See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/354790582

Design of a 5kW Solar Photo-voltaic Power Plant for Maheshkhali

Article · September 2021

CITATIONS READS

0 10,948

1 author:

Anas Khan
Ahsanullah University of Science & Tech
3 PUBLICATIONS 0 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Anas Khan on 23 September 2021.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Renewable Energy (ME 4011)

Design of a 5kW Solar Photo-voltaic

Power Plant in Maheshkhali

Name and Student ID: Tabassum Khan [170108021]

Kazi Nur-E-Jannat Shoshi [170108036]
Anas Khan [170108037]

AUST E-mail Address: 170108021@aust.edu

170108036@aust.edu
170108037@aust.edu
Contents

1 Introduction 4
1.1 Background of the Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 Type of Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2 Demand Analysis 6
2.1 Load Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 The Daily Load Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3 Resource Assessment 8
3.1 Detailed Resources Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2 Key Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4 Selection of Conversion Technology 10

4.1 Overall System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2 Selection of Components through Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

5 Design & Optimization 12

5.1 Preliminary Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.2 Performance Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.3 Optimization Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.4 Technical Specifications of the Final Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

6 Social Impact Assessment 16

6.1 Critical Analysis of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6.2 Social Benefits of the project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

7 Environmental Impact Assessment 17

7.1 Local . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
7.2 Regional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
7.3 Global . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

8 Economic/Financial Analysis 18

9 Concluding Remarks 19
9.1 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
9.2 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Bibliography 20

Appendices 21

Appendix A Appendix A 21

1
List of Tables

2.1 Load Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

4.1 Components of the 10kW SPV Power Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

8.1 Financial Parameters of the Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

2
List of Figures

1.1 A Map Showing the Location of the Power Plant Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3.1 Map data for different variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3.2 Situation of solar radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.3 Average hourly profile of solar radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4.1 Schematic Diagram of Solar PV System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

5.1 Schematic Diagram of Solar PV System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

5.2 Data table of system 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.3 Data table of system 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.4 Data table of system 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.5 Summery of the optimization process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.6 Production and Usage of electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.7 Complete setup of our system design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

8.1 Cost summary of the project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

3
Chapter 1

Introduction

Energy plays a vital role in humans in everyday life. From the very beginning of human civilization,
fossil fuel has become the most used energy source throughout the whole world. Its demand has
increased drastically day by day. But fossil fuel reserve has been constrained. Also different calamities
such as climate change, global warming etc. are causing great harm to our life. The rate of energy
consumption is increasing and supply is decreasing. So, we need sustainable energy systems for
replacing conventional fossil fuel systems. Many of the worlds developed countries are trying to
produce their necessary energy from renewable resources. Our country is not out of this situation.
Total energy consumption in 2012 was 31.29 million tons of oil equivalents, out of which, traditional
biomass consumes and conventional energy i.e. fossil fuel consumes the most[1]. Bangladesh is also
trying to shift to renewable energy as its main power source. Our country is blessed with many natural
energy resources such as water, solar, wind etc. Among these, solar energy is the most attractive and
suitable. Following this motive, different projects have been placed throughout the country. Our main
objective through the project is to design and develop a 5kW hybrid solar photo-voltaic system in
Moheshkhali, Bangladesh and to analyze its financial and technical performance. We will focus on
the simplicity of the function, high efficiency, high durability and low maintenance of the hybrid solar
photo-voltaic system.

1.1 Background of the Project

Our project is to design a 5kW solar photo-voltaic(PV) system that will be connected with a local
electric supply. The system will supply its generated electricity to a small market in the Moheshkhali
area. The market will consist of several shops such as cloth store, pharmacy, general store, grocery
shop, stationary etc. As a hybrid electric system, this solar PV system will supply electricity during
the daytime and will store additional power in a battery pack. Which will help to supply when the
sun is down or the weather is cloudy. A hybrid inverter will be added to convert and connect the
solar PV electricity supply line with the main electric line. While the solar PV line is active, the main
grid will be disconnected.All the electric devices such as lights, fans, fridge etc will get electricity from
the connected inverter. All the technical and financial criteria will be analyzed throughout the whole
paper. Suitability of system setup area, purchasing cost, setup cost, maintenance, impact over social
and economic factors over the related population of Moheshkhali will be discussed elaborately.

1.2 Type of Project

This project is a Solar PV Hybrid system for a few Micro-enterprise in a market in Moheshkhali.
It will be a Grid-tied system including one or more AC circuit system with battery back-up. Dual
function inverter will supply electricity to the Micro-enterprise depending on which supply system is
preferable. If solar energy is available, it will use from the solar PV system. If it is not available, the
system will shift to the battery pack or grid system.

4
1.3 Location
Our study was conducted to know the real scenario the Maheshkhali area, situated in Chittagong,
Bangladesh. It helped to understand the necessary steps and project goal. Its latitude is 21°31’13”
and longitude is 91°58’10” [2]. A feasibility study was conducted over the location. We found that the
area was green grassland, no obstacle was found for setting the Solar PV system. No legal boundaries
were found that may cause violation due to setting up this system. Digital location from map link
collected from Global Solar Atlas is provided bellow.

URL: https://globalsolaratlas.info/map?s=21.52021,91.96954m=sitec=21.52021,91.96954,11

Figure 1.1: A Map Showing the Location of the Power Plant Site

5
Chapter 2

Demand Analysis

2.1 Load Demand

A small was hypothetically observed determining the load demand of the area. The market we
planned was consist of 12 shops. Among them, two cloth shops, one pharmacy, two grocery shops, one
stationary shop, two general stores, one tea store, one fruit shop, one confectionery and one barbershop.
Each shop will have lights and fans in general. Some shop will have devices regarding their service.
Grocery shops, departmental stores and confectionery will use refrigerators for preserving products.
The stationary shop may have a printing and photocopy machine. Tea stalls will have a television for
their customers’ recreation. Other devices and charging ports are also considered.
All the electric devices were chosen based on efficiency and performance. Energy-saving CFL lights
were chosen for each shop. It will provide high lumination using low electric power. Lights will be
active for an average of 6 hours as the shops will need all of it in the evening for a few hours and
few wills kept on all night. Energy-efficient electric fans were also chosen. Gorilla Efficio Ceiling fan,
which can save 65% energy than other fans, will be used. The fan will be used from 8 am to 10
pm as there will be shopkeepers and customers at that time. At night, when the shops are closed,
all fans will be kept switched off. Four different types of the fridge, such as ice cream fridge, cold
drinks fridge etc. will be used. The refrigerators will be kept active 24 hours as it is used to keep
product preservation. A small energy-efficient led television will be used for customers recreation in
the tea store. It will keep running from the morning as the shop starts and will be switched off at
the closing time. Sharp AR-7024 photocopy machine will take a very high load. But considering the
high price of low power usage photocopy machine, we had to consider this one. It will remain active
for several hours following customer demand. Other devices will be kept as much efficient as possible.
The activity of these devices will vary from time to time.

Table 2.1: Load Demand

No. Description Load (W) Hours of Operation Remarks (if any)

1 Lighting 23 6 55 CLF lights
2 Cooling (fans) 35 12 21 fans
3 Cooling (fridge) 137 24 4 fridges of different types
4 Television 90 10 1 small TV
5 Photocopy machine 1200 6 Sharp AR-7024
5 Other devices 400 12 Charging mobile, electric device etc

6
2.2 The Daily Load Curve

A daily load curve is drawn assuming the daily activities of the shops. Such as, in zero hours, there
will be only some lights and refrigerators working. Till 7 am, this load will be continued. Then some
shops will be opening, the load will be increasing. At 12 am, all the shops will be at their maximum
peak time and the load will be very high. Then it will be decreasing from 2 pm as lunchtime has
started. In the evening, it will rise again. At 6 pm all the electric devices will be active, then the load
will touch its peak point. After 10 pm, it will touch its lower load value.

Daily load curve of the Market

5,000
Load Curve
4,000
Required Load [kW]

3,000

2,000

1,000

0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Time [Hour]

7
Chapter 3

Resource Assessment

3.1 Detailed Resources Assessment

Detailed resource assessment collected from Global Solar Atlas [2], for Maheshkhali, Chittagong,
Bangladesh area. Used Geographical coordinates values are, latitude is 21°31’13”and longitude is
91°58’10”.

Figure 3.1: Map data for different variables

Figure 3.2: Situation of solar radiation

8
 Figure 3.3: Average hourly profile of solar radiation

3.2 Key Findings

Key findings From the global Solar Atlas, we found that the value of DNI is 1358 kWh/m2 value of
GHI 1805, kWh/m2 value of DIRA is 863 kWh/m. As the Solar PV is fixed the value of the optimum
angle should be the value of latitude. The value of the optimum angle is 24°and the reference is north
Higher values of the DIF/GHI ratio is not desired. If the value of the ratio is high it means that the
area has a high occurrence of clouds, more atmospheric pollution or more water vapour content [3].
The value of DIF/GHI ratio for Maheshkhali is, (863%1805)=0.478 which is not high. This refers
that, the Maheshkhali area is quite suitable for setting up a Solar PV system

9
Chapter 4

Selection of Conversion Technology

4.1 Overall System

The Solar PV system we have developed is a Local Grid-connected solar photo-voltaic system with
battery backup. It will be connected with one AC circuit followed by a Hybrid inverter. The hybrid
inverter will take electric energy from two sources. One will be the battery pack, another will be the
AC load from the local electricity supply. While we have electricity from direct sunlight, or we have
stored charge in battery pack which has been collected from solar PV, will be supplied to the shops
of the market. Again, if there is less load than the required load in battery or solar PV cell, the
inverter will shift to an AC circuit and will supply electricity from a local electric supplier. A charge
controller will control the electricity collected from all solar PV set on the roof and will store it in the
battery pack [4]. The inverter will keep collecting the required load from the battery pack and will
keep remaining saved for further use.

Figure 4.1: Schematic Diagram of Solar PV System

10
4.2 Selection of Components through Literature Review
A brief study of different components was conducted on different websites. We searched on the web-
site and social media page and channels of several solar PV system components supplier and provider
of our country. We compared and analyzed market review, durability, efficiency, customer satisfac-
tion and cost of those products from different providers. After a satisfactory comparison, we found
these listed products more eligible for our project than other products available in our market. Some
components were not available on the exact point that we need. Some were without any specifica-
tion data provided in the suppliers’ website or social media platform. For that chase, we have taken
data from the producer website and chose a product available on the top point. Such as, we didn’t
have any good 5kW hybrid solar inverter in the market. So we choose a 7 kW inverter from Luminous.

Table 4.1: Components of the 10kW SPV Power Plant

Sl. No. Component No. of Units Price/unit (Taka) Total (Taka) Remarks (if any)
1 Solar PV Modules 19 16000 304000 Akhter Group PLC
2 Charge Controller 1 2820 2820 Ensysco Solar-mate
3 Battery Bank 8 18000 144000 VOLVO Solar Battery
4 Inverter 1 220000 220000 Luminus NXT
5 Balance of System – 5000 5000 Wiring, Switches etc.
6 Installation Charge – 50000 50000 Labour, transport etc.
Total= 725820

List of products used in Solar Photo-voltaic Hybrid system and details,

• Solar PV Module used: Akhter Group PLC ASL- 250W/24V. (URL: akhtersolar.com )

• Charge controller used: Ensysco Solar-mate charge controller, Type : PWM MPPT, 3 years
warranty. (URL: ensyscobd.com)

• Battery used: VOLVO Solar Battery 130 Ah, Model: SOLAR - 130, Capacity: 130 Ah, Warranty
: 5 Years for DC Solar. (URL: daraz.com.bd)

• Luminous solar 7.5 KVA hybrid inverter. (URL: loomsolar.com)

11
Chapter 5

Design & Optimization

5.1 Preliminary Design

We used HOMER Grid 1.8.7 (Evaluation Edition) for our design simulation. While simulating, we
used load variation based on our assumed load demand graph. In the graph, it had a high load before
lunchtime and in the evening. Day to day variation was taken 10%. So, the assumed fluctuation
of required may vary 10% up or down regarding our assumed value. No peak month was chosen.
We used data for PV panel closer to our listed one as our listed one was not available there. We
used a 4.75kW load for the PV panel. Also added assumed replacement cost and maintenance cost
for a 10 year lifetime of this project.A Generic 1kWh lead-acid battery was chosen due to the lack
of proper data available inside the software regarding our chosen battery which is available in our
country. Maintenance cost was assumed 2000 tk/month. The battery system will have a lifetime of
10 years. Data of the Luminus NXT 7kW converter was inserted manually. Yearly maintenance cost
was also predicted.Utility tariff data was taken from the website of the Bangladesh Energy Regulatory
Commission. According to them, their flat charge is 8.53 taka/kWh. And demand cost is 30 taka/kW.
This value has been ensured for the whole year for grid connection.

Figure 5.1: Schematic Diagram of Solar PV System

12
5.2 Performance Analysis
While doing the analysis, three systems has been developed. Performance analysis using HOMER
Grid software is shown below.

Figure 5.2: Data table of system 1

Figure 5.3: Data table of system 2

13
 Figure 5.4: Data table of system 3

5.3 Optimization Process

Figure 5.5: Summery of the optimization process

Figure 5.6: Production and Usage of electricity

14
5.4 Technical Specifications of the Final Design
In our final design, we used components and system setup as per our initial plan. We used Akhter
Group PLC as our Solar PV Modules. Nineteen units of modules were used as we need 4.75kW elec-
tricity as per our assumption. We tried to save additional cost for making an exact 5 kW system. Our
solar charge controller was Ensysco Solar-mate, a well-known product in our country. This product is
cost-efficient and also have 3 years warranty. Volvo Solar battery, from a worldwide famous company
Volvo, has been used in our design. A battery pack of 8 batteries, of 130 Ah and 1kWh as per the
generic model was developed. We didn’t have a 5 kW inverter available in our country. So we used
the Luminus NXT 7kW inverter. For the balancing system, good quality wires, switches and other
components were considered. The final design was not changed due to some factors. As our goal was
to design and fulfil the criteria of Designing a 5kW Solar Photo-voltaic Power Plant in Maheshkhali,
we did not change the preliminary design due to lack of proper data and time.

Figure 5.7: Complete setup of our system design

15
Chapter 6

Social Impact Assessment

6.1 Critical Analysis of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Our project will frequently fulfil the SDGs. This project will help to reduce poverty in society, which
will actualize the SDG 1 and will create job opportunities, it will help to materialize SDG 8. Several
new jobs will be offered for executing this project. By replacing fossil fuel power plants with solar PV
system, toxic emissions from the power plants will also be replaced, which will deal with SDG 3. These
emissions have serious health issues as people inhale them with air. Toxic wastes from these power
plants also get mixed up with water and soil and create serious contamination. All these negative
issues will be replaced by the Solar PV system and this will help us to implement SDG 14 and 15. The
maintenance cost of this system is relatively low, this connects our project with SDG 7. Besides a big
part of electricity saved by using Solar PV. These savings can be used for the improvement of society,
like the availability of better food, quality education, clean water and sanitation etc. Which will satisfy
SDG 4 and 6. If the society can get quality education peace, justice and medication of inequalities will
be subsequently maintained, this will follow the criteria of SDG 10 and 16. SPV also have a negative
impact on society for the fabrication process of PV cells a number of hazardous materials are used.
Silicon dust is inhaled by the workers while working. Fabrication of storage system also to includes the
use of are unsafe materials. There are also hazards related to material transportation. For installing
a solar PV plant, a lot of lands is required. This land could be used for another production purpose.

6.2 Social Benefits of the project

This project has many social benefits. This project will help to reduce unemployment in society.
Because for executing this project several new jobs will be offered to the people of the society. Solar
PV will help to replace the toxic emission and waste disposal of toxic wastage on both soil and water.
Will provide the opportunity to the people of the society to live in a healthy and pollution-free green
society. It will also help to maintain the fertility of the land and keep the feed-stock contamination
free. They will also be able to use clean water. The people in the market will also be able to use
affordable and clean energy. Because the maintenance cost of the Solar PV is relative low. Also, a
part of the electricity will be saved. For this, the energy will be affordable for all. The saved portion
of money can be used for the welfare of society. People can use this money for getting the proper
education, reducing hunger from society, improving their income condition. In a nutshell, they can
build a Sustainable Society. If a society can get proper education, their morality will be improved. In
a society with good morality, peace, justice, partnership, etc will be properly maintained.

16
Chapter 7

Environmental Impact Assessment

7.1 Local
Fossil fuel power plants have serious air pollution issues. Because they emit Greenhouse gas like COX
,N OX , SOX etc. These emissions degrade the quality of air making it harmful for living creature on
the earth. Using solar PV this air pollution can be replaced. Fossil fuel power plants also pollute water
by disposing of toxic waters in rivers. Water becomes contaminated by getting mixed up with toxic
waters. This is very harmful to living creatures under the water. The water also becomes unsuitable
for any kind of use. Using solar PV water pollution can be e terminated. These conventional power
plants also pollute the land by disposing of toxic water on land. This toxic wastage degrades the
quality of the land. The soil loses its fertility. It hinders the growth of the quality of food stock
making the soil poisonous. Using solar PV this type of land pollution can be removed.

7.2 Regional
Emissions from these fossil fuel power plants also contain N OX ,SOX . When these N OX ,SOX are
emitted into the air they can go very high into the atmospheric layer. There they mix and react with
the atmospheric components and form more acidic pollutants known as acid rain. This acid rain is
harmful to both lives below water and life on land. As it falls onto the earth making both the water
and Earth acidic. It also makes many diseases even worse. It causes harm to the Infrastructures.
Using a solar PV system this acid rain may be stopped. These harmful emissions deplete the ozone
layer. Depletion of the Ozone layer increases the level of ultraviolet radiation on earth. This ozone
layer also likes an umbrella for the earth protecting it from harmful ultraviolet radiation. If the ozone
layer depletion continuous it will be very harmful to human health. Using a solar PV system this
ozone layer depletion can be stopped.

7.3 Global
Over the last 50 years, the average global temperature has increased at the fastest rate in recorded
history. This increase in temperature is called global warming. Global warming contributions to
climate change that occurs in Earth’s average weather over an extended period. Greenhouse gases
emitted from fossil fuel power plants play a vital role in accelerating Global Warming. Due to this
global warming ice in many regions of the earth have started to melt at an alarming rate. The
temperature of the area is rising. Many natural disasters are also triggered due to global warming. If
this continues to happen in future, the existence of human will be in great danger. Many parts of the
land will be submerged underwater. Many species will be extinct. By using solar PV system instead
of these fossil fuel plants global warming can be slowed down.

17
Chapter 8

Economic/Financial Analysis

Figure 8.1: Cost summary of the project

Through the simulation of the project, it was clear that this project has a payback time of 6.21
years. This is a great opportunity for the sustainable development of our country. With an on-time
investment and very low maintenance cost, it can save a huge amount of money. It can save a large
amount of electricity bill every year. As per our simulation, only a little part needs to be taken from
the grid line. This is a high chance of improvement. This Power Generation system has an annual
worth of 898,309 takas. It will be able to return 12.1% investment and the internal rate will be 15.7%.

Table 8.1: Financial Parameters of the Project

Parameter Value Value

Project life (years) 10
Investment Cost (Taka) 725820
Yearly electricity production (kWh) 252566
Production cost of electricity (Taka/kWh) 4.97
Price of electricity (Taka/kWh) 8.53
Expected Revenue during the project life (Taka) 21.5M
Simple payback period (years) 6.2

18
Chapter 9

Concluding Remarks

9.1 Conclusions
Throughout this project, our most important part of work and study was to develop a design based
on the available resources. We started with studying in Maheshkhali area, land properties, natural
resources and other environmental criteria. Then we developed a 5kW grid-connected hybrid solar
photovoltaic power plant for a hypothetical market. We assumed all the parameters can be affecting
the power generation and usage process. After all these, we ended up with a good performance power
plant design which can repay its cost within 6 years only. Our most valuable lessons learned from the
project,

• We didn’t have much idea before about the natural resources of power generation of our country.
Our country is blessed with a lot of natural power resources. These are only needed to be
identified and implemented proper measures to convert them into electric or mechanical energy.
While working on this project, we had experience with different power sources which will help
us in future to gain more knowledge and to implement them in the practical field.

• This project helped us to understand different local, regional and global impacts on an energy
resource and power generation system. SDGs, environmental, financial impact, local rules and
conducts can be very important for such type of work. This factor will cooperate us to work on
any project with a view of designing that based on a global view.

• We also learned different software and websites which are very helpful for designing this type of
systems.

9.2 Recommendations
While working on this project, we faced lots of difficulties. We had overcome most of them and
completed our job successfully. Some recommendation are listed below that may help for further
work,

• We have a lack of quality products available in our country. We should take steps to make them
spread out in the out market.

• Using proper data and analysis system in software is quite difficult. We faced a problem while
using BDT instead of USD. So, the use of USD will be useful for better accuracy.

19
Bibliography

[1] A. Faysal and P. K. Ghosh, “Design and Performance Evaluation of Large Scale Grid Connected
PV System in the Context of Developing Countries,” vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 157–162, 2012.

[2] G. S. ATLAS, “URL: https://globalsolaratlas.info/.”

[3] G. S. A. FAQ, “ URL: https://globalsolaratlas.info/support/faq.”

[4] Enerkraft, “TYPES OF SOLAR PV SYSTEMS. URL: http://www.enerkraft.co/types-

solar.html.”

20
 Appendix A

Appendix A

21
View publication stats