my name is Professor Jeffrey Haynes I am

the director of the Center for the study

of religion conflict and cooperation at

London Metropolitan University the

overall topic of my talk is the impact

of globalization on religion the topic

itself is divided into three three

components in the first component I seek

to describe how I understand the term

globalization I seek to explain how

globalization is in my view best

characterized by different forms of

globalization which added together can

give us an overall perspective on this

controversial yet contested issue I make

the point that for me the important

phase of globalization which I should be

looking at more generally is from the

late 1980s the demise of the Cold War

full of private life the Soviet Union

and the collapse of communism you

Eastern Europe that I show explained has

given the conditions for a wider impact

of globalization which as I should also

mention is linked to the different ways

in which religion has sought to deal

with the consequences of globalization

the second component of my talk talks

about this notion of the return of

religion to international affairs and

the background of this is that until

recently religion was simply disregarded

as an important player in international

affairs now in 2013 we'd be we'd be

inclined to say perhaps that religion is

a is an important factor in

international affairs my aim in the

second talkest is to explain how I

understand this return of religion and

what it means for I understand

international trade more generally in a

third talk I seek to emphasize and

explain a little bit further about how

religion links into globalization and

how specific components of globalization

encourage a greater involvement of

religion in international affairs and a

greater involvement of religious leaders

in attempt to deal with some of the

problems which have become apparent over

the last few decades particularly linked

to social justice issues my argument is

that religion has taken on a wider

perspective beyond the realms of faith

to be involved in many social issues

which he sees as not conducive to a

cooperative developed

this world
the issue of globalization and the issue of religion are controversial whether

separately or together I want to talk a little bit about how globalization is a

phenomenon which we know quite a lot about but also phenomenon which is also controversial and
hotly debated the word

globalization has been in con usage now for probably two decades it's a word

which implies different things to different people when it comes to

religion globalization is a major factor in our religion talks to people around the world our religions
respond to

changes in that global environment I want to say a little bit about

globalization as a concept and with about its history and development over time the the issue
globalization has

become very important in the last 20 days particularly since the end of the Cold War in late 1980s the
Cold War as

you will probably know was a period of sustained conflict either as you can

focus between east and west between me the western country liberal the United

States and the Soviet Union which was a a country which is now changes thing

from Russia and which was isolating motivated by communism when the cold war

came to an end in late 80s there was a major shift in emphasis global politics

the world changed dramatically from the late 1980s early

1990s and it's from this time that the phenomenal globalization begins to be

discussed in various fields including international relations politics

sociology economics and cultural studies the globalization is a multi-faceted

highly significant focal point of interest about how the world has changed

in recent years following end of the Cold War around about 30 years ago but

of course like many big words many big concepts it's a concept which is hotly

debated and often unclear so I want to describe two or three aspects of

globalization first of all which I think are important for our understanding of how globalization effects
religion at

the at the current time I want to talk about what I'm corner going to call

technological globalization i'm going to call economic globalization and what I'm
going to call cultural globalization but bear in mind that these are these are

concepts which are Joval that quite a lot and the idea is to separate them out

in order to help explain the overall picture for what globalization is and how it affects our world our
effects

religion in that world then so globalization is the process by which

people are linked together in ways which are much more consistent profound and

significantly worse in the past globalization is enormous a never-ending process it used to be

thought that we would move from a from a period of non globalization to an end

state called globalism in which there would be a world defined by global

linkages in ways which which were clear and apparent I think we would now say

that globalization is a never-ending process which is difficult to CNN state

too but it is something which has enabled the world to be observed in

language which if hadn't hasn't been in the in the past so globalization is very

controversial it's debated but it's a fuzzy concept it seems to be very

frequently employed by lies with people but I think it's important that we see

it as having particular characteristics which enables us to understand it rather

than just talk about a broad concept called globalization that's why I refer to technological globalization
as when

the key component of how the world has changed in in recent years some people

see globalization as inherently bad

thing some people see globalization as inherently good thing my my judgment is

that globalization is it is not easily reducible to such clear park effect

globalization is a complex phenomenon with I would say both good and bad

dimensions but even that is that is it is a problematic statement in a way because it in objectified
verbalization

in such a way as to encourage us to think of globalization as a set of

characteristics which we can like or dislike I think it's far more complex

and that as I hope I will explain as I go through this this tall and very often

we think of religion in terms of globalization as a component of perhaps

increased tension or friction and the the question really is why would we
think of globalization as a component of increased tension or friction as I shall

go on to say this is by no means the whole story but it's certainly something which might occur to people
when

thinking about the relationship between religion and globalization the the

dimensions of globalization which many of us think about when we think of the term globalization falls
into various

categories on the one hand we think of globalization as a force for change I

think it's almost axiomatic that when you think about globalization you think about how the world has
changed and how

the world is changing and it can stimulate in people feelings of

uncertainty about their own lives but how the world is developing how their

future looks have a future their families and children will look in the

future and to some people globalization is seen

as a key dimension for those changes which are occurring around them so the

question is is globalization a good thing or a bad thing and I think that we

can we can certainly suggest that globalization is a a force for

multifaceted change which brings both progressive and less progressive a

progressive and less progressive impacting people's lives some religious

groups for example would would would seem such as anti-globalization and the

question would be why would they see the world in such a way and it may well be

that for such people globalization is synonymous with introduction development of alien values to their
own cultures to

learn lives the religious world views which they see as a significant challenge to their own positions to
the

communities in various ways on the other hand it's often suggested that

globalization is a source of progressive ideas for the chain for example

democratization is one of the major phenomena of the late 20th and 21st

century's most people would agree with democratization is a beneficial factor

because it enables people to have more say in their choice of government and

enables people to feel that they had more control of their lines perhaps by having the capacity to choose
government
rather than have government imposed upon them but some religious groups might see this as a not a
hate haters are

development so globalization is not inherently good or bad I think it can be

judged as having both good and bad characteristics but it's very hard to

objectify this and to say with certainty that globalization is either one thing

or the other when it comes to it its effects my point is that globalization is rather is rather subjective de
felt

and that the the outcomes of globalization differ from person to

person group to group community to community you so on and so on so

globalization is a provider of opportunities it's also potentially a

provider of costs as well technological globalization is the motor for these for

these changes so technological globalization enables people to

communicate in ways they couldn't before for both good and bad outcomes

technological globalization is I is I think the foundation did the cornerstone

of globalization more generally if globalization implies a coming together

of the workmen living sometimes called globalization implies a world which is

no longer necessarily defined by distance but rather always defined by

opportunities to link up across distance there in 10 technology is the absolute

foundation of that process the history of humankind more generally has been one

in which advances in technology have enabled people's ability to communicate

to expand greatly and the end of the Cold War in the late 1980s the collapse

the Soviet Union in the early 1990s coincided with a with major advances in

technological capacity to communicate so we had two separate development

occurring rounded up the seventh time with different different routes different causes but they're
coming

together is of major significance for understanding the world in the last

three decades and importantly about how globalization and frets religion over

that time the the issue of of

communication is is a is it is a cliche articles everybody in in the Western world at least is where Internet
the
power of the Internet to inform choices we make decisions we make out things we

bought into my cell the Internet has become an absolute fundamental component

of how we live our lives in the early 21st century but of course the internet

is not the only form of advanced

communication which we now have available in the world transport these

of travel from place to place is it much much easier than they used to be much

cheaper than it used to be the opportunities for people with route relatively high income to travel has

never been higher so there's a there's a there's a range of things which I which I would link to this
phenomenon global

called technological globalization which enables people to experience the world

in a much more in a much broader way than before and have opportunities to

experience the world in which were totally beyond the capacity of our

parents or grandparents to understand the world is dramatically changed in the last 20 to 30 years one
of those key

roads in which it has changed is the impact with Rome calling technological organization so group
technological

globalization is a facilitator it enables ideas to spread enables people

to travel enables good to move around the world in ways which just a few short

decades ago was simply unimaginable the

techno technological globalization is however a a carrier of ideas and another

of the other forces in in the world today it's a sort of it tends it's a

rather abstract idea but it's something which is which is of major importance

for how globalization works where religion comes in here is that religion

has always been a globalized one of the key ways in which religion has been a a

phenomenon in world history has been the way that written spread over time so

globalization is not the cause of religion becoming a global force of

course religions have become global forces over very long periods of time but globalization speeds up
the process

of how religion can impact upon the world so religion some say is the

original globalize er but the phenomenon of globalization today and leave an idea
of technological nization is a key component of how religion is now experienced by people

around the world and which in turn enables religion to have major

significance around the world in ways of which I shall mention in a minute over

the last 30 years in where-where-where by technology for globalization has been

a key component of how the world is developing they've also been various

phenomena which have occurred broadly the same period of time one would be a

spread of of values of changing values

we might for example be more concerned about human rights today and we were in the park we may be
more concerned about

democracy and we were in the past we may be more concerned about social justice

and we're in the past to some extent the

the concerns globalization are focused

increasingly in specific areas in which people feel they are linked to and they

feel perhaps that they can do something about so thinking about globalization again and thinking about
the capacitive

technological globalization to encourage people to link up across vast

geographical distances this this can be seen in terms of the kinds of goals and

out looks at people develop over time and to some extent religion is a key

component so many people's worldviews the world but it's almost inevitable

that it was religious world views will

be affected by what globalization brings to man when many people think about

globalization however they immediately think of economic globalization and it's absolutely undeniable in
both them in in

the sense that we now have a global economy in a way which until the end of

the Cold War we do not forget economy the system of communism run by the

Soviet Union was both a political and economic system which was self contained

compared to the Western system which was self contained but different so we could

talk about having two separate global systems run it with both political and economic dimensions
certainly the

collapse of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s empirically led the way to a
globalization of the world economy which enabled us to talk about one global

economy it was initially believed that globalization of the world economy would

be clearly and substantially beneficial for everybody the people who had lived

in the Soviet Union would have access to new goods services which they had previously had intended to
have access

to whereas people in the West would have the opportunity to market goods to a

wider constituency which we may book if everybody to be happy um what occurred

over time however is that epic globalization is seen to be by many people and almost unstoppable
phenomenon

out of control not controllable by anyone government or set of governments

or by international organized like the World Trade Organization the World Bank the International
Monetary

framed and so on so thank too many people they see economic globalization as a runaway horse which
can't be

stopped which is taking people's lives with it in ways we've same comment right

now once again it's important to point out the differential impact of economic globalization some people
benefit

greatly from a comic globalization other people arguably do not benefit in the

same way one empirically verifiable fact about globalization is that over the

last 20 years we've seen polarization of world globally the paradox is that

there's more wealth produced globally so the those that seek globalization has a good thing and able to
point to growth

in global global GDP global gross domestic product overall which sees a a

ride year and year throughout most of the last 38 so the world is richer at

the same time we've seen grow nuns of people in extremes of poverty so the

fact the matter is economic globalization brings both benefits and costs and where religion comes into
this

particular dimension is that people may see religion as a way of helping to deal

with some of the costs and indeed and the benefits which globalization brings

so economic globalization is a is a phenomenon which can be seen in relation

to development with in religions over time and I should say a little bit more
about that a bit later on the third dimension of globalization I want to

introduce now would be 120 cultural globalization and cultural globalization

is a very fuzzy concept need some people it means an American

ization in the world it could mean the spread of American fashions that tastes

American cultural artifacts like popular music artist and film stars it could

mean the imposition of alien values we should seem to be derived from a Western

American viewpoint so cultural globalization is one of the ways in

which we can think about how religion in engages with globalization and it can

sometimes lead to increasing hostility to a Western point of view Western

lifestyles and so on and of course technological globalization they was

able to experience that your face in there in much greater much greater

immediacy than they were down the part the paradox once again is however that

many people wish to experience an organization or westernization of their culture but many people in
the land do

not so cultural globalization is often seen as a synonym for Americanization or

westernized westernization do sometimes received poorly by people in non-western

environment the the issue sometimes

comes into focus with religious groups because some extremist groups how does

one of their focal points one of their bones of contention and this this process of Americanization or

westernization and they can build bridges worldviews which I antagonist it

to this process just a bit more well it's not only of course militant

extremists in expressions of religion which have an end which may are an anti-western int American
viewpoint this

is a wider phenomenon which which can include around your actors but certainly when we think about
cultural

globalization one of the ways in which religion is potentially involved in that

particular process is by increasing some

religious groups sense of antagonism towards such a process of westernization

or or Americanization the source of the issue particularly important I think in

Western Europe of of mass migration which is also a a component of cultural

globalization and what I mean by this is that is the idea that globalization in

general enables people opportunities to travel to move from place to place and

as we've seen tragically in recent weeks and just coming for all people seeking a

better life in Western Europe from Africa and tragically finding that those paths are very very hazardous
indeed

leading to hundreds of deaths in recent weeks um but migration is one of the key

components of cultural globalization which can lead to questions being asked

about society about communities about citizenship but multiculturalism key key

concerns in many Western European countries and even though religion is not the issue per se religion is
often

one of the components of cultural difference which encourages questions

about culture to be brought to the police table the the fact is that globalization

encourages movement of people and people will move for various reasons very often

for a better life for a friend for economic rewards which they wish they are denied in their own countries
but

whatever the reason for people moving globalization offers opportunities to move in ways which weren't
there before

and this can lead in some cases to

retention between communities which are characterized by different niches world

views and different cultural expressions which can be something as obvious in as

banana as different clothes clothing cases so one of the recent phenomenon

linked to cultural globalization certainly in Western Europe and this is a pan-european phenomenon
which is felt

across Western Europe and into Eastern Europe the growing numbers of migrants

who may well be of a different religious faith which has become in many countries

a political social and economic challenge to how many people see

understand the world once again to emphasize this is not religion as such this is not about religious
different

religion is one of the ways in which communities are differentiated and

religious characteristics tend to be observable ridges difference tends to be observable in ways which
enables groups
to be identified married easily and given that economic

globalization has led in Western Europe and elsewhere to some significant

changes in terms of employment opportunities in terms of the the kinds

of jobs available it is perhaps not that surprising that religion or culture

region and culture are different terms but they often overlap become becomes a focal point of some
political groups

whose wider variety agenda is to seek to

drive a wedge between communities for political gains so we need to be aware

that cultural globalization carries with it a number of connotations which very often includes religion but
which is

often not linked only to religion religion is a is a bad difference very

often for people which is easily exploitable by unscrupulous politician their own hands the the
characteristics

of globalization that I sought to identify initially here technological globalization economic globalization
and

cultural globalization by no means the whole story when it comes to the seeing globalization in a post-
cold war

environment but to break down

globalization into these particular focal points is I think a useful starting point how we engage with the

idea of the impact of globalization on religion you nee with us to see religion

as a rather move moveable time with different meanings in different context

enables us to see how religion links into various social political

and economic issues which are newly a

newly underlined as a result of globalization globalization doesn't

necessarily bring anything new to the table but it brings things to people's attention in much stock or
more

directing and no immediate ways than in the past so many ways globalization

speeds things up it speeds up how affects the felt of changes which are

occurring anyway so for example it a

global economy has been developing for hundreds of years facilitated by the

spread of lot of colonialization of western-style States over long periods

of time from me from the 17th century onwards yet it's the characteristics of

technological globalization and other aspects of globalization those referred to which enables us to see
changes

occurring much more quickly than in the past so globalization overall speeds up

out our sense of what's changing Rob

necessarily enables us to conclude that these these these changes

are expressly connected to globalization is such so technological globalization

and can't globalization cultural globalization are all phenomena that you've been occurring for long
periods

of time but the present period the last 20 or 30 years has seen a a speed of

change linked to these dimensions of globalization which were not apparent in

the past and it's this dimension this immediacy this speed of change which is

one of the key components how we understand you at the globalization on religion and the issue is
particularly

important because one of the ways in which society the garden has being

modern until recently was by the gradual public demise of religion so we have

rehab components connected together in this general term called globalization

which have encouraged many people would argue a return of religion to

international prominence international political prominence in ways which we

find to be very surprising and it's it's

the connection between globalization and what's often referred to as do a turn of religion which are
particularly

important for me for me for the wider issue of the links between globalization

and religion

globalization of trade is expanding

rapidly but many are left wondering if

the media are offering a clear analysis

of the critical voices somebody burns a

flag for instance that's what you see in

the front of the paper in the front page

but you don't see these 250,000 people

peacefully protesting pretty much

usually one-sided and misrepresents

what's really going on

[Music]

in this program we explore the impact

which new technology is having on the

role of the traditional news gatherer

[Music]

News reporting of globalization became

one of the main discussions of this

gathering of television broadcasters in

Scotland

what are the key speakers was the

president of CNN Chris Kramer there are

there are only two broadcasters now have

a large spread of international bureaus

one is BBC primarily public funded one

is CNN business commercially funded and

there are two different types of

organizations but they share a common

goal which is to try and make the world

a smaller place

however this former CNN producer

believes that the world his previous

employer offers is not the full picture

he has turned to the Internet to provide

a wider viewpoint on world events

CNN footage is often very flawed in part

because it narrows the range of

discourse you know it's as well as bin

Laden vs. Bush but what about other

people in the world who have points of

view that are critical of both bin Laden

and Bush do we ever hear from them do we

ever hear from NGO groups do we ever

hear from critics of the policy in the

same way that we hear from people who

support the status quo or her selling

the policy in London workers within the

media became so frustrated at the BBC's

reporting of the conflicts that they

held demonstrations outside the studios

they argue that the broadcaster has

taken a bias towards the government line

people who work in the media really need

to earn the right to call themselves

journalists

after the way that they've reported the

events

a lot of them have just turned

themselves into part of the government

propaganda machine unquestioningly using

phrases like war on terrorism without

questioning what they mean I mean war

has a specific meaning under the Hague

Convention I hear public opinion I think

it's broader because I think the press

has been free our here back home that

the press seem to be entertained by the

voice in the ratings game having

reporters in the fields are saying the

hi to parents back home it's almost like

it's a Nintendo game in New York

reporters who have felt alienated by the

mainstream news agenda have gone beyond

just demonstrating and have created

their own broadcasting outlets you're

listening to democracy now in exile the

war and peace report

I need was such a dearth of of critical

reporting on why this happened

what what the response has been it

seemed absolutely critical to expand our

audience as much as we could

and the demand has been there I mean

we've expanded from a one-hour

television show to a two-hour war and

peace report on radio and TV as well as

distributing their reports across the

United States and Canada they also gain

a far wider audience through the

internet the media has become those

powerful force and shaping public

opinion as well as just some among the

most powerful corporations in the world

and now they're beating a drum for war

and we run counter to that as

corporations take a tighter control of

the mass media some journalists believe

that business links could affect their

report

an investigation into Britain's largest

commercial broadcaster ITN LED at least

one journalist to cast doubt objectivity

and that there was a company within the

ITN building 50% owned by ITN and 50%

owned by this huge PR company called

burson-marsteller which was called

corporate television networks or CTN and

CTN was using ITN staff to make highly

misleading corporate videos and it was

effectively expecting its staff on the

one hand to make this highly biased

propaganda and on the other hand to make

objective news reports and I felt that

the two roles were entirely

irreconcilable shell gives them starter

packs such as hair dryers sewing

machines or tool sets so they can start

new businesses the fact that this was

was quietly going on within the building

seriously shook my confidence about IT

ends ability to deliver the product it

said it was delivering however new

technology such as the camcorder

encourages people to record their own

viewpoints of events such as this oil

spilled in Nigeria

unblemish L I'm let me share for Aldi

how would I have been cost we cannot

even get our boots back again the

skyways and we cannot even go to the

water again to ask a vase and so I was a

sort of living it's completely dead

we're all hungry we don't know what to

do now

please shell and fragment we're

appealing to you to come to our aid we

don't have a sense of living again there

are many people who are looking for

answers to basic questions about power

in the world distribution of wealth and

resources who are looking for media

outlets that reinforce their own sense

of the world reinforce their own

perspectives in the world but also give

them an outlet away to disseminate their

own views to other audiences and there

have been points of blockage in the

mainstream media tend to cover the same

issues the same way over and over again

in an office occupation with a

difference environmental campaigners

enlisted the World Wide Web to publish

their concerns we are in the shell

building on the embankment my colleagues

are now barricading the door and we're

shortly guns transmitted live to the

internet from inside the shell building

despite shell cutting the power and all

the phone lines they still continue to

transmit press releases using a mobile

phone and a laptop instead of relying on

the traditional media to put across our

message we can trace our own agenda

put up exactly the information we want

to put up and bypass all those

traditional barriers to getting the real

messages across rather than just the

spin the media want to put on

even the images of police gaining entry

six hours later could be seen live over

the Internet the cream pie is a

traditional tool amongst globalization

activists as former head of the World

Trade Organization at an artillery

cheerio discovered sorry TV which were

later reading oh my goodness the pies

are now being aimed at people in the

media who dismiss important issues such

as climate change it just seemed to me

that too many people are taking an

interest in The Skeptical

environmentalist his book without really

being critical enough of what was or

really understanding that about what was

going on in there so for me throwing up

putting a pie in his face was a way to

undermine his sort of stature in that

sense and to make him look ridiculous

and to stop the kinds of things that he

was using like statistics and graphs and

what kind of stuff stop it being taken

seriously it used to be a process of

getting out engaging with the world

finding out what's happening now it's a

process of sitting in the office waiting

for the world to come to you and of

course the world that comes to you is

the one that's got the PR agencies it's

got the money it's got the time it's got

the resources to put out the press

releases and make all the phone calls

and the rest of it however despite a

multi-million pound media campaign by

the biotechnology industry the British

public still remain skeptical about

genetically modified food the British

government has laid at least part of the

blame for the nation's rejection of the

science on the media guarantee you

tonight and let us say something

absolutely outrageous there will be very

little on the news about this whole

issue and what there is will be probably

truncated in a very very small timeframe

and yet the issues that you're debating

here and the types of issues that he

raised just a moment or two ago

absolutely vital

for the whole future of humankind and

it's a debate I think the public if it

were allowed to would be far more

interested in discovering the facts and

coming to terms of that debate and

engaging in it globalization campaigners

echo Tony Blair's belief that the media

is failing to report important issues

these campaigners have staged a mock

funeral for journalism outside the

studios of the BBC to those who campaign

the gates injustice against the

corporate ransacking of the third world

against genetic engineering against the

arms trade or against the mindless

profit deep driven destruction of our

environment - then we hereby bequeath

the label naive troublemaker you know

politics has moved on and the the news

agenda haven't thereand journalists

reporting from their hotel rooms and

watching television or reporting from

the inside of press centres watching CNN

I mean there's really no engagement you

really have to be with people you know

it's been spend some time with them go

onto the streets demonstrations against

economic summits have spread from

Eastern Europe to the United States has

this been seriously reported by the

international media or has it just

become a game in the eyes of some

broadcasters we got a stop meeting like

this

I mean wait a minute at 6:30 this

morning remember you said it's the

fourth quarter it's almost over we're

way ahead so I missed it by a quarter

itself every single one of these

protesters had a huge social forum

counter summits ideas you know there's

stuff going on really exciting ideas

been talked about you know solutions

being talked about and then you turn on

the news and it's about you know there's

there's some small pocket of one gang of

people who's acting unilaterally and

they're there the news agenda there you

know and and that's that's all the

protest is about and then

at home watching television just have

the sense that you know that's what this

movement is we must take part in the

debate about lazy journalism and if the

debate about lazy journalism means that

we should we can be challenged about our

perception of world events then so big

possibly the strongest challenge to the

media monopolies is emerging from a

rapidly growing network of volunteer run

independent media centers we don't have

the kind of news that actually makes a

difference in people's lives and gives

them an the analysis and the critique

and and then also a key ingredient is

the alternatives where can we actually

go what's actually being done who can

actually talk about it what an economic

a progressive and economic transition

might look like using digital cameras

and the internet outlets are being

created all over the world for

viewpoints not often heard in the

mainstream media we wanted to make sure

that the activists not only could be

seen and heard through our media through

independent media but we also wanted to

give them the tools so they can make

their own media and speak for themselves

rather than having someone speak for

them which we know has problems a unique

website has been created encouraging

anyone anywhere to publish their own

eyewitness accounts without the

involvement of an editor

the internet sort of reflecting the new

kind of political or guising in

increasing the sort of global fabric of

struggle and its internationally

networked so increasingly now you do get

even by poor movements from the South

that have more internet access will have

some internet access a first independent

media center was launched during the

protests at the World Trade Organization

summit in Seattle their website quickly

became the trusted voice of the

campaigners once people realize that the

mass media doesn't have a stranglehold

on reporting what's going on and I think

you first saw this in November 1999 in

Seattle with the indie Media Center

where the police said we're not firing

rubber bullets and then in the media had

their cameras saying oh yes you are

when broadcasters failed to believe

eyewitness accounts of police

overreaction images of officers shooting

demonstrators with rubber bullets were

distributed quickly and widely over the

net we had evidence we had the actual

rubber bullets in the IMC in Seattle and

we published that to the web immediately

for the world to see and later CNN had

to turn around its coverage and by the

end of the week they were actually doing

a story about about what we were doing

why does CNN or BBC fail to capture one

image or not in you know

the last summit or other the answers

because they don't have despite their

pretty enormous wealth they don't have

you know multiple sets and camera eyes

out there is the growing use of

camcorders offering the public a truer

picture of world events the the

independent set provides a production

infrastructure for independent groups so

this piece in the end is really an

amalgamation sort of an assemblage of a

whole bunch of different kinds of kinds

of visions of like what the what the

week was about you know there's growing

dissatisfaction with mainstream media

worldwide in the United States surveys

have shown as many as 70 percent of the

people viewers are unhappy with

television when they're actually asked

about it they say it sucks okay the same

thing is true within the media itself as

many as 70% of the journals who work

inside media are unhappy with the

product of many media companies so you

have a great deal of dissatisfaction of

searching for alternatives in the

ancient town of Genoa Italian media

tycoon come Prime Minister Silvio

Berlusconi hosted a gathering at the 8th

leaders of the most powerful industrial

democracies in the world

to ensure their voices were heard over

200,000 people traveled to Genoa to

highlight the increasing role

corporations were having in the running

of their countries

as the streets shook to the sound of

dissent the first Italian independent

media centre was established to the

court on the g8 meeting

there was plenty of computers telephone

lines mobile phones and then different

sort of equipment and people were

broadcasting the protests became

international news when police shot dead

one demonstrator at the same time the

cameras of the campaigners were

capturing the full extent of police

reaction we recorded you know images of

police brutality you know please

criminality against protesters you know

we filmed both sites but we were so much

in the front line we got into the firing

line

people have to see what happened in

Genoa what really happened which was you

know a lot of violence

just after midnight police raided the

independent media center and the

sleeping area opposite I was watching

the legs went down on the floor and I

was screaming you know journalists not

resisting arrest and then the other five

turned around started kicking me again I

was just kicked out to the street by

that time my ribcage gone long had been

punctured a lot of blood was in filling

up inside when police finally left blood

stained the walls and floors cameras

were smashed and computers they

destroyed their hard drives ripped out

dozens of people were hospitalized every

loss Penelope chow

oh damn puke well everybody on liquor

Lord questura

a kiss a quarter body doll no Elora

universally preferred school mo lova

request request allowed Jose which

referees confirm a massacre about the

questura because she'll go missing none

of the TV channels owned by the Italian

premier ester reported the brutal tiny

the great majority of news broadcasting

sides with the powerful against the

powerless and I don't think that's a

conscious decision and news editor

waking up in the morning and say right I

really must shaft the powerless well

well well standing up for the powerful

but it's the way that it works out and

that's partly because of the nature of

the organizations but is also because of

the nature of political discourse that

um the people with the most wealth and

power other ones who have best heard

[Music]

[Music]

[Music]

You

[Music]

what is a global city global cities are

places which take advantage of

globalization places which are the real

winners of globalization places which

can play a leading role in a globalized

world today they can play a leading role

in the globalized world today because

they are very populated places of course

the global cities are among the largest

cities in the world not always the most

populated because there are a lot of

other criteria cities like Zhang Qing or

Mexico City for example which are among

the five most populated cities in the

world are not alpha plus cities but the

global cities are always very populated

New York City for example has around 20

million inhabitants London has 10

million inhabitants

even if among the alpha plus cities you

have cities which have only 5 million

inhabitants like Sydney in Australia or

2 million and half like Dubai it's

always more than 1 or 2 million

inhabitants so it's always a very large

cities the second quality of the global

cities is that they are very wealthy

cities for example Paris produces 30

percent of the French GDP and France is

the 6th economic power in the world

so the global cities are places where

there is a very active economy where

there are a lot of companies which

produce high added value activities them

a global city is a concentration of

people they are very populated but the

concentration of people to make the

economy grow because the people consume

the people are wealthy they are able to

buy a lot of things so they consume but

at the same time they work and people

who live in global cities are very

skilled so they work in high added value

economic

activities so they make the economy grew

by working and by consuming but the

global city is also a place of power

political power of course if you take

the example of Washington City it's

obvious in Washington City which has

around 7 million inhabitants you have

all the political powers of the United

States but if you go to New York City

even if New York is not a political

capital in New York City you have the

headquarters of the United Nations so

you have international political powers

but you also have economic powers for

example in New York City you have the

New York Stock Exchange in London you

have the London Stock Exchange of course

and the a connect our is also the

headquarters of big companies like in

San Francisco in the Silicon Valley

most of the Gaffa like Google Facebook

Amazon which are based there in Seattle

you have Boeing Microsoft the power can

be a cultural power in a city like Paris

for example which is a city which

influences the culture of all the world

by creating fashions by showing what

must be an example for the other

cultures the global city is very

influential and of course you have the

best universities which represent the

scientific power so a global city is a

place of innovation it is a place where

you invent what will influence the world

in the future New York City is a place

of cultural innovation London - of

course this is the place where the best

artists who wants to be but it's also

technical innovation and I think that

the best example maybe the Silicon

Valley near San Francisco then a global

city is a leading Center because it has

power in an interdependent world because

as the world is interdependent it is

possible to have influence on all the

world today and the global cities hard

places which play

reading room in this interdependent

world because they have the power

because they invent what will influence

all this world in the future so global

city is also a hub a hub is a place

where the different flows of the world

can meet a place where there are very

good transport infrastructures and

communication infrastructure in order to

have all the flows which cross and which

meet for example if you want to move

from a small city to another small city

in the world you are obliged to take a

plane to go to New York City to Miami or

London Paris because you need to go

through the hub you don't have direct

flights whereas from the airports of

London for example you can go wherever

you want so a global city is connected

to the rest of the world it is also

connected to its hinterland its

hinterland is all the area which depends

directly on this city for example France

is the intern of Paris because Paris

dominates all friends when you are in

France if you want to go on the road you

are often obliged to go through Paris

you go to Paris to take a plane for

example Paris Masters the communication

of all friends with the rest of the

world a city like New York City for

example has an influence on a very

important internet not all the United

States but all the megalopolis and the

megalopolis in the northeast of the

United States is a very important and

rich place so it's a very important

intern and another example can be taken

in Germany Frankfurt is less populated

than Berlin in Frankfurt you have 2

million inhabitants in Berlin you have 4

million but Frankfurt has a most

powerful internet because Frankfurt

dominates the Rhineland which is the

center of the European megalopolis

whereas Berlin is more isolated in the

east of Germany then a global city is

also a place which connects an important

region its hinterland to the rest of the

world if you want to have communication

from your region to the rest of the

world you have to go through the global

city so it gives a very important rule

to the global city a global city is a

kind of gate we also say the hub so

global cities have a lot of rules there

are consequences the first consequence

is a global city isn't very innovative

and as it is a hub a crossroads a place

where all the flows of the world meet it

is very attractive it attracts a lot of

investments of course the transnational

corporations want to invest in the

global cities because it is a place

which is connected to the rest of the

world because it is a place where there

is innovation so innovation is always

good for business so global cities

attract the investments and the economic

activities the second consequence is the

urban sprawl because as it has a very

important hinterland and a lot of

connections with this internet and as it

is very populated the global cities grow

larger and larger and extend the area on

which it lays the best example here

maybe Los Angeles Los Angeles is more

than 100 kilometres large then the third

consequence is what we call metropolis

Asian as a global city is wealthy so

with a lot of economic activities as it

is powerful as it is attractive well

there are more and more activities and

more and more population and then the

cities the metropolises which are

already the most important and the most

powerful become more and more powerful

these are the consequences which can

explain the dynamism of the global

cities but there are other consequences

the first one is the inequalities

because if a global city attracts more

and more the population and the

activities it is of course the dynamic

skilled and rich population but also a

lot of people who come there because

they hope to find a better life for

example in the Chinese cities like

Shanghai like Beijing there is a very

important middle-class who lives there

because they work in the tertiary

activities they work in the

administration of the powerful places in

the upper tertiary activities but there

are also millions of workers who have

come from the countryside because they

hope to find a job to build the

skyscrapers for example in cities like

Dubai there is a very important

proletariat a very poor people we who

are exploited to make the city work and

to make the rest of the city become

richer and richer so the global cities

are the place where you can find the

richest people but also the places where

you can find the poorest people the

second consequence is the consequence of

the attractivity as it is more and more

attractive as there are more and more

economic activities this global cities

are congested there are a lot of

examples in all the big cities you waste

a lot of time for example in the traffic

jam Los Angeles is very famous for it

Los Angeles is a very paradoxical city

because it has the largest motorways

network and people spend their powers

and Howard's in the traffic jams the

consequence of the urban sprawl is the

environmental problems because if the

cities are larger it needs more

infrastructures and people have to move

on longer ways from the house to their

job and then it pollutes a lot and the

traffic jams pollute too and the global

cities are places which are very

polluted Los Angeles is very famous we

call that the smog the smog which is at

the same time smooth

fog which makes visibility pretty bad in

this cities sometimes you don't see the

Sun because of the smog and a lot of

people get sick because of this

pollution you have very important

examples in the Indian or in the Chinese

cities so the global cities are the

places which take advantage of

globalization these are the places where

you see what globalization produces the

best global cities are the places where

you can see the dynamism provoked and

entailed by globalization but global

cities are also the places where you see

the most important tensions which result

from globalization