Journal of Alloys and Compounds 693 (2017) 808e815

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Journal of Alloys and Compounds

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Effect of textural variation and twinning activity on fracture behavior

of friction stir welded AZ31 Mg alloy in bending tests
Dejia Liu a, *, Renlong Xin b, **, Longzhi Zhao a, Yong Hu a
a
College of Materials Science and Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, China
b
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Strong local texture is usually formed in friction stir welded (FSW) Mg alloys and varies in different
Received 7 July 2016 positions of the weld zone. Textural variation has an impact on fracture behavior and caused a poor
Received in revised form mechanical property during the transverse tensile tests. However, due to the different stress and strain
7 September 2016
state between the inner and outer surfaces, the effect of textural variation on fracture behavior in
Accepted 19 September 2016
Available online 20 September 2016
bending tests is still unknown. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between textural
variation, twinning activity and fracture behaviors in bending tests by Schmid factor analysis. It is found
that sudden change of texture at the transition zone (TZ)/stir zone (SZ) interface and different twinning
Keywords:
Friction stir welding
activity between the TZ and SZ-side have an impact on fracture behavior of bending samples, especially
Magnesium alloy for crack propagation at the TZ/SZ interface for Surface bending test. The effect of textural variation on
Textural variation fracture behavior in bending is highly dependent on the local stress state and it can be well explained by
Twinning activity the calculated Schmid factor in terms of the assumed stress state for bending. The present work is helpful
Fracture behavior for tailoring the local texture to change fracture behavior and improve the joint strength of FSW Mg
welds.
© 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction Extension twinning is an important deformation mechanism for

As a solid-state method, friction stir welding (FSW) presents
significantly advantageous in joining Mg alloys [1e6]. By friction
stirred plastic deformation, the grains were significantly refined
and strong deformation texture was produced in Mg alloys
[3,7e17]. The local texture in weld zone (WZ) varies in different
positions and drastically changed from base material (BM) to stir
zone (SZ) [3,12,18e20]. Textural variation of Mg alloys can affect
plastic deformation and was considered as the major reason for the
formation of strain localization in the WZ [13,21e23], which has an
impact on fracture behavior and caused a poor mechanical property
of FSW Mg plates during the transverse tensile tests [14,23e30].
Therefore, it is meaningful to understand the relationship between
textural variation and plastic deformation mechanisms as well as
its effect on fracture behavior of FSW Mg alloys.
* Corresponding author.Shuang Gang Dong Jie 808#, Economic and Technological
Development Zone, Nanchang, China.
** Corresponding author.Sha Zheng Jie 174#, Sha Ping Ba District, Chongqing,
China.
E-mail addresses: ldj515@126.com (D. Liu), rlxin@cqu.edu.cn (R. Xin).
Mg alloys at room temperature and twinning activity is highly
dependent on grain orientation with respect to the loading direc-
tion [31e33]. It was reported that {10e12} twins can be easily
introduced in Mg alloys by rolling, tension or compression, which
has a significant effect on the strength and fracture of Mg plates
[34]. However, for bending tests, the stress and strain state is
different between the inner and outer surfaces, which may lead to
different twinning activity and fracture behaviors [35,36]. Recently,
the authors found that twinning activity in bending tests can be
evaluated by Schmid law in terms of the assumed stress state [37].
However, to the authors' knowledge, the effects of textural varia-
tion and twinning activity on fracture behavior during the bending
tests have not yet been reported before.
Therefore, the present work aims to investigate the effect of
textural variation and twinning activity near the transition zone
(TZ)/SZ interface on fracture behavior for bending samples and
answer how the textural variation affect fracture process of FSW
Mg alloys. Two types of three-point bending tests (including Sur-
face and Base bending tests) were applied on FSW AZ31 plate in the
present study (see Fig. 1). Detailed fracture behavior and defor-
mation mechanisms near the TZ/SZ interface were studied by

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.09.187
0925-8388/© 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
 D. Liu et al. / Journal of Alloys and Compounds 693 (2017) 808e815 809

Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of two types of three-point bending tests for a FSW plate:
Fig. 2. Stress-strain curves of the as-received plate and FSW Mg alloys in bending.
(a) Surface test; (b) Base test.

Schmid factor (SF) analysis based on the assumed stress state for Base test sample exhibits the highest yield strength about 168 MPa,
bending. which is higher (by ~32 MPa) than that of the as-received plate. The
reasons can be attributed to significant grain refinement existing in
the WZ [9,10]. However, the ultimate bending strength of Surface
2. Experimental procedures
and Base test samples is lower (by ~12 MPa) than that of the as-
received plate. The results may be closely related to fracture be-
The initial material used in this study is a hot-rolled commercial
haviors of the FSW bending samples.
AZ31 Mg alloy (Mg-3%Al-1%Zn) plate with the thickness of 6 mm.
Morphological features of fractured Surface and Base test sam-
After polished by abrasive paper and cleaned with acetone, several
ples are presented in Fig. 3. It is seen that both Surface and Base test
weld plates were subjected to FSW along the rolling direction (RD)
samples are fractured close to the TZ/WZ interface on AS on the
of the original sheet. A cylindrical thread probe with a length of
normal direction (ND) - transverse direction (TD) plane. And due to
5.7 mm and a diameter of 5 mm was used. The diameter of tool
the maximum tensile stress-strain located in the outer surface,
shoulder is 15 mm. FSW process was carried out with the tool tilt
crack is initiated in the outer surface for both Surface and Base test
angle of 2.5
at a rotation speed and a traveling speed of 1600 rpm
samples. However, some differences can be observed in two frac-
and 600 mm/min, respectively.
tured samples.
Samples for microstructural characterization were taken
For Surface test sample, fracture occurred at the TZ/SZ interface
perpendicular to the welding direction (WD). Polished samples
(see Fig. 3a). More information can be seen on the WD-TD plane as
were etched with an acetic-picric solution (2 ml distilled water,
indicated by the arrow in Fig. 3a. It is seen that the fracture surface
2 ml glacial acetic acid, 14 ml ethanol and 0.84 g picric acid) to
of Surface test sample on the WD-TD plane includes two fracture
examine the microstructure. Microstructural and textural evolution
lines, hereafter referred to as the upper line and lower line,
of the TZ/SZ interface on advancing side (AS) were examined by
respectively. As shown in Fig. 3a, the upper line is approximately
electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The EBSD detector was an
parallel to the TZ/SZ interface, while the lower line connects SZ-side
HKL Channel 5 Systems equipped in a field emission scanning
with SZ-center and is inclined ~33
to TD. And the angle is indicated
electron microscope (FESEM, FEI Nova 400). The samples for EBSD
by the blue arrow in Fig. 3a. Currently, it is not clear whether the
analysis were polished at 20 V in a commercial polishing solution
fracture was initiated at the TZ/SZ interface or SZ-center. As the
AC2 at 20
C. The EBSD step size was 1 mm. Pole figure was obtained
bending test continues, crack is propagated along the TZ/SZ inter-
based on an EBSD scan area of approximately 200  200 mm.
face for the lower WZ and propagated in crown zone (CZ)-side with
Three-point bending tests including Surface and Base tests were
a small distance from the TZ/CZ interface for the upper WZ (see
used in this study. Schematic illustrations of the two kinds of
Fig. 3a). The fracture surface on the ND-TD plane can be seen more
bending tests are presented in Fig. 1. Rectangular shaped specimens
clearly in the vertical-flipped and magnified image (see the bottom
with the specimen size of 84 mm  10 mm  4.5 mm were pre-
of Fig. 3a). A slightly straight fracture-line is observed on AS of the
pared for bending tests. Specifically, all the bending specimens
fractured Surface test sample, which is significantly different from
were cut with about 0.7 mm away from the bottom surface of FSW
that of the Base test sample.
plates. Bending tests were performed at a cross-head speed of
For Base test sample, crack is not initiated at the TZ/CZ interface
2 mm/min at room temperature with 50 mm of the initial beam
but in CZ-side, with ~1.8 mm distance from the TZ/CZ interface on
span.
AS (see Fig. 3b). Fracture surface appears sawtooth-like on the ND-
TD plane and a sharp corner is observed in the fracture surface on
3. Results this plane. As seen from the magnified image in Fig. 3b, the sharp
corner has an angle of ~64
and it is close to the outer surface (by
3.1. Fracture behavior about 1.1 mm). A recent study [37] reported that the neutral axis in
FSW Mg plates in bending can be assumed based on the strain
Stress-strain curves of the as-received plate and FSW samples localization in the WZ. The neutral axis was assumed in the frac-
are presented in Fig. 2. The FSW samples have a higher yield tured FSW plates by their “concave-convex” appearances on the
strength in bending tests compared with the as-received plate. And ND-TD sections showed in Fig. 3. Based on the assumed neutral
810 D. Liu et al. / Journal of Alloys and Compounds 693 (2017) 808e815
Fig. 3. Macrographs of fractured bending samples: (a) Surface test sample; (b) Base test sample.
axis, the sharp corner should have positive transverse normal strain
and hence is subjected to transverse tension during the Base
bending test.
Generally speaking, the fracture behaviors for two bending
samples show some differences from that of the tensile and
compressive samples for FSW Mg alloys [38,39]. As reported in our
recent studies [38,40], crack in FSW Mg alloys is usually propagated
within the TZ/WZ interface on AS during the transverse tensile and
compressive tests, which means that the crack is propagated along
the interface for both the upper and lower parts of the WZ. How-
ever, for both Surface and Base bending test samples, the crack is
propagated within CZ-side, with a small distance from the TZ/CZ
interface for the upper WZ as stated above. The reason may be
ascribed to the textural variation in FSW Mg plates with respect to
the complex stress state for bending test. Strain localization is
observed on the ND-TD sections for both Surface and Base fractured
samples. “Concave-convex” appearance is different between the
obverse side and reverse side of ND-TD section as shown in Fig. 3a.
The appearance is more severe on the obverse side but less on the
reverse side. And the “concave-convex” appearances of the Surface
and Base test samples are similar with that of the tensile and
compressive FSW Mg samples reported in our recent study,
respectively [21]. Strain localization has a close relationship with
the texture evolutions in WZ and has an impact on fracture be-
haviors of FSW Mg alloys [21,24,41].
3.2. TZ/SZ interface
Micro-texture in various regions of FSW AZ31 alloy was pre-
sented in Fig. 4. It is seen that the c-axis of most grains in SZ tends to
tilt from TD to WD with the position moving from SZ-side to SZ-
center, which is similar to previous studies [12,13,18]. The c-axis
is inclined about 25
to TD in SZ-side (position 2), while it is nearly
perpendicular to TD in SZ-center (position 4). The (0001) pole is
~17
away from ND in CZ-side (position 6) and ~30
away in CZ-
center (position 5). Based on the micro-texture distribution of
BM, CZ-side and SZ-side (see Fig. 4b), it can be speculated that a
smooth transition of texture evolution may exist between the BM
and CZ, while a large textural variation may be presented between
the BM and SZ.
Microstructure and texture evolution at the TZ/SZ interface on
AS were examined by EBSD. And the measured position is indicated
by the rectangle frame in Fig. 4a. Small difference of grain size is
observed between the TZ and SZ-side close to the TZ/SZ interface on
AS. It is measured that the average grain size of the TZ is about
11.7 mm, and that is about 9.8 mm in SZ-side. However, a clear
interface with different colors can be observed in inverse pole
figure (IPF map, see Fig. 5a). The colors of grains in the map
correspond to the crystallographic axes of grains as shown in the
stereographic triangle. It implies that the TZ and SZ-side have
completely different grain orientations. Most grains in SZ-side
present red color confirming that the c-axis of most grains is par-
allel with TD. Fig. 5bec shows that the texture in SZ-side (about 43
times random) is much stronger than that of the TZ (~15 times
random). Similar results can be seen in many pervious studies
[24,25].
Sudden change of texture at the TZ/SZ interface may have an
impact on crack initiation and propagation during the bending
tests. Plastic deformation near the TZ/SZ interface can be analyzed
by calculating SF values. It is simply assumed that the outer surface
is subjected to tension and the inner surface is compression along
TD during the bending tests. A recent study indicated that plastic
deformations in bending tests can be well explained by the calcu-
lated SF values based on the speculated local stress state [37]. As we
know, SF of basal slip is equivalent under transverse tension and
compression, while that of twinning is distinctly different due to
the polar characteristic of twinning shear. Fig. 6 displays the
calculated SF maps. The grey color in the twin SF maps represents a
negative value implying the unfavorable activation of extension
twinning.
It is seen that most grains in Fig. 6a have yellow or red colors,
indicating that the grains near the TZ/SZ interface have a high SF
value of basal slip. Mean SF value is about 0.37 in SZ-side, and that
in TZ has a slightly low value (~0.29). It implies that basal slip can be
easily activated in both TZ and SZ-side. And the SF value of basal slip
has a smooth transition at the TZ/SZ interface. However, a clear
interface with different colors can be observed at the TZ/SZ inter-
face in SF map of extension twinning in both tension and
compression states (see Fig. 6bec). It is seen that SZ-side presents a
high SF value for extension twinning in tension state (~0.4), while
the TZ has a low SF value (~0.15) (see Fig. 6b). Fig. 6c shows that
extension twinning is hardly activated in SZ-side for compression
state. Even if several grains present a high SF value of extension
twinning in TZ, many grains have a low or negative value in
 D. Liu et al. / Journal of Alloys and Compounds 693 (2017) 808e815 811

Fig. 4. {0001} pole figures of various regions in FSW AZ31 alloy [37].

compression state. It indicates that twinning activity may be largely
different between the SZ-side and TZ in both tension and
compression states.
Based on the calculated SF values, extension twinning can be
easily activated in SZ-side in tension state but hardly in compres-
sion state. This is consistent with recent experimental observations
on twinning activity in the Surface and Base bending samples [37].
As indicated by the SF analysis, for Surface test sample both
extension twinning and basal slip are likely activated in SZ-side,
while only basal slip can be easily activated in TZ. Because of the
different deformation ability near the TZ/SZ interface, stress
concentration can be generated, which may initiate fracture at the
interface for FSW Mg alloys during the bending tests (see Fig. 3).
A special friction stir processed Mg sample with a smooth
transition of texture at the TZ/SZ interface was applied on Surface
bending test to investigate the effect of textural variation on frac-
ture behavior of FSW Mg alloy in bending test. The IPF map showed
in Fig. 7a indicates that the TZ/SZ interface has a smooth transition
of texture for the special sample. After Surface bending with a large
flexural strain (about 0.28 in outer surface), strain localization is
clearly observed on the obverse side of the ND-TD sections (see
Fig. 7b). And no crack is seen at the TZ/SZ interface. However, a

Fig. 5. EBSD orientation maps of TZ/SZ interface on AS: (a) inverse pole figure (IPF); {0001} pole figure of TZ (b) and SZ-side (c).
812 D. Liu et al. / Journal of Alloys and Compounds 693 (2017) 808e815
Fig. 6. Schmid factor maps of TZ/SZ interface: (a) basal slip; (b) extension twinning in
tension state; (c) extension twinning in compression state.
crack is observed in SZ-center on the reverse side of the ND-TD
sections (see Fig. 7c). And the crack has not been propagated to
the TZ/SZ interface. The reason may be attributed to the smooth
transition of texture at the interface as well as the similar twinning
activity between the TZ and SZ-side. The observation indicates that
crack may be firstly initiated at the SZ-center and propagated to the
TZ/SZ interface for Surface bending test. And sudden change of
texture at the TZ/SZ interface has an impact on fracture behavior of
bending samples, especially for crack propagation.
3.3. Triple junction region
As showed in Fig. 3b, a sharp corner is observed in the fracture
surface on the ND-TD plane for Base test sample. It is located close
to the TZ/SZ interface and being about 1.1 mm distance away from
the outer surface. The location of sharp corner is near close to triple
junction region in FSW Mg alloys [40,42]. The microstructure and
Fig. 7. Crack initiation for the special FSW Mg sample with a smooth transition of texture at TZ/SZ interface during Surface bending test: (a) IPF map of the TZ/SZ interface [24]; (b)
macrograph of bended sample; (c) location of crack initiation.
texture of the triple junction region in the FSW plate are presented
in Fig. 8. Small difference of grain size is seen in this region. But the
colors of grains regarding grain orientation present large differ-
ences. Based on the colors of grains, the triple junction region can
be divided into four sub-regions as indicated in Fig. 8. {0001} pole
figures of sub-regions indicate that region I-A and region II have a
similar texture distribution (the c-axis inclined about 20
to TD),
while the c-axis is inclined about 56
to TD in region I-B. Different
textural distributions in triple junction region are mainly attributed
to material flow during the FSW process [42].
Fig. 9 shows that sub-regions of triple junction region have
large differences in SF value of extension twinning. For tension
state, regions I-A and II have a high SF value (0.33e0.37), while
regions I-B and III present a low SF value (0.11e0.17). The result
implies that extension twinning is easily activated in regions I-A
and II and hardly activated in regions I-B and III. Different
twinning activity can cause strain localization in triple junction
region and has significant effects on fracture behavior of FSW Mg
alloy in the transverse tensile test [42]. However, for compression
state, all the sub-regions in triple junction region show a low SF
value (<0.28) of extension twinning. And the lowest SF value is
existed in regions I-A and II (0.02e0.03). It means that extension
twinning may be hardly activated in all the triple junction region
during the compression state. Therefore, it is inferred that triple
junction region has a small effect on the fracture for compression
state.
As reported in previous studies [40,42], triple junction region
is located within a small distance away (1.1e2 mm) from the
upper surface of FSW Mg alloys. It means that the triple junction
region may be subjected to tension state in Base bending test and
compression state in Surface bending test. Based on the SF
analysis stated above, it is speculated that the triple junction
region has an impact on the fracture for Base test sample. The
sharp corner in the fracture surface of Base test sample showed in
Fig. 3b confirms this speculation. However, for Surface test
sample, triple junction region may have a little effect on fracture
behavior. And the fracture surface presents a slightly straight line
on the ND-TD section as showed in Fig. 3a. Therefore, it can be
concluded that texture activity and twinning activity near the TZ/
SZ interface on AS have a significant effect on the fracture
behavior of FSW Mg alloys during the Base and Surface bending
tests. And the fracture behaviors can be well explained by the
calculated SF values based on the speculated local stress state in
the bending tests.
 D. Liu et al. / Journal of Alloys and Compounds 693 (2017) 808e815
Fig. 8. EBSD orientation map of triple junction region and {0001} pole figures of sub-regions [42].
4. Discussion
Fig. 3 shows that both Surface and Base test samples are frac-
tured close to the TZ/WZ interface on AS on the ND-TD plane. Based
on the morphological features of fractured samples, especially for
the severe strain localization near the TZ/WZ interface, it is spec-
ulated that TZ and SZ-side present huge differences in plastic
deformation during the bending tests. Grain size and texture evo-
lution are two main factors for different plastic deformation ability.
The effect caused by grain size can be roughly evaluated by Hall-
Petch relationship:
Fig. 9. Mean SF value of extension twinning in triple junction region for transverse
tension and compression states.
813
sy ¼ s0 þ kd2
1
Where sy is the yield strength of material, d is the grain size, sy is
the “friction stress” representing the overall resistance of crystal
lattice to dislocation movement and k is a constant, which was
taken as 160 MPa mm1/2 according to a previous study on FSW AZ31
Mg alloys [28]. According to the equation, the difference in yield
strength between the TZ and SZ-side was estimated to be ~4.3 MPa.
This small difference indicates a negligible effect of grain size on
plastic deformation. Thus, the texture variation near the TZ/WZ
interface may be the major factor in plastic deformation as well as
fracture behaviors of bending samples.
It is well known that basal slip and extension twinning can be
easily activated at room temperature due to its low critical resolved
shear stress (CRSS). Both the deformation modes are strongly
dependent on texture [33,41]. Sudden change of texture at the TZ/
SZ interface caused different deformation mechanisms near the
interface. Based on the SF maps showed in Fig. 6, twinning activity
between the TZ and SZ-side has a large difference in tension state,
which causes plastic deformation incompatibility and may promote
crack propagation at the TZ/SZ interface for FSW Mg alloys during
the bending tests.
To further explore the effect of texture variation at the TZ/SZ
interface and twinning activity on fracture behavior of bending
samples, the contribution of extension twinning on micro-strain
was evaluated by resolving twinning shear on the sample frame.
The displacement gradient tensor of extension twinning in the
sample was calculated by the transformation matrix from the twin
frame to the parent crystal frame as well as the orientation matrix
of the parent grain. And the detailed procedure to calculate micro-
strain generated by extension twinning was provided in
Refs. [21,43]. Based on the assumption of active twin variants
having the highest SF values, twinning shear direction, shear plane
normal and habit plane normal for a grain can be obtained by EBSD
814 D. Liu et al. / Journal of Alloys and Compounds 693 (2017) 808e815
Fig. 10. Micro-strain generated by extension twinning at the TZ/SZ interface in tension state: (a) IPF map; (b) normal strain map of WD (εWD); (c) variation of εWD as a function of the
distance from TZ/SZ interface.
data. By this method, the normal strain of WD (εWD) generated by
extension twinning at the TZ/SZ interface in tension state was
calculated and mapped (see Fig. 10b). According to the limited
twinning shear value (0.1289 for extension twinning in Mg [44]),
the maximum strain accommodated by extension twinning is
about 0.064. And the negative values of εWD indicate the thickness
reduction in WD.
Fig. 10b implies that most grains in SZ-side have a large εWD
value (about 0.041), while that of the TZ presents a low value. The
variation of εWD as a function of the distance from TZ/SZ interface
(Fig. 10c) indicates that εWD in SZ-side is about 9.4 times than that
in TZ. The sudden change of εWD at the TZ/SZ interface can promote
crack propagation at the TZ/SZ interface. For the special Surface test
sample with a smooth transition of texture at the TZ/SZ interface
(see Fig. 7a), even though a crack occurred in SZ-center, it has not
been propagated to the TZ/SZ interface after a large bending strain
(about 0.28 flexural strain in outer surface). The interesting result
confirmed that sudden change of texture and different twinning
activity at TZ/SZ interface have an impact on fracture behavior of
bending samples, especially for crack propagation at the TZ/SZ
interface.
5. Conclusions
Several conclusions can be made as follows:
(1) Both Surface and Base test samples are cracked in the outer
surface and fractured close to the TZ/SZ interface on AS.
Fracture surface on the ND-TD plane is a straight line for
Surface test sample. But it appears sawtooth-like and a sharp
corner existed in the fracture surface for Base test sample.
(2) Sudden change of texture at the TZ/SZ interface and different
twinning activity between the TZ and SZ-side have an impact
on fracture behavior of bending samples, especially for crack
propagation at the TZ/SZ interface for the Surface bending
test.
(3) Due to the significant textural variation and different twin-
ning activity, triple junction region has a significant effect on
fracture behavior as it is subjected to tensile state and caused
a sharp corner in the fracture surface of Base test sample. But
the effect is much smaller in compression state for the Sur-
face test sample.
(4) The effect of textural variation on fracture behavior in
bending tests is highly dependent on the local stress state
and it can be well explained by the SF analysis based on the
assumed stress state for bending.
Acknowledgment
This study was financially supported by National Natural Sci-
ence Foundation of China (51571045), National Basic Research
Program of China (2013CB632204), Young Scientists Funded Pro-
jects in Jiangxi Province (20153BCB23005) and Doctor Startup Fund
of East China Jiaotong University (2003414053).
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