Chapter 3: Movement of substances across cell membrane

Diffusion
- Concentration gradient exist
- Net movement of particles from the region of higher concentration to a region of lower
concentration
- Depends on kinetic energy of particles
- Passive process which does not require energy from cell
Importance of diffusion
- Allows the uptake of useful substances
- Allows the removal of metabolic waste
- Gas exchange for respiration in animals
- Distribution of substances throughout the cytoplasm
Factors that can affect the rate of diffusion

Gradient Concentration - The greater the concentration

difference the higher the rate of
diffusion

Temperature - The higher the temperature the higher

the rate of diffusion
- Particles have higher kinetic energy
so they move faster

Surface - Large surface area of membrane

through which diffusion takes place,
the higher the rate of diffusion

Distance - Shorter the distance between two

regions of different concentration the
higher the rate of diffusion

Osmosis
- the net movement of water molecules from a region higher water potential to a region of
lower water potential across a differentially permeable membrane
- no need energy
Water potential
- water potential is inversely proportional to the solute concentration of a solution
- tendency of water molecules to diffuse from one place to another
Importance of Osmosis
- for the absorption of water from soil
- transport of water from cell to cell
- provides a means of support in young seedlings and non-woody part
 Net movement of What happens to an What happens to a
water animal cell plant cell

In Hypotonic solution into the cell swells and bursts becomes turgid

In Hypotonic solution out of the cell shrinks and becomes becomes

wrinkled plasmolysed and
flaccid

In isotonic solution no net movement shape and volume shape and volume
remains unchanged remains unchanged

Active transport
- is the process of transporting substances across the cell membrane with the use of
energy occurs only in living cells
- substances are usually transported against a concentration gradient
- involves specific carrier proteins in the cell membrane
- requires energy
Importance of active transport
- allows the movement of substances across the cell membrane against a concentration
gradient
- allows cell to take in useful substances or remove wastes along a concentration gradient
more quickly than diffusion allows
Examples of active transport
- active uptake of minerals from soil into roots of plants
- reabsorption of useful substance in kidney tubles of humans
- adsorption of digested food in small intestine of humans
Chapter 4: Biological molecules

Carbohydrates
- examples includes starch,cellulose and sugar
- are organic substances made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
- ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms is 2:1
Glucose
- formula:
- is the way that carbohydrates are transported around the body
- glucose dissolves in blood plasma, which delivers it to every cell
- can be directly broken down in the body cells during respiration to release energy
- in plants, glucose molecules are linked together as starch
- starch stored in plant cell ( storage forms of carbohydrates in plants)
- cellulose is the main component of plant cell wall
- are reducing sugars form brick- red precipitate in benedict’s test
- Glycogen storage forms of carbohydrates in animals
Test Tube Sample Observable change in the
mixture reaction

A Glucose solution A brick- red precipitate is

formed

B Distilled water No observable change

When glucose solution is heated with benedict's solution a brick-red precipitate is formed

Iodine Solution
Sample Initial colour Final Colour

Starch solution Brown Blue-black

Distilled water Brown Brown

In the presence of Starch, the colour of Iodine solution changes from brown to blue-black

Lipids
- are organic substances made up of carbon, hydrogen,oxygen
- ration of hydrogen atoms to oxygens atoms is greater than 2:1
- are insoluble in water, soluble in ethanol
- formed by one glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules
Function of lipids
- main component of cell membrane
- fat and oils are energy reserves in organism
 - fat acts as an insulating layers to reduce heat loss

Proteins
- are organic substances made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Some
contain sulphur
- basic units of proteins are amino acids
Function of proteins
- they are important for the growth and repair of body tissues
- all enzymes are protein
- form antibodies, which help to protect the body against pathogens
- form haemoglobin, red pigments that transport oxygen in the blood
- forming cell membranes in the organisms
Test of Protein
- Add Biuret solution(blue), a purple colour shows if protein present

Test for vitamin C using DCPIP solution

DCPIP solution appears blue DCPIP solution is decolourised by
vitaminC

- not to test carbohydrate, protein or fat

Structure of DNA

Chemical structure
- long chain of nucleotides

2 polynucleotide chains
- twist around each other
- double helix
Run in different direction

Complementary base pairing

- A and T, C and G
Function of DNA
- determines the sequences of base
- determines the sequence amino acids in protein
- determines which proteins are made in the cell

Chromosomes are made up of DNA and proteins. A gene in a segment of DNA molecule on a
chromosome.