History

Of
Mathematics
Submitted to:
Mrs. Hammidah Sarip-Ditucalan
Instructor

Submitted by:
Fatimah B. Diamla
Student

March 27, 2023

DIOPHANTUS
Diophantus of Alexandria was Greek mathematician, who was the author of a series of
book called Aritmetica, many of which are now lost. His text deal with solving algebraic
equations. Diophantine equations, Diophantine geometry, and Diophantine approximations are
subareas of Number theory that are named after him. Diophantus coined the term παρισότης
(parisotes) to refer to an approximate equality. This term was rendered as adaequalitas in Latin,
and became the technique of adequality developed by Pierre de Fermat to find maxima for
functions and tangent lines to curves.

What did Diophantus contribute to mathematics?

Diophantus was the first Greek mathematician who recognized positive rational
numbers as numbers, by allowing fractions for coefficients and solutions. In modern use,
Diophantine equations are algebraic equations with integer coefficients, for which integer
solutions are sought.

What did Diophantus invent?

Diophantus is known as the father of algebra. Roughly five centuries after Euclid's era, he
solved hundreds of algebraic equations in his great work Arithmetica, and was the first person to
use algebraic notation and symbolism. Today we usually indicate the unknown quantity in
algebraic equations with the letter x.

BRAHMAGUPTA
Brahmagupta was an Indian mathematician and astronomer. He is the author of two early
works on mathematics and astronomy: the Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta, a theoretical treatise, and the
Khaṇḍakhādyaka, a more practical text. Brahmagupta was the first to give rules for computing
with zero. He made advances in astronomy and most importantly in number systems including
algorithms for square roots and the solution of quadratic equations.

What is Brahmagupta famous for?

Brahmagupta (ad 628) was the first mathematician to provide the formula for the area of a
cyclic quadrilateral. His contributions to geometry are significant. He is the first person to
discuss the method of finding a cyclic quadrilateral with rational sides.

YANG HUI
Yang Hui, courtesy name Qianguang, was a Chinese mathematician and writer during the
Song dynasty. Originally, from Qiantang, Yang worked on magic squares, magic circles and the
binomial theorem, and is best known for his contribution of presenting Yang Hui's Triangle.
Born: Hang Prefecture
Died: 1298, China
What did Yang Hui discover?
Yang Hui was a Chinese mathematician who wrote several outstanding mathematical texts.
These contained solutions of quadratic equations as well as Pascal's triangle and magic
squares.

What is the contribution of Liu Hui in mathematics?

His major contributions as recorded in his commentary on The Nine Chapters on the
Mathematical Art include a proof of the Pythagorean theorem, theorems in solid geometry,
an improvement on Archimedes's approximation of π, and a systematic method of solving
linear equations in several unknowns.

What is Liu Hui famous for?

His fame rests on the commentary he completed in 263 on Jiuzhang suanshu (The Nine
Chapters on the Mathematical Art)—a mathematical canon of the 1st century bce or ce that
played a similar role in the East to Euclid's Elements in the West. Liu's commentary on The Nine
Chapters proved the correctness of its algorithms.

AL-KHWARIZMI
Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī, or al-Khwarizmi, was a Persian polymath from
Khwarazm, who produced vastly influential works in mathematics, astronomy, and geography.
Around 820 CE, he was appointed as the astronomer and head of the library of the House of
Wisdom in Baghdad.
Born: Khwarazm
Died: Baghdad, Iraq

What were the contributions of al-Khwarizmi to mathematics?

Al-Khwārizmī became famous for his mathematical works. He wrote a book on algebra
from whose title the word algebra is derived, and he wrote a book on calculation that
introduced to Europe the Hindu-Arabic numerals and how to do arithmetic with them.

What is al-Khwarizmi best known for?

Persian mathematician Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī, sometimes known as
the father of algebra, was one of the most influential thinkers of all time. He revolutionised
algebra and his seminal works in mathematics, astronomy and geography have proved to be the
keystone for centuries of advances across the world.

How did al-Khwarizmi discover algebra?

 Muhammad al-Khwarizmi developed the concept of algebra by generating a new
method for solving linear and quadratic equations. His revolutionary technique began by
putting the equations in one of six standard forms where b and c were both positive integers.
FIBONACCI
Fibonacci, also known as Leonardo Bonacci, Leonardo of Pisa, or Leonardo Bigollo
Pisano, was an Italian mathematician from the Republic of Pisa, considered to be "the most
talented Western mathematician of the Middle Ages".
Born: Pisa, Italy
Died: Pisa, Italy
What was Fibonacci famous for?
Fibonacci popularized the Indo–Arabic numeral system in the Western
world primarily through his composition in 1202 of Liber Abaci (Book of Calculation). He also
introduced Europe to the sequence of Fibonacci numbers, which he used as an example in Liber
Abaci.

What did Fibonacci contribute to math?

Fibonacci is famous for his contributions to number theory. In his book, "Liber Abaci,"
he introduced the Hindu-Arabic place-valued decimal system and the use of Arabic numerals
into Europe. He introduced the bar that is used for fractions today; previous to this, the
numerator had quotations around it.

SEKI
Seki Takakazu, also known as Seki Kōwa, was a Japanese mathematician and author of
the Edo period. Seki laid foundations for the subsequent development of Japanese mathematics,
known as wasan. He has been described as "Japan's Newton".
Born: March 1642, Japan
Died: December 5, 1708, Edo
What is Seki Takakazu known for?
Takakazu Seki was a Japanese mathematician who was the first person to study
determinants. He also discovered Bernoulli numbers before Jacob Bernoulli.

GERMAIN
Marie-Sophie Germain was a French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher. Despite
initial opposition from her parents and difficulties presented by society, she gained education
from books in her. Sophie Germain made a major contributions to number theory (in particular,
the theory of primes), acoustics and elasticity.
Born: April 1, 1776, Rue Saint-Denis, Paris, France
Died: June 27, 1831, Paris, France

What did Sophie Germain discover in math?

Germain was the first mathematician to ever formulate a cohesive plan for
proving Fermat's Last Theorem. She worked tirelessly for years at successfully proving the
theorem using her method involving modular arithmetic.

GALOIS
Évariste Galois was a French mathematician and political activist. While still in his teens,
he was able to determine a necessary and sufficient condition for a polynomial to be solvable by
radicals, thereby solving a problem that had been open for 350 years.
Born: October 25, 1811, Bourg-la-Reine, France
Died: May 31, 1832, Paris, France
What is Galois famous for?
Évariste Galois (25 October 1811 – 31 May 1832) was a French mathematician born in
Bourg-la-Reine who possessed a remarkable genius for mathematics. Among his many
contributions, Galois founded abstract algebra and group theory, which are fundamental to
computer science, physics, coding theory and cryptography.

What did Evariste Galois discover?

Évariste Galois was a French mathematician who produced a method of determining
when a general equation could be solved by radicals and is famous for his development of early
group theory.

NOETHER
Amalie Emmy Noether was a German mathematician who made many important
contributions to abstract algebra. She discovered Noether's First and Second Theorem, which are
fundamental in mathematical physics.
Born: March 23, 1882, Erlangen, Germany
Died: April 14, 1935, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, United States
What was Emmy Noether best known for?
 In 1918 she proved two theorems that were basic for both general relativity and
elementary particle physics. One is still known as "Noether's Theorem." During the 1920s
Noether did foundational work on abstract algebra, working in group theory, ring theory, group
representations, and number theory.

What did Emmy Noether discover?

Emmy Noether was a mathematician who discovered perhaps the most profound idea in
contemporary physics. Noether's theorem, which she formulated in 1915, says that symmetries
in the universe give rise to mathematical conservation laws.

Why did Emmy Noether become a mathematician?

She decided to help her father at the Mathematics Institute in Erlangen. She began
doing research there, and helped her father by teaching his classes when he was sick. Soon, she
began to publish papers on her work. During the ten years Emmy worked with her father,
Germany became involved in World War I.

What is Noether's theorem in mathematics?

Noether's theorem or Noether's first theorem states that every differentiable symmetry
of the action of a physical system with conservative forces has a corresponding
conservation law. The theorem was proven by mathematician Emmy Noether in 1915 and
published in 1918.

THALES
Thales of Miletus was a Greek mathematician, astronomer, statesman, and pre-Socratic
philosopher from Miletus in Ionia, Asia Minor. He was one of the Seven Sages of Greece. Thales
was the first known Greek philosopher, scientist and mathematician. He is credited with five
theorems of elementary geometry
Born: Miletus, Türkiye
Died: Miletus, Türkiye
What is Thales most famous for?
Thales of Miletus, (born c. 624–620 bce—died c. 548–545 bce), philosopher renowned as
one of the legendary Seven Wise Men, or Sophoi, of antiquity. He is remembered primarily for
his cosmology based on water as the essence of all matter, with Earth a flat disk floating on
a vast sea.

What did Thales discover in mathematics?

 Thales' theorems: In addition Eudemus attributed to him the discovery that a circle is
bisected by its diameter, that the base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal and that vertical
angles are equal.

What was Thales most famous discovery?

He also measured the distance of ships at sea and was attributed with five theorems
including the one known as the “Thales Theorem.” His work on astronomy was also significant.
His greatest and most well-known achievement was the prediction of the solar eclipse of May
28, 585 BC.

EUDOXUS
Eudoxus of Cnidus was an ancient Greek astronomer, mathematician, scholar, and
student of Archytas and Plato. All of his original works are lost, though some fragments are
preserved in Hipparchus' commentary on Aratus's poem on astronomy. Sphaerics by Theodosius
of Bithynia may be based on a work by Eudoxus.
Born: Knidos
Died: 355 BC, Knidos
What did Eudoxus discover?
Eudoxus showed that any irrational number can be approximated to any degree of
accuracy by rational numbers. He called this major contribution to number theory, treated in
detail on book V of Euclid's Elements, the theory of proportion.

Who proposed Eudoxus model?

An astronomer named Eudoxus created the first model of a geocentric universe around
380 B.C. Eudoxus designed his model of the universe as a series of cosmic spheres containing
the stars, the sun, and the moon all built around the Earth at its center.

What is the key contribution of Eudoxus?

Eudoxus made important contributions to the theory of proportion, where he made a
definition allowing possibly irrational lengths to be compared in a similar way to the
method of cross multiplying used today.
PYTHAGORAS
Pythagoras of Samos was an ancient Ionian Greek philosopher and the eponymous
founder of Pythagoreanism. His political and religious teachings were well known in Magna
Graecia and influenced the philosophies of Plato, Aristotle, and, through them, the West in
general.
Born: Samos, Greece
Died: Metapontum Village, Italy

What is Pythagoras most famous for?

The Pythagoreans were led by a man named Pythagoras, a mathematician, scientist, and
mystic of ancient Greece. Pythagoras is responsible for several notable scientific and
philosophical discoveries, but he is most famous for the Pythagorean Theorem in math.

What is Pythagoras contribution to mathematics?

He is best known in the modern day for the Pythagorean Theorem, a mathematical
formula which states that the square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the sum of
the squares on the other two sides.

What did Pythagoras believe in math?

Pythagoreans believed that everything could be reduced to numbers: the whole
universe had been built using mathematics. They said the truth behind the everyday reality we
experience lies in numbers. Modern physicists seeking the 'theory of everything' or the 'grand
unification' are Pythagoreans.

ZENO
Zeno of Elea was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher of Magna Graecia and a member of
the Eleatic School founded by Parmenides. Plato and Aristotle called him the inventor of the
dialectic. He is best known for his paradoxes.
Born: Velia, Italy
Died: Velia, Italy
What is Zeno famous for?
Greek philosopher and mathematician, whom Aristotle called the inventor of dialectic.
Zeno is especially known for his paradoxes that contributed to the development of logical
and mathematical rigour and that were insoluble until the development of precise concepts
of continuity and infinity.
Is Zeno's paradox solved?
Figuring out the relationship between distance and time quantitatively did not happen
until the time of Galileo and Newton, at which point Zeno's famous paradox was resolved not
by mathematics or logic or philosophy, but by a physical understanding of the Universe.

What are the 4 paradoxes of Zeno?

Aristotle, on the other hand, gave capsule statements of Zeno's arguments on motion; and
these, the famous and controversial paradoxes, generally go by names extracted from Aristotle's
account: the Achilles (or Achilles and the tortoise), the dichotomy, the arrow, and the
stadium.

EUCLID
Euclid was an ancient Greek mathematician active as a geometer and logician.
Considered the "father of geometry", he is chiefly known for the Elements treatise, which
established the foundations of geometry that largely dominated the field until the early 19th
century.
Born: 300 BC
Died: Alexandria, Egypt
What was Euclid famous for?
Euclid was famous as the author of the Elements, a treatise that taught geometry
through rigorous proofs of theorems.

What was Euclid contribution to mathematics?

Euclid's first theorem introduced the "Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic," which
states that all numbers greater than 1 can be written as factors of prime numbers. Euclid's
second theorem was that there were infinitely many prime numbers (he was the first to prove it).

Why Euclid is called the father of geometry?

He wrote the 13 Elements. Because of his work in the field of geometry he is called the
father of geometry. Most geometry is so named Euclidian Geometry because of his thirteen
Elements which summarized most of the geometry during his time. By the 1700's the Elements
was the text book.

What math did Euclid invent?

 Euclid enters history as one of the greatest of all mathematicians and he is often referred
to as the father of geometry. The standard geometry most of us learned in school is
called Euclidian Geometry.

ARCHIMEDES
Archimedes of Syracuse was a Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, astronomer,
and inventor from the ancient city of Syracuse in Sicily. Although few details of his life are
known, he is regarded as one of the leading scientists in classical antiquity.
Born: Syracuse, Italy
Died: Syracuse, Italy
What is Archimedes famous for?
Archimedes was well known for his inventions and scientific discoveries. The most
famous of these were the Archimedes' Screw (a device for raising water that is still used in crop
irrigation and sewage treatment plants today) and Archimedes' principle of buoyancy.

What did Archimedes contribute to math?

Polygons. Archimedes proved, among many other geometrical results, that the volume of
a sphere is two-thirds the volume of a circumscribed cylinder. This he considered his most
significant accomplishments, requesting that a representation of a cylinder circumscribing a
sphere be inscribed on his tomb

Why is Archimedes the father of mathematics?

Archimedes is considered the father of mathematics because of his notable inventions
in mathematics and science. He was in the service of King Hiero II of Syracuse. At that time,
he developed many inventions. Archimedes made out a pulley system designed to help the
sailors move objects up and down that are weighty.

LIU HUI
Liu Hui was a Chinese mathematician who published a commentary in 263 CE on Jiu
Zhang Suan Shu. He was a descendant of the Marquis of Zixiang of the Eastern Han dynasty and
lived in the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China.
Born: Zibo, China
Died: 295 AD, China
What is Liu Hui famous for?
His fame rests on the commentary he completed in 263 on Jiuzhang suanshu (The
Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art)—a mathematical canon of the 1st century bce or ce
that played a similar role in the East to Euclid's Elements in the West. Liu's commentary on The
Nine Chapters proved the correctness of its algorithms.

What did Liu Hui discover?

In the field of plane areas and solid figures, Liu Hui was one of the greatest contributors
to empirical solid geometry. For example, he found that a wedge with rectangular base and
both sides sloping could be broken down into a pyramid and a tetrahedral wedge.

APOLLONIUS
Apollonius of Perga was an Ancient Greek geometer and astronomer known for his work
on conic sections. Beginning from the contributions of Euclid and Archimedes on the topic, he
brought them to the state prior to the invention of analytic geometry.
Born: Perge Ancient City, Türkiye
Died: Alexandria, Egypt
What is Apollonius best known for?
Apollonius is best known for his Conics, a treatise in eight books (Books I–IV survive in
Greek, V–VII in a medieval Arabic translation; Book VIII is lost). The conic sections are the
curves formed when a plane intersects the surface of a cone (or double cone).

What did Apollonius invent?

The third century BC mathematician Apollonius, of what is now Turkey, may have
invented its stereographic projection of the celestial sphere. And the astronomer Hipparchus may
have been familiar with that projection during the next century, or may have even invented the
astrolabe then.

What is the theory of Apollonius?

In geometry, Apollonius's theorem is a theorem relating the length of a median of a
triangle to the lengths of its sides. It states that "the sum of the squares of any two sides of any
triangle equals twice the square on half the third side, together with twice the square on the
median bisecting the third side".
ERABOSTHENES
Eratosthenes of Cyrene was a Greek polymath: a mathematician, geographer, poet,
astronomer, and music theorist. He was a man of learning, becoming the chief librarian at the
Library of Alexandria.
Born: Cyrene, Libya, Shahat, Libya
Died: 194 BC, Alexandria, Egypt
What was Eratosthenes mathematical contribution?
He invented a system of longitude and latitude and made a map of the known world.

He also designed a system for finding prime numbers — whole numbers that can only be divided
by themselves or by the number 1. This method, still in use today, is called the “Sieve of
Eratosthenes.”

What was Eratosthenes most famous discovery?

Eratosthenes measured Earth's circumference mathematically using two surface
points to make the calculation. He noted that the Sun's rays fell vertically at noon in Syene
(now Aswān), Egypt, at the summer solstice.

Why is he considered the father of geography?

Eratosthenes, the ancient Greek scholar is called the 'father of geography. He was the
first one to use the word geography and he also had a small-scale notion of the planet that
helped him to determine the circumference of the earth.

HYPATIA
Hypatia was a neoplatonist philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician who lived in
Alexandria, Egypt, then part of the Eastern Roman Empire. She was a prominent thinker in
Alexandria where she taught philosophy and astronomy.
Born: Alexandria, Egypt
Died: March 415 AD, Alexandria, Egypt
What is Hypatia known for in math?
She did work on algebraic equations and conic sections. She invented the astrolabe for
ship navigation and devices for measuring the density of fluids. She was linked with several
men, but she never married.

How did Hypatia become a mathematician?

 Hypatia was the daughter of mathematician and astronomer, Theon of Alexandria. Not
much is known about her mother. She was the only child of her parents, and Theon educated her
himself. As Hypatia reached her adulthood, she had surpassed her father in both mathematics and
philosophy.

How did Hypatia affect other mathematicians?

She edited the work On the Conics of Apollonius, which divided cones into different
parts by a plane. This concept developed the ideas of hyperbolas, parabolas, and ellipses. With
Hypatia's work on this important book, she made the concepts easier to understand, thus making
the work survive through many centuries.
IBN QURRA
Thābit ibn Qurra; 826 or 836 – February 19, 901, was a mathematician, physician,
astronomer, and translator who lived in Baghdad in the second half of the ninth century during
the time of the Abbasid Caliphate. Thābit ibn Qurrah made important discoveries in algebra,
geometry, and astronomy.
Born: 836 AD, Harran, Türkiye
Died: February 18, 901 AD, Baghdad, Iraq
What did Thabit Ibn Qurra discover?
Al-Sabi Thabit ibn Qurra al-Harrani (836 –901) was an astronomer and mathematician
born in present day Turkey, best known for translating classic Greek works on astronomy, and
discovered an equation for determining the amicable numbers.

Why is Thabit Ibn Qurra famous?

Thābit ibn Qurrah made important discoveries in algebra, geometry, and astronomy.
In astronomy, Thābit is considered one of the first reformers of the Ptolemaic system, and in
mechanics he was a founder of statics. Thābit also wrote extensively on medicine and produced
philosophical treatises.

BHASKARA II
Bhāskara II, also known as Bhāskarāchārya, and as Bhāskara II to avoid confusion with
Bhāskara I, was an Indian mathematician and astronomer. Bhaskara is also known as Bhaskara
II or as Bhaskaracharya, this latter name meaning "Bhaskara the Teacher". Since he is known
in India as Bhaskaracharya we will refer to him throughout this article by that name.
Bhaskaracharya's father was a Brahman named Mahesvara. Mahesvara himself was famed as an
astrologer.
Born: 1114, Vijayapura, India
Died: 1185, Ujjain, India
What did Bhaskara II discover?
Conceived differential calculus, after discovering an approximation of the derivative
and differential coefficient. Stated Rolle's theorem, a special case of one of the most important
theorems in analysis, the mean value theorem. Traces of the general mean value theorem are also
found in his works.

What is Bhaskara's invention?

The invention of calculations and progressions by the ancient mathematician
Bhaskaracharya, under different heads such as Lilavati, Bijaganita and Grahaganita belongs to
the 12 century.

IBN AL-HAYTHAM
Ḥasan Ibn al-Haytham, Latinized as Alhazen, was a medieval mathematician,
astronomer, and physicist of the Islamic Golden Age from present-day Iraq. Referred to as "the
father of modern optics", he made significant contributions to the principles of optics and visual
perception in particular.
Born: July 1, 965 AD, Basrah, Iraq
Died: March 6, 1040, Cairo, Egypt
What is Ibn al-Haytham contribution to mathematics?
In geometry, Ibn al-Haytham developed analytical geometry by establishing the
linkage between algebra and geometry. Ibn al-Haytham also discovered a formula for adding
the first 100 natural numbers. His contributions to number theory include his work on perfect
numbers.

When did Ibn al-Haytham make his discovery?

In the 11th century, Ibn al-Haytham was invited to Egypt to help build a dam on the
Nile. After a field visit, he declined to proceed with the project. In Egypt, Ibn al-Haytham
focused on making major breakthroughs in understanding light and vision. During that time, he
made his greatest scientific discovery.

NAPIER
John Napier of Merchiston, nicknamed Marvellous Merchiston, was a Scottish landowner
known as a mathematician, physicist, and astronomer. He was the 8th Laird of Merchiston. His
Latinized name was Ioannes Neper. John Napier is best known as the discoverer of logarithms.
Born: February 1, 1550, Merchiston Tower, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Died: April 4, 1617, Merchiston Tower, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

What was John Napier known for?

John Napier, Napier also spelled Neper, (born 1550, Merchiston Castle, near Edinburgh,
Scotland—died April 4, 1617, Merchiston Castle), Scottish mathematician and theological writer
who originated the concept of logarithms as a mathematical device to aid in calculations.

What impact did John Napier have on maths?

John Napier is best known as the discoverer of logarithms. He also invented the so-
called "Napier's bones" and made common the use of the decimal point in arithmetic and
mathematics. Napier's birthplace, Merchiston Tower in Edinburgh, is now part of the facilities
of Edinburgh Napier University.

How did Napier discover logarithms?

Napier imagined two particles traveling along two parallel lines. The first line was of
infinite length and the second of a fixed length. Napier imagined the two particles to start from
the same (horizontal) position at the same time with the same velocity.

DESCARTES
René Descartes was a French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician, widely considered
a seminal figure in the emergence of modern philosophy and science. Mathematics was central to
his method of inquiry, and he connected the previously separate fields of geometry and algebra into
analytic geometry.

Born: March 31, 1596, Descartes, France

Died: February 11, 1650, Stockholm, Sweden

What was Descartes major contribution to mathematics?

Descartes had devised a kind of dictionary between algebra and geometry,
which in addition to associating pairs of numbers to points, allowed him to describe lines
drawn on the plane by equations with two variables—x and y—and vice versa.

What is Descartes theory?

According to Descartes' ontology there are substances, attributes, and modes.
These are understood relative to one another, in terms of ontological dependence.
Modes depend on attributes, and attributes depend on substances. The dependence
relation is transitive; thus, modes depend ultimately on substances.

What was his contribution to mathematics?

He developed rules for deductive reasoning, or rational, scientific thinking;
developed a system for using letters as mathematical variables; and discovered how to
plot points on a plane called the Cartesian plane.

VIETE
François Viète, Seigneur de la Bigotière, commonly known by his mononym, Vieta, was
a French mathematician whose work on new algebra was an important step towards modern
algebra, due to its innovative use of letters as parameters in equations.
Born: 1540, Fontenay-le-Comte, France
Died: February 23, 1603, Paris, France
What did François Viète do for math?
François Viète was a French amateur mathematician and astronomer who introduced the
first systematic algebraic notation in his book In artem analyticam isagoge . He was also
involved in deciphering codes.

FERMAT
Pierre de Fermat was a French mathematician who is given credit for early developments
that led to infinitesimal calculus, including his technique of adequality.
Born: 1607, Beaumont-de-Lomagne, France
Died: January 12, 1665, Castres, France
What is Fermat famous for?
Independently of Descartes, Fermat discovered the fundamental principle of analytic
geometry. His methods for finding tangents to curves and their maximum and minimum points
led him to be regarded as the inventor of the differential calculus.

What is Fermat's most famous theorem?

 Fermat's last theorem, also called Fermat's great theorem, the statement that there are
no natural numbers (1, 2, 3,…) x, y, and z such that x n + yn = zn, in which n is a natural number
greater than 2.

What did Fermat contribute to math?

Through his work on the properties of curves, Fermat contributed to the development of
calculus. His study of curves and equations prompted him to generalize the equation for the
ordinary parabola ay=x2, and that for the rectangular hyperbola xy=a2, to the form an-1y=xn.

What is the theory of Fermat?

Fermat's theorem, also known as Fermat's little theorem and Fermat's primality test, in
number theory, the statement, first given in 1640 by French mathematician Pierre de Fermat,
that for any prime number p and any integer a such that p does not divide a (the pair are
relatively prime), p divides exactly into ap − a.

PASCAL
Blaise Pascal was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, philosopher, and Catholic
writer. He was a child prodigy who was educated by his father, a tax collector in Rouen.
Born: June 19, 1623, Clermont-Ferrand, France
Died: August 19, 1662, Paris, France
What is Pascal known for?
Pascal made many important contributions to mathematics including Pascal's Theorem,
conic sections and theorems in projective geometry. He is also known for his work with
Pascal's Triangle, and binomial coefficients and foundations in the theory of probability.

What is Pascal theory in mathematics?

Pascal's triangle is the triangular array of numbers that begins with 1 on the top and
with 1's running down the two sides of a triangle. Each new number lies between two
numbers and below them, and its value is the sum of the two numbers above it.

Who was Pascal and what is he known for?

 Blaise Pascal was a French philosopher, mathematician, scientist, inventor, and
theologian. In mathematics, he was an early pioneer in the fields of game theory and probability
theory. In philosophy he was an early pioneer in existentialism. As a writer on theology and
religion he was a defender of Christianity.

NEWTON
Sir Isaac Newton FRS was an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist,
theologian, and author who was described in his time as a "natural philosopher". He was a key
figure in the philosophical revolution known as the Enlightenment.
Born: January 4, 1643, Woolsthorpe Manor House, United Kingdom
Died: March 31, 1727, Kensington, London, United Kingdom

What did Isaac Newton invent in mathematics?

Isaac Newton (1642–1727) is best known for having invented the calculus in the mid to
late 1660s (most of a decade before Leibniz did so independently, and ultimately more
influentially) and for having formulated the theory of universal gravity

Why is Newton famous as a mathematician?

Isaac Newton was the greatest English mathematician of his generation. He laid the
foundation for differential and integral calculus. His work on optics and gravitation make him
one of the greatest scientists the world has known.

LIEBNIZ
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was a German polymath active as a mathematician,
philosopher, scientist and diplomat. He is a prominent figure in both the history of philosophy
and the history of mathematics. He wrote works on philosophy, theology, ethics, politics, law,
history and philology. Wikipedia
Born: July 1, 1646, Leipzig, Germany
Died: November 14, 1716, Hanover, Germany
What was Leibniz known for?
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (b. 1646, d. 1716) was a German philosopher, mathematician,
and logician who is probably most well known for having invented the differential and
integral calculus (independently of Sir Isaac Newton).
What did Leibniz invent math?
Gottfried Leibniz was a German mathematician who developed the present day
notation for the differential and integral calculus though he never thought of the derivative as
a limit. His philosophy is also important and he invented an early calculating machine.

What is the famous theory of Leibniz?

Leibniz's best known contribution to metaphysics is his theory of monads, as exposited
in Monadologie. He proposes his theory that the universe is made of an infinite number of simple
substances known as monads. Monads can also be compared to the corpuscles of the mechanical
philosophy of René Descartes and others.
What did Leibniz discover in calculus?
By autumn 1676 Leibniz discovered the familiar d(xn)=nxn−1dx for both integral and
fractional n. Leibniz began publishing his calculus results during the 1680s.

EULER
Leonhard Euler was a Swiss mathematician, physicist, astronomer, geographer, logician
and engineer who founded the studies of graph theory and topology and made pioneering and
influential discoveries in many other branches of mathematics such as analytic number theory,
complex analysis, and infinitesimal calculus.
Born: April 15, 1707, Basel, Switzerland
Died: September 18, 1783, Saint Petersburg, Russia
What is Euler best known for?
Euler invented the calculus of variations including its most well-known result, the
Euler–Lagrange equation. Euler also pioneered the use of analytic methods to solve number
theory problems. In doing so, he united two disparate branches of mathematics and introduced a
new field of study, analytic number theory.

Why is Euler the greatest mathematician?

Euler revolutionized mathematics, greatly extending its boundaries. He was
inexhaustible: no other mathematician has been so prolific. His work embraces calculus,
differential geometry, number theory and infinite series. In physics, he made major contributions
to analytical mechanics and hydrodynamics.

GAUSS
Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss was a German mathematician and physicist who made
significant contributions to many fields in mathematics and science.
Born: April 30, 1777, Brunswick, Germany
Died: February 23, 1855, Göttingen, Germany

What is Gauss most famous for?

Gauss is generally regarded as one of the greatest mathematicians of all time for his
contributions to number theory, geometry, probability theory, geodesy, planetary
astronomy, the theory of functions, and potential theory (including electromagnetism).
What did Gauss contribute to mathematics?
Even at this age, Gauss – working on his own – was able to deduce some very important
results in the field of Number Theory: Bode's law, the binomial theorem, the prime number
theorem, the arithmetic/geometric mean, and the law of quadratic reciprocity.

What did Carl Gauss discover?

For an extensive survey of terrestrial magnetism, he invented an early type of
magnetometer, a device that measures the direction and strength of a magnetic field. Gauss also
developed a consistent system of magnetic units, and with Wilhelm Weber built one of the first
electromagnetic telegraphs.

RAMANUJAN
Srinivasa Ramanujan FRS was an Indian mathematician. Though he had almost no
formal training in pure mathematics, he made substantial contributions to mathematical analysis,
number theory, infinite series, and continued fractions, including solutions to mathematical
problems then considered unsolvable.
Born: December 22, 1887, Erode, India
Died: April 26, 1920, Kumbakonam, India
Why is Ramanujan mathematician famous?
An intuitive mathematical genius, Ramanujan's discoveries have influenced several areas
of mathematics, but he is probably most famous for his contributions to number theory and
infinite series, among them fascinating formulas ( pdf ) that can be used to calculate digits of pi
in unusual ways.

What did Ramanujan discovered in maths?

Infinite series for pi: In 1914, Ramanujan found a formula for infinite series for pi,
which forms the basis of many algorithms used today. Finding an accurate approximation of π
(pi) has been one of the most important challenges in the history of mathematics.