UNIT- 5

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 SIGNAL GENERATORS
& DISPLAY DEVICES

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SIGNAL GENERATORS
Categories: DC and AC signal generators
AC signal generators
 Pulse generator-

 Square wave generator

 Sweep generator-

 RF signal generator

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PULSE GENERATOR-
 Piece of electronic test
equipment used to
generate rectangular
pulses.

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 SQUARE WAVE GENERATOR
 Non sinusoidal
periodic waveform that can be
denoted as an infinite summary
of sinusoidal waves.

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 It has an alternate of amplitude
at a fixed frequency between
stable min and max value with
the equal duration.

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SWEEP GENERATOR-
 is a piece of electronic test
equipment which creates
an electrical waveform
with a linearly varying

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frequency and a constant
amplitude.
 Used to test the frequency
response of electronic
filter circuits

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RF SIGNAL GENERATOR

 Essential item of test

instrumentation for
any area where RF or

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microwave test and
development is
undertaken.
 Provides signal source
that can be used to test
the operation of the
circuit being tested or
developed.

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DATA PRESENTATION

 The last stage of a measurement system is the “

DATA PRESENTATION” stage [ output stage]
 This consists of

 1. Display devices
 For instant observation

 2. Recorders
 For future reference and observation

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CONT’D…

 The quantity under measurement must

be displayed for instant observation

 Or to store those information's

 Output stage may also be used for

controlling purposes

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 DISPLAY DEVICES
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HOW TO SELECT DISPLAY DEVICES ?

 Based on

 1. the expected use of the output

 Used for observation

 Used for Recording

 2. expressing in terms of function of time

etc….

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TYPES OF OUTPUT DEVICES
1..Single Number output devices

2..Time domain output devices

3..Machine interpretable output devices

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 SINGLE NUMBER O/P DEVICES
 To indicate the value of a particular
quantity, and it is considered as time
invariant

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  The values of the quantity are as a function of
time
 Indicating instruments : for slow varying signals

 CRT : for rapid signal.

TIME DOMAIN O/P DEVICES

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 MACHINE INTERPRETABLE O/P DEVICES
 The o/p format that can be read only by machines
 The output can be obtained from
 Magnetic tape a medium for magnetic recording,
made of a thin, magnetizable coating on a long,
narrow strip of plastic film.
 Punched paper tapes a form of data storage,
consisting of a long strip of paper in which holes are
punched to store data
 Punched cards stiff paper that can be used to
contain digital data represented by the presence or
absence of holes in predefined positions
 Teletype printer a rugged machine, capable of
continuous operation
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ELECTRICAL INDICATING INSTRUMENTS

DIGITAL DISPLAY DEVICES

[DDD]

ANALOG DISPLAY DEVICES

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DIGITAL DISPLAY DEVICES

 Indicates the values of the measurand in

the form of decimal numbers

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ADVANTAGES OF DDD

 Errors produced by the user is eliminated

 Can be fed directly to any memory devices

 Accuracy is greater

 Power consumption is less

 Resolution is better

 Loading effect is low etc….

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 PREPARED BY
TYPES OF DDD

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 Illuminated
segmental
type

Rear
Seven Fourteen Gas
projection
segment segment discharge
type

ILLUMINATED SEGMENTAL TYPE

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 Illuminated
Dot matrix
Type

3X5 dot 5X7 dot 27 dot matrix

matrix matrix display

ILLUMINATED DOT MATRIX TYPE

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SEVEN SEGMENT DISPLAY

 Generally used for numeric displays

 consists of 7 segments: a, b, c, d, e, f and g.

 The segmental display forms the digit to be

displayed, by illuminating proper segments
from the group.
 The display can be done using LEDs or LCDs

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  A Seven-Segment Display (SSD) is simply a figure
eight grouping of LEDs.
 Each Segment is labeled (a) thru (g).
 SSDs are available in two configurations
 Common Cathode (all LED cathodes are
connected together)
 Common Anode (all LED anodes are connected
together

f b
g

e c

d 7 SEGMENT DISPLAY
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14 SEGMENTED DISPLAY

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DOT MATRIX DISPLAY
 It is display device consisting of different
light sources arranged in terms of many
rows and columns

 Switching it ON or OFF of the selected

light texts, numeric digits, graphics can
be displayed

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DOT MATRIX DISPLAY

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 COMPARISON

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 Display device for displaying numbers and
characters using glow discharge
 It is a glass tube consisting a wire mesh anode and
multiple cathodes shaped like numerals and
characters with shapes of 0 to 9,decimal point,
various letter, signs symbols.
 They are arranged one behind the other

 The tube is filled with gas at low pressure gas like

neon, argon.
 Each cathode is made to glow in the characteristic
neon red orange color by applying 170 volts.

NIXIE TUBES
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IMAGES OF NIXIE TUBE

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 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE
 It is a two lead semiconductor device just as
similar to that of PN diode except it emits light
 It is forward biased, so the electrons and holes
recombines, some part of the energy is
liberated in form of photons called “ Electro
luminescence”
 The color of the light depends upon the energy
band gap of the semiconductor used.

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  Gallium arsenide – Invisible Infra red
 Gallium antimonide

 Indium phosphide

 Gallium arsenide phosphide :Visible light

like red, green yellow etc..

LED

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  Liquid crystal material may be of organic
compounds which exhibit optical properties of
crystal even though they remain in liquid form
 Crystal is layered between glass sheets with
transparent electrodes deposited on the inside
faces
 When a voltage is applied across the cell , the
charge carriers flowing through the liquid
disrupt the molecular alignment
 As a result turbulence is produced

LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

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  For displaying numeric and alphanumeric
characters in dot matrix and segmental displays

Two types of LCD [ based on function]

1. Dynamic scattering type
2. Field effect type (Ordinary type)

CONT…
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 DYNAMIC SCATTERING TYPE LCD
 It consists of two glass plates
with a liquid crystal fluid in
between.
 The back plate is coated with thin

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transparent layer of
conductive material absence of an
applied voltage.
 when the voltage is applied, the
crystal becomes an efficient
scattered of white light.
 The liquid crystal filled in
between two glass plates are
coated with transparent in
oxide and can act as electrodes.

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 FIELD EFFECT TYPE LCD
 operation of field effect liquid
crystal display with nematic
crystals
 It consists of two glass plates,
a liquid crystal fluid,

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polarizers
and transparent conductors.
 The liquid crystal fluid is
sandwiched between two glass
plates.
 The light polarizers are placed
at right angle to each
other.

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CONT
 In the absence of electrical excitation, the light
coming through the front polarizer is rotated
through/-O" in the fluid and passed through the

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rear polarizer. It is then reflected to the viewer
by the back mirror
 On the application of electrostatic field, the liquid
crystal fluid molecules get aligned and
therefore light through the molecules is not
rotated by 90° and it is absorbed by the rear
polarizer

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 CATHODE RAY TUBE(CRT)
 The source of the electron beam is the electron gun,
which produces a stream of electrons through
thermionic emission at the heated cathode and focuses
it into a thin beam by the control grid.

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 A strong electric field between cathode and anode
accelerates the electrons, before they leave the
electron gun through a small hole in the anode.
 The electron beam can be deflected by a capacitor or
coils in a way which causes it to display an
image on the screen.
 When electrons strike the fluorescent screen, light is
emitted.

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CONT…
 COMPARISON
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 CONTD..
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 RECORDERS
 To have a permanent record of the
quantity under measurement
 To continuously monitor

 Records electrical and non electrical

quantity as a function of time
 The record may be written form or
printed form for later examination and
analysis

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TYPES OF RECORDERS

 1. Analog Recorders
 2. Digital Recorders

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  It consists of
 1. a long roll of graph paper moving vertically
 2. A system for driving the paper at some selected
speed
 3. A stylus for marking on the moving graph paper
 It moves horizontally in proportion to the quantity being
recorded
 4. A stylus driving system which moves the stylus
exactly to the quantity being recorded

records the variations of a quantity with

respect to time

STRIP CHART RECORDER

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 CONT’D..
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 X-Y Recorder is an instrument which gives a graphic
record of the relationship between two variables.

X-Y RECORDERS
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 GALVANOMETER TYPE
RECORDER
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END
46 THANK YOU!