in the daily functioning of the
developed and developing societies. In the early years of powerful computers larger
computers were designed to solve complex scientific and industrial problems and handle
records of large corporations and Govt. organizations. Only big industries and
institutions were able to purchase large computers. A trend started in the middle of 60s
to design smaller computers for smaller organisations and institutions. This situation
gave the birth minicomputer in the late 60s which pave the way for smaller institutions,
organizations, offices etc to use computers.

The microcomputer outcome of the trend towards smaller computers which

started in the middle of 60s with the rapid advancement in the semiconductor technology
it became possible to fabricate the whole CPU of a digital computer on a single chip
using LSI and VLSI technology. The LSI technology refers to packing as many as 1,000
to 10,000 transistors on a single chip. A CPU built into a single LSI or VLSI chip is
called a microprocessor. A digital computer having microprocessor as the CPU along
with memory and I/O devices is called microcomputer. The prefix micro refers to its
physical size, but not its computing powers. As far as its computing power is concerned,
the latest 32-bit microcomputers are as powerful as a traditional mainframe computer.
Presently it is possible to construct a microcomputer having most of the features of 3rd
generation mainframe computers using just handful of ICs.

The number of bits that a digital computer can process in parallel at a time is
called its word length. It is a measure of the computing power of a computer. The
microcomputers have word lengths of a 4-32 bits whereas large computers have 32-64
bits. 4-bit microprocessors are used for applications in domestic appliances control,
calculators, video games, toys etc. A calculator is not a computer as because it is not a
programmable device. The user does not prepare any program for his calculations. He
performs calculations using step by step method. As far as calculator’s internal systems
is concerned, it is a single chip microcomputer which contains 4-bit microprocessor as its
CPU, semiconductor memory and I/O devices. The manufacturers have stored
permanent program in on-chip semiconductor memory for making calculations. The data
entered by the user are stored in the memory and utilised by the processor while making
calculations. The manufacturers have not made any provision for users to enter
programs.

A single chip microcomputer is also called a microcontroller. A single chip

microcomputer contains all essential elements of a microcomputer on a single chip. It
contains the CPU, ROM/EPROM, RAM, I/O ports, timer, counters, decoder, interrupts,
ADC etc. Previously microcomputers were designed using number of chips, each one
meant for different functions. A microcontroller is designed for a dedicated application
and hence it is called dedicated microcontroller.
PIN DIAGRAM 89s52
PIN DESCRIPTION:
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with
8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using
Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the
industry- standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout.
The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by
a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU
with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a
powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to
many embedded control applications.

PORT 0(Pin 32 to 39):

Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin
can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as
high impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low order
address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0
has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and
outputs the co de bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during
program verification.
PORT 1(Pin 1 to 8):
Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are
pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that
are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull up.
In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count
input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively.
PORT 2(Pin 21 to 28):
Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are
pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that
are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups.
Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program
memory and during accesses to external data memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX
@ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s.
PORT 3(Pin 10 to 17):
Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are
pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs.
RST (Pin 9):
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is
running resets the device. Figure 5-19 shows the reset Circuit.
For Power-On Reset,
 Push the Push Button Switch and active High on RST,
 Release Push Button Switch,
 Capacitor discharges and
 RST goes low
ALE/PROG (Pin 30):
Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the
address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input
(PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant
rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking
purposes.
PSEN (Pin 29):
Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory.
When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated
twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each
access to external data memory.
EA/VPP (Pin 31):
EA stands for External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to
enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at
0000H up to FFFFH. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.
This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash
programming.
XTAL1 (Pin 19)
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating
circuit.
XTAL2 (Pin 18):
This connects to the output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
VCC (Pin 40):
This pin is connected to +5 v Supply voltage.
GND (Pin 20):
This pin is connected to Ground.
Relay

An electromechanical or solid-state device operated by variations in the input

which, in turn, operate or control other devices connected to the output.
They are used in a wide variety of applications throughout industry, such as in
telephone exchanges, digital computers, motor and sequencing controls, and automation
systems. Highly sophisticated relays are utilized to protect electric power systems against
trouble and power blackouts as well as to regulate and control the generation and
distribution of power.

Relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of the
relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. The
coil current can be on or off so relays have two switch positions and they are double
throw (changeover) switches. Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which
can be completely separate from the first. For example a low voltage battery circuit can
use a relay to switch a 230V AC mains circuit. There is no electrical connection inside
the relay between the two circuits, the link is magnetic and mechanical.

The coil of a relay passes a relatively large current, typically 30mA for a 12V relay,
but it can be as much as 100mA for relays designed to operate from lower voltages. Most
ICs (chips) cannot provide this current and a transistor is usually used to amplify the
small IC current to the larger value required for the relay coil. The maximum output
current for the popular 555 timer IC is 200mA so these devices can supply relay coils
directly without amplification.

Relays are usuallly SPDT or DPDT but they can have many more sets of switch
contacts, for example relays with 4 sets of changeover contacts are readily available. For
further information about switch contacts and the terms used to describe them please see
the page on switches.
 Most relays are designed for PCB mounting but you can solder wires directly to the
pins providing you take care to avoid melting the plastic case of the relay.

The supplier's catalogue should show you the relay's connections. The coil will be
obvious and it may be connected either way round. Relay coils produce brief high voltage
'spikes' when they are switched off and this can destroy transistors and ICs in the circuit.
To prevent damage you must connect a protection diode across the relay coil.

The relay's switch connections are usually labeled COM, NC and NO:

 COM = Common, always connect to this, it is the moving part of the

switch.
 NC = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this when the relay coil
is off.
 NO = Normally Open, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is on.
 Connect to COM and NO if you want the switched circuit to be on when
the relay coil is on.
 Connect to COM and NC if you want the switched circuit to be on when
the relay coil is off.

ADVANTAGES OF RELAYS:

 Relays can switch AC and DC, transistors can only switch DC.
 Relays can switch higher voltages than standard transistors.
 Relays are often a better choice for switching large currents (> 5A).
 Relays can switch many contacts at once.
SERVO MOTOR

A servomechanism or servo is an automatic device that uses error-sensing feedback to

correct the performance of a mechanism. The term correctly applies only to systems
where the feedback or error-correction signals help control mechanical position or other
parameters. For example, an automotive power window control is not a servomechanism,
as there is no automatic feedback which controls position the operator does this by
observation. By contrast the car's cruise control uses closed loop feedback, which
classifies it as a servomechanism.

A servomechanism is unique from other control systems because it controls a

parameter by commanding the time-based derivative of that parameter. For example a
servomechanism controlling position must be capable of changing the velocity of the
system because the time-based derivative (rate change) of position is velocity. An
hydraulic actuator controlled by a spool valve and a position sensor is a good example
because the velocity of the actuator is proportional to the error signal of the position
sensor.

Servomechanism may or may not use a servomotor. For example a household

furnace controlled by thermostat is a servomechanism, yet there is no motor being
controlled directly by the servomechanism.A common type of servo provides position
control. Servos are commonly electrical or partially electronic in nature, using an electric
motor as the primary means of creating mechanical force. Other types of servos use
hydraulics, pneumatics, or magnetic principles. Usually, servos operate on the principle
of negative feedback, where the control input is compared to the actual position of the
mechanical system as measured by some sort of transducer at the output.

Any difference between the actual and wanted values (an "error signal") is amplified
and used to drive the system in the direction necessary to reduce or eliminate the error.
An entire science known as control theory has been developed on this type of system.

Servomechanisms were first used in military fire-control and marine navigation

equipment. Today servomechanisms are used in automatic machine tools, satellite-
tracking antennas, automatic navigation systems on boats and planes, and antiaircraft-gun
control systems. Other examples are fly-by-wire systems in aircraft which use servos to
actuate the aircraft's control surfaces, and radio-controlled models which use RC servos
for the same purpose. Many autofocus cameras also use a servomechanism to accurately
move the lens, and thus adjust the focus. A modern hard disk drive has a magnetic servo
system with sub-micrometre positioning accuracy.

Typical servos give a rotary (angular) output. Linear types are common as well, using
a screw thread or a linear motor to give linear motion.Another device commonly referred
to as a servo is used in automobiles to amplify the steering or braking force applied by
the driver. However, these devices are not true servos, but rather mechanical amplifiers.
(See also Power steering or Vacuum servo.) In industrial machines, servos are used to
perform complex motion.

RC SERVOS
RC servos are hobbyist remote control devices servos typically employed in radio-
controlled models, where they are used to provide actuation for various mechanical
systems such as the steering of a car, the flaps on a plane, or the rudder of a boat. RC
servos are composed of a DC motor mechanically linked to a potentiometer. Pulse-width
modulation (PWM) signals sent to the servo are translated into position commands by
electronics inside the servo. When the servo is commanded to rotate, the DC motor is
powered until the potentiometer reaches the value corresponding to the commanded
position. Due to their affordability, reliability, and simplicity of control by
microprocessors; RC servos are often used in small-scale robotics applications.

The servo is controlled by three wires: ground (usually black/orange), power (red) and
control (brown/other colour). This wiring sequence is not true for all servos, for example
the S03NXF Std. Servo is wired as brown (negative), red (positive) and orange (signal).
The servo will move based on the pulses sent over the control wire, which set the angle of
the actuator arm. The servo expects a pulse every 20 ms in order to gain correct
information about the angle. The width of the servo pulse dictates the range of the servo's
angular motion.

A servo pulse of 1.5 ms width will set the servo to its "neutral" position, or 90°. For
example a servo pulse of 1.25 ms could set the servo to 0° and a pulse of 1.75 ms could
set the servo to 180°. The physical limits and timings of the servo hardware varies
between brands and models, but a general servo's angular motion will travel somewhere
in the range of 180° - 210° and the neutral position is almost always at 1.5 ms.Servo
motors are usually powered from either NiCd or the more environmentally friendly
NiMH packs common to most RC devices. More recently these systems are powered by
Lithium Polymer (LiPo) packs, this thechnology affords weight savings and improved
recharging characteristics (often referred to as recycling). Voltage ratings vary from
product to product, but most servos are operated at 4.8 V or 6 V DC from a 4 or 5 cell
battery.

CONVEYOR BELT

Today there are different types of conveyor belts that have been created for conveying
different kinds of material available in PVC and rubber materials.

The belt consists of one or more layers of material. Many belts in general material
handling have two layers. An under layer of material to provide linear strength and shape
called a carcass and an over layer called the cover. The carcass is often a woven fabric
having a warp & weft. The most common carcass materials are polyester, nylon and
cotton. The cover is often various rubber or plastic compounds specified by use of the
belt. Covers can be made from more exotic materials for unusual applications such as
silicone for heat or gum rubber when traction is essential.

Conveyors are durable and reliable components used in automated distribution and
warehousing. In combination with computer controlled pallet handling equipment this
allows for more efficient retail, wholesale, and manufacturing distribution. It is
considered a labor saving system that allows large volumes to move rapidly through a
process, allowing companies to ship or receive higher volumes with smaller storage space
and with less labor expense.

LCD DISPLAY:-

This interface, board consists of Matrix Hex keyboard and 2 line, 16 characters
LCD text display.LCD display has got built in controller. To display a character or
numeral, the corresponding ASCII value is to be given as input. The controller in turn
converts the ASCII value into dot matrix format and displays it. The characters are
displayed in 5*7 matrix format. The LCD display works with 5V power supply. The
contrast of the display is adjusted through a variable resistance, which is connected across
5V power supply.

2*16 lcd panel

Before writing the data, certain commands are to be sent to the controller like at what
position the character is to be displayed, the cursor is to be blinking or not. The LCD
display has got 8 data inputs namely DB0 to DB7 (Data Bus signals)
There is another pin namely RS (Register select signal). If a command is written, this
pin is to be made as 0 level, (RS =0, Command Register). If data is written, then this pin
is to be made as 1 level (RS =1, Data register).There is another pin namely E (Enable
signal). The data or command is written into the controller only by making the Enable
signal high to low. LCD display contains internal buffer memory to store the data. It is
also possible to read the content of the memory. Normally, the command and data are
written in the LCD controller. At the time of writing inside the controller, in addition to
giving proper inputs to the control input pins RS and E, the R/W pin of the LCD display
must be kept zero.
2.10 Interface pin connections

Pin No Symbol Function

1 Vss Gnd

2 Vdd +5V

3 V0 Contrast adjustment

4 RS Register select signal

5 R/W Read/Write signal

6 E Enable signal

7 DB0 Data bus signal

8 DB1 Data bus signal

9 DB2 Data bus signal

10 DB3 Data bus signal

11 DB4 Data bus signal

12 DB5 Data bus signal

13 DB6 Data bus signal

14 DB7 Data bus signal

15 A +4.2 V for BKL

 16 K Power supply for BKL (OV)

INTERFACE PIN DETAILS

There are many commands to be used in the LCD display. The following table gives 8 bit
code for selected commands.
LCD Command Codes

Code Command to LCD

(Hex)

1 Clear display screen

2 Return home

4 Decrement cursor (shift cursor to left)

6 Increment cursor (shift cursor to right)

5 Shift display right

7 Shift display left

8 Display off, cursor off

A Display off, cursor on

C Display on, cursor off

E Display on, cursor blinking

10 Shift cursor position to left

14 Shift cursor position to right

18 Shift the entire display to the left

1C Shift the entire display to right

80 Force cursor to beginning of 1st Line

 C0 Force cursor to the beginning of 2nd Line

38 2 line and 5*7 matrix

LCD COMMAND CODES

In this interface board, the LCD data lines are connected to the port A of IC 8255.
RS pin is connected to PB0
R/W pin is connected to PB1
E Pin is connected to PB2
The signals are to be given appropriately through the Microprocessor or
Microcontroller to write information in the controller.Once the commands and data are
written in the LCD controller, there is no necessity to refresh the display externally. The
controller inside the LCD display will take care of this.

MICRO CONTROLLER & LCD INTERFACING

The interconnections of microcontroller with the LCD are shown in the figure below;
 microcontroller & lcd interfacing circuit
In this diagram, the 89S52 microcontroller port pins are interfaced with the 16*2 LCD
pins. And also a buffer IC 74HC573 is used for the temporary storage of data

MICROCONTROLLER - 89s52
FEATURES:-
 Compatible with MCS®-51 Products
 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory – Endurance:
10,000 Write/Erase Cycles 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
 Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
 Three-level Program Memory Lock.
 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
  32 Programmable I/O Lines
 Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
 Eight Interrupt Sources
 Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
 Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
 Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
 Watchdog Timer
 Dual Data Pointer
 Power-off Flag
 Fast Programming Time
 Flexible ISP Programming (Byte and Page Mode)
 Green (Pb/Halide-free) Packaging Option

DESCRIPTION:-
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller
with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured
using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the
indus-try-standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the
program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile
memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable
Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which
provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control
applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash,
256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit
timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-
chip oscillator, and clock circuitry.
 In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero
frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode
stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system
to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM con-tents but freezes the
oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.

RELAY DRIVING CIRCUIT

In the home, relays are used in refrigerators, automatic washers and dishwashers, and
heat and air-conditioning controls.

Although relays are generally associated with electrical circuitry, there are many
other types, such as pneumatic and hydraulic. Input may be electrical and output directly
mechanical, or vice-versa. Relays using discrete solid-state components, operational
amplifiers, or microprocessors can provide more sophisticated designs. Their use is
increasing, particularly in applications where the relay and associated equipment are
packaged together. This section is to energize the relay coil pins. There are two coil pins
in the relay. One of the coil positive pin is connected from the power supply section and
the other coil pin (ground supply pin) is connected in the transistor collector pin BC547.
The transistor base pins are connected with the resistance and in the input of the relay
driving section. The BC547 emitter pins are grounded. If the micro controller gives signal
to the relay driving section the transistor will switch ON. Immediately the relays will
energize. If the micro controller could not give signal to the relay the transistor will
switch OFF.

Exiting Sytem

• Huge man power used

• Consumer could not benefits all products due to illegal sales
• More consumers but short duration open
• Cash transaction
Proposed system

• Electronically operate like BANK ATM concept

• 24 hours and 7 days work
• All consumer can collect within their convenient time and convenient day
• Avoid illegal sales
IR TX AND RX CKT

The collector of the transistor T2 pin is connect with the micro controller input port pins.
If the transmitter signal receives the IR RX Led the transistor T1 and T2 is in OFF
condition and micro controller gets HIGH signal. When the IR receiver could not able to
receives the IR TX signal the transistor T1 and T@ is in ON condition and micro
controller receives LOW signal from transistor T2 collector pin

Advantages:

1. By using this project to avoid the illegal ration cards.

2. The ration employers cannot sale products in black market.
3. The customer will purchase the eligible product by using this project.

Disadvantages:

If the customer forget their password cannot able to purchase the ration product till the
customer get the new ration card.
 Conclusion
This proposed method can provide a safe, secure and efficient way of public
distribute system. By using this technical concept unmanned ration supply system solves
the problem of manual process in public ration product distribution system. This new
technology gives solution and this research work will make a great change in public
distribution system and provides benefit to the government by sending the current
BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. Introduction to microprocessor for Engineers and Scientists.

- P.K.GHOSH & P.K.SRIDHAR.

2. Microprocessor & Programmed logic.

- KENNETH L.SHORT.
3. Fundamentals of Microprocessors & microcomputer.
- B.RAM
4. Microprocessor & Microcomputer based System Design.
- MOHAMMED RAFIQUZZAMAN.
5. Microcontroller Applications.
- B.P.Singh.
6. Microcontroller Architecture, programming & application.
- A. Kenneth Ayala

7. Electronics for You- Volume 9.

ARCHITECTURE OF 89S52