EMOTION

Emotions: Feelings that generally have both physiological and cognitive

elements and that influence behavior
• Relatively brief episode of synchronized responses (bodily response, facial
expression, subjective evaluation) that indicate the evaluation of an internal or
external event.
• Limited in time

Mood: Diffuse affective state that is pronounced as a change in subjective feeling

• Low intensity, longer duration

Two system theories: One system governs emotional

response, another governs cognitive reactions to
emotional response
• Does your heart pound because you are afraid or are
you afraid because you feel your heart pounding?
Common Sense Theory of Emotion
• A stimulus leads to an emotion, which then leads to bodily arousal.

Snarling dog leads to an emotion of fear, which then leads to bodily arousal (shaking)
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Emotional experience is a reaction to bodily events occurring as a result of
an external situation
• We experience emotions as a result of physiological changes that produce specific sensations,
which the brain interprets as emotions
• Support: Facial feedback hypothesis
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
• Support: Facial feedback hypothesis - theory of emotion that assumes
that facial expressions provide feedback to the brain concerning the
emotion being expressed, which in turn causes and intensifies the emotion
• Snarling dog causes arousal and a facial expression then provide feedback to the
brain about the emotion. The brain then interprets and may also intensify that
emotion.
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
• Experience of emotion is awareness of physiological
responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

Sight of Pounding Fear

oncoming heart (emotion)
car (arousal)
(perception of
stimulus)
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Drawbacks:
• Visceral changes would have to occur relatively quickly
• Physiological arousal does not invariably produce
emotional experience
• Internal organs produce a relatively limited range of
sensations
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
Physiological arousal and emotional experience are produced simultaneously by the same
nerve stimulus
• Rejects the view that physiological arousal alone leads to the perception of emotion
• Cannon and Bard suggested: After we perceive an emotion-producing stimulus, the
thalamus is the initial site of the emotional response
• Thalamus sends responses to autonomic nervous system and the cortex
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
Pounding
heart
Emotion-arousing stimuli (arousal)
simultaneously trigger: Sight of
oncoming
• physiological responses car
(perception of
• subjective experience of emotion stimulus)

Fear
(emotion)
Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion
Emotions are determined jointly by a nonspecific kind of physiological
arousal and its interpretation
• Based on environmental cues
• Supports a cognitive view of emotions
Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
§ To experience emotion Pounding
heart
one must: (arousal)

§ be physically aroused Sight of

oncoming
Fear
(emotion)
(Physiological changes) car
§ cognitively label the arousal (perception of
stimulus)
(Our interpretation of the
situation)
Cognitive
label

“I’m afraid”
Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
Schacter and Singer’s Study of Emotion:
• Participants were told that they would receive an injection of vitamin
• Actually they were given epinephrine (adrenaline)
• While they were waiting, a confederate who was either happy or angry was
there with the participants
• The purpose of the experiment was to see whether the emotion of the
participants could be manipulated by the epinephrine and the emotion of
the confederate (environmental factors).
Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
Schacter and Singer’s Study of Emotion (results):
• Participants who were exposed to the “angry” man interpreted their physical
arousal as anger
• Participants who were exposed to the “happy” man interpreted their
physical arousal as happiness.
• Results suggest that participants used the environmental context and the
behavior of the confederate for explaining the physiological arousal they
were experiencing.
Lazarus’s Theory of Emotion
• Thinking must occur before experiencing emotion.
• Appraisals start the emotion process; initiating
physiological, expressive, behavioral and other
changes that constitute the resulting emotional state
• Three stages:
• The primary appraisal (positive- negative, threatening,
irrelevant)
• Secondary appraisal: Assessment of resources
• Reappraisal: Monitoring of the situation until it is resolved
• Involves both conscious and unconscious processes
Contemporary perspectives
on the neuroscience of emotions
• Different emotions produce activation of
different portions of the brain
• Amygdala plays an important role in the
experience of emotions
• Provides a link between the perception of an emotion-
producing stimulus and the recall of that stimulus later
Current view of emotion
• Two distinct emotion processing systems
• Fast response system:
• Operates at unconscious level
• Provides early warnings of threats
• Seems to have been “pre-wired” for certain fears like spiders and snakes, but
other stuff can be classically conditioned
• Tied to implicit memories
• Conscious emotion processing:
• Tied to explicit memories
• Covers learned fears rather than innate fears
The Functions of Emotions
• Preparing us for action
• Shaping our future behavior
• Helping us for marking important memories
• Helping us interact more effectively with others
Basic Emotions
Limited number of basic emotions:
• Anger
• Fear
• Disgust
• Surprise
• Happiness
• Sadness
Why are they basic emotions?
• Universal across cultures
• Interpretations across cultures are similar
• Characterized by a unique subset of facial muscle movements
• Ability to convey these emotions seems to be innate
• Blind people seem to display them in the same way
Links Between Emotion & Cognition: Learning
• Emotion plays a role in all
• Classical conditioning
• Operant conditioning
• Observational learning
• The main reason for organisms to get
conditioned depends on the
interaction of various emotions,
cravings, desires and is a huge
motivator for learning in general
Links Between Emotion & Cognition: Memory
• Flash-bulb memories are remembered more
vividly than everyday memories in general
• Emotions may not always support “accurate”
retrieval of information
• Vividness does not always correlate with accuracy
• Increased emotions may lead to tunnel memory
• People have a tendency to retrieve memories
according to the mood that they are in
• Thus, emotion plays a role in both how we
encode information and what memories we
will retrieve
Links Between Emotion & Cognition:
Perception & Attention
Emotions affect perception and
attention:
• Certain types of emotional stimuli may
draw attention or hold attention
• Face-in-the-crowd effect: Faster
identification of certain emotional faces
among neutral faces
Links Between Emotion & Cognition:
Decision-making
Emotions are important in making
decisions:
• Coin toss experiment shows that
emotions affect decision making
processes when the emotion is
related to the event (e.g.
negativity, positivity, anxiety)
• Selling & buying items
experiment shows that emotions
affect decision making even
when the emotion has nothing
to do with the task.
Summary videos

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gAMbkJk6gnE&t=41s

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4KbSRXP0wik