Renewable Energy Focus 44 (2023) 139–173

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Renewable Energy Focus

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Power quality and stability improvement of microgrid through shunt

active filter control application: An overview
Buddhadeva Sahoo a,⇑, Mohammed M. Alhaider b, Pravat Kumar Rout c
a
Department of Electrical Engineering, Silicon Institute of Technology, Odisha, India
b
College of Engineering at Wadi Addawaser, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, 11991, Saudi Arabia
c
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University, Odisha, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Owing to avoid harmonic and power quality issues, the concept of eliminating their impacts on microgrid
Received 20 May 2022 systems has gained a lot of interest. Incidentally, shunt active filters (SHAFs) is selected as the most reli-
Revised 22 September 2022 able solutions against the concern problems and become the first choice of researchers. However, the per-
Accepted 24 December 2022
formance of SHAF is strictly dependent upon the controller’s action, design, and stability. Looking at the
Available online 2 January 2023
necessity, the detailed working of parallel/series filters for current and voltage source-based non-linear
load application is discussed and compared. This paper reviews and collects information related to var-
Keywords:
ious SHAF control techniques for improving microgrid performances. The effectiveness of the controller is
Shunt active filter
Power quality
examined and justified by considering the non-linearity reduction, dc-link voltage balancing, current and
Microgrid voltage regulation, and improving the synchronization techniques. In this review, the most advanced
Series active filter control techniques are discussed and contrasted systematically to highlight their strengths and weak-
DC-link voltage control nesses. In addition to that, by considering different control architectures, the possible control outcomes
Synchroniser and shortfalls are also summarized in different tabular forms. The survey can hypothetically serve as a
standard and establishment of material for selecting the most significant methods for smoothening the
SHAF operation for complex microgrid systems.
Ó 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction appropriate integration and control solution for renewable

1.1. Importance of alternative source selection and motivation
Recently, the rise in population, household utilities, industries,
and digitalization has upsurged the power demand at a frightening
rate [1]. However, to meet the power demand, traditional power
sources such as coal, diesel, and fossil fuels are not sufficient.
Therefore, to support the backbone of energy generation, alterna-
tive sources such as wind, solar, and hydro-based power plants
are developed and gaining interest [2]. The use of alternative
sources, power electronic devices, distributed generations, battery
storage cells, increases the power quality and reliability standard
by reducing the transmission and distribution losses, cost, and size
[3]. The government also provides a lot of incentives and support
to install alternative sources-based plants for green energy produc-
tion and reduce the burden on the national power plant [4]. The
facilities provided by the government, present needs, and sustain-
able solutions motivate the power engineers to develop an
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: buddhadeva14@gmail.com (B. Sahoo).
energy-based microgrid systems.
1.2. Challenges during the integration, idea of power filters, and
motivation
In power industries, the proliferation of power electronic
device-based load and renewable energy-based distributed gener-
ators brings the attention of the research towards the harmonic
contained and frequency variations in power system applications
[5]. The presence of harmonic also creates power quality and sta-
bility issues in real-time microgrid applications by decreasing the
power factor from its rated value [6]. In addition to that, it creates
overheating problems, measurement errors, excess energy loss,
decrease in efficiency, voltage and frequency mismatch, and
instrument failure [7]. The persistence of challenges leads to a
stochastic and intermittent power supply. To limit the harmonic
effects and quality power supply, the latest international standard
i.e IEEE-519 is articulated and mentioned that the total harmonic
contained for current must be well within 5 % of the total current
[8]. Therefore, to maintain the international standard, appropriate
harmonic current regulation and compensation methods are

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ref.2022.12.006
1755-0084/Ó 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
B. Sahoo, M.M. Alhaider and P.K. Rout
needed to improve the quality and reliability of the grid-connected
and islanded system application. Traditionally, passive power fil-
ters are used for harmonic compensation in microgrid applications
[9]. However, the bulky structure, excess switches requirement,
constant load application, and static compensation methods, the
preferences have been shifted towards active power filters. Active
power filters are capable to mitigate the high order harmonics,
providing reactive power support, balancing voltage and fre-
quency, applicable for variable load applications, and also facilitat-
ing reduced switch multi-level inverter applications [10]. The
benefits prove their significance and motivate the researchers to
apply for alternative source-based microgrid applications.
1.3. APF evolution, challenges, idea of control solutions, and
motivation
Due to the significant development of APF, various power engi-
neers are analyzed and surveyed on this at different perspectives
and angles of microgrid applications. In [11], the working of active
conditioners is analyzed in the time and frequency domain com-
pensation method and discussed the merits and demerits of each
method. In [12], as per the inverter type, construction, practical
functions, structure of the power system, associated controller,
and its application, the APFs are categorized into different num-
bers. To support the above, in [13], a total of 22 numbers of basic
power filters as series, shunt, hybrid, and universal power filters,
etc are discussed and concisely compared their outcomes accord-
ing to their application and structure. In [14], a comparative power
filter study is done and concluded that out of all power filter
topologies, shunt-connected APFs are performing excellent results
during complex system applications. In [15], the operation of APFs
is characterized as per the rating, circuit design, harmonic con-
tained, power factor and frequency imbalance, control technique
and reference switching signal generation, etc. However, the
improvement of APF also increases the requirement of semicon-
ductor switching devices such as a thyristor, MOSFET, insulated
gate bipolar transistor (IGBTs), and emergencies the requirement
of power controllers as digital signal processors (DSPs) and field-
programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) [16]. Moreover, due to the
occurrence of non-linear grid voltage, the performance of APFs is
also decreased and needs significant structural and control modifi-
cations during real-time applications. From the literature review, it
is found that the APF performance depends on the appropriate con-
trol action. Therefore, the study motivates the researchers to not
only focus on the design of APFs but also on their control strategies.
1.4. Effective control solutions and motivation
In [17], various control solutions are surveyed based on the
most common problem i.e., nonlinearity issue and reference
switching pulse generation for APF operations. However, the
review paper only signifies the control methods without discussing
their strengths and weakness. In [18], different power quality (PQ)
control algorithm is discussed for appropriate APF operation. Sim-
ilar to the above, in [19], different converter topologies and associ-
ated control solutions are suggested to solve the PQ problems
associated with the APF operation. However, in [18–19], the review
is not presented systematically and not considered V/f and droop
control methods. In [20], the associated APF control strategies are
compared and discussed by considering time and frequency
domain, impedance calculation, real and reactive power support,
balanced dc-link voltage, harmonic compensation, reference cur-
rent, and appropriate switching pulse generation. It is found that
all the control strategies perform similar results having few merits
and demerits during balanced grid voltage conditions. However,
140
Renewable Energy Focus 44 (2023) 139–173
this survey is silent about the APF control action during unbal-
anced grid or non-linear load conditions and also not considered
the robust control strategies and optimization techniques. Further,
in [20], a control-oriented review paper is presented by consider-
ing traditional APF control algorithms till 2018, and to support
the above, in [21], a review article is presented without considering
the multi-agent method, model predictive control, and synchro
phasor operation till 2018. Therefore, there is a requirement to
analyze and discuss the most recent APF control action for complex
microgrid system applications during both balanced and load
conditions.
1.5. Contribution
The major focus of the study is
1. Perform an inclusive assessment of different APF selection,
design, and working principles. In addition to that, a compara-
tive analysis between the working principles of parallel/series
filters for current and voltage source non-linear load applica-
tions is also studied for a clear distinction and to justify the
importance.
2. Highlight the important shunt active filter (SAF) control tech-
niques as non-linear extraction technique (NET), dc-voltage
control technique (DC-VCT), current regulation technique
(CRT), and synchronizer for real-microgrid system application.
3. SHAF control literature study categorized and coordinate the
research undertaken in balanced/unbalanced load-based micro-
grid application by emphasizing primary, secondary and ter-
tiary methods.
4. The complete study of SHAF design and control with its signif-
icant merits and demerits makes this review different from
other papers.
5. To improve the paper’s presentation level different comparative
tables are structured by considering control architecture, local
control selected, V&f mode, power management, optimization,
steadiness, battery management, and installation complexity.
6. At last, the research gap and possible solutions are highlighted,
and this can be considered as an additional contribution to this
research field.
2. Research methodology
In order to draw the attention of the power engineers, a com-
prehensive review on the existing shunt active filter control litera-
ture, and exploratory research on the development and types of
shunt active filter and control aspects are selected based on sys-
tematic, technical, and scientific resources as IEEE, Elsevier, Wiley,
Google Scholar, and Research Gate, etc. In the making of the paper,
the important factors such as benefits of series and parallel connec-
tion of voltage and current source inverters, control strategies
related to SHAF, microgrid applications, grid forming, and follow-
ing conditions, challenges, and research gaps, and possible solu-
tions are considered. To collect important, related, and to-the-
point control-oriented research papers, certain survey criteria such
as important terms, peer-reviewed journals and international con-
ferences, and open-access scientific papers are fixed. Based on the
available data, data in brief, related conference/ journal titles,
abstract, and conclusion, the questionaries are developed to pre-
sent the paper innovatively.
Questionaries:
Phase-1: Paper design:

Related to the recent research area, does this literature review is
required, and is it results in a significant, real-world/conceptual
contribution?
B. Sahoo, M.M. Alhaider and P.K. Rout Renewable Energy Focus 44 (2023) 139–173

Check the objective, motivation, need, and research questions
are clearly stated or not.

Is the review paper’s interpretation similar to the earlier litera-
ture and other appropriate literature?

Check the methodology of the presented paper is indicated or
not.

Does this is the most significant method to address the research
problem?

Check the transparency level of methodology and search tech-
niques during the data collection.
Phase-2: Significance:

Check the search process for this type of technical review.

Do the field and experiment-oriented surveys properly define or
not?

Check the transparency process of insertion and elimination of
articles.

Maintain the research quality by properly selecting the meth-
ods and objectives.

Check the significance and effectiveness of the final sample con-
cerning the problem formulation.
Phase-3: Final scrutiny

Check the appropriateness and significance of data collection
for developing the review paper.

Does the procedure for data collection is correctly described?

Check the methods of data collection to guarantee the quality
and standard of the paper.

Find suitable methods of data identification by considering the
overall problem formulation and research questioning.

Check the analysis process is properly defined and transparent.
Phase-4: Structure of the review

Check the organization and presentation of the review paper
concerning the problem formulation and research questioning.

Do the methods used for the literature review sufficiently
described the problem? Can the study be simulated?

Check the results of the review report are clearly stated or not.

Is the manuscript representing the findings of the literature
review as a transparent and valuable input to the subject?

Check the questions and whether further enhancement of the
research is included or not.
By considering the above questionaries, the review paper is
designed and the complete flowchart related to the manuscript
making is illustrated in Fig. 1. Looking to the questionaries, six
important steps such as data identification, survey & screening, eli-
gibility, final scrutiny, and data collection are followed to construct
a standard review paper. In Step-1 (Data identification), different
search engines are used to collect the related peer-reviewed jour-
nal papers. Primarily, from the valid resources 583 papers
(n = 583), and from other sources 75 papers (n = 75) are consid-
ered. From a total of 613 papers, the irrelevant duplicate files of

Fig. 1. Flow chart of research methodology.

141
B. Sahoo, M.M. Alhaider and P.K. Rout Renewable Energy Focus 44 (2023) 139–173

Fig. 2. Complete microgrid structure with active power filter (APF) capability.

around 163 papers are excluded in Step-2 (Survey and screening Table 1
process). In Step-3 (Eligibility), with complete full-text reading, a Harmonic current and TDD evaluation.
total of 358 papers (n = 358) are selected for review by eliminating
Is/Il H<11 11 6 Hh17 17 6 Hh23 23 6 Hh25 TDD %
92 papers (n = 92) for reasons such as unsuitability, variable data
<20 4 2 1.5 0.6 5
contained, and unstructured representation. In Step-4 (Final Scru-
20-50 7 3.5 2.5 1 8
tiny), from 358 papers, selective papers around 295 papers 50-100 10 4.5 4 1.5 12
(n = 295) in the related areas as comparative review, active and 100-1000 12 5.5 5 2 15
passive filters, shunt active filter controller and microgrid con- >1000 15 7.0 6 2.5 20
trollers are selected for the making of the review paper. By consid-
ering the above areas, the structure of the review manuscript is
decided and clearly stated in the presented flow chart. In addition
to that, the overall structure of the APF-based microgrid system is
illustrated in Fig. 2 by using different renewable energy and bat- Table 2
tery sources. Voltage distortion limit.

Voltage range Fundamental frequency THD %

3. Standards V<69kV 3% 5%
69kV 6 Vh160kV 1.5 % % 2.5 %
In this section, the necessary standards related to PQ, grid con- V P 160kV 1% 1.5 %
nection, microgrid, grid connection, and power factor are pre-
sented. In Table 3, grid connection and microgrid standards are
presented. In Table 4, the above standards are presented according cess. Recently, most of the related work by IEEE in the harmonic
to the installation and trip time. Similarly, in Table 5, the standard- standard amendment has shifted to modify the standards 519-
ization related to the power factor is presented. In addition to that, 1992.
a comparative standardization table related to AC and DC micro-
grids is presented in Table 6.
3.1.1. IEEE 519-1992xxx
3.1. PQ standards This standard recommends practices and necessities related to
harmonic problems in electric power systems. It establishes differ-
This is a universal issue and regulation of standards is an ent limits on non-linear currents and voltages at the point of com-
endless task. It takes more time to push changes through the pro- mon coupling (PCC) [215].
142
 Table 3

B. Sahoo, M.M. Alhaider and P.K. Rout

Grid connection and Microgrid standards for integration [212–220].

YEAR STANDARD COUNTRY HEADING APPLICATION

2000 IEEE_929 International Suggested practices for solar integrated systems Solar 6 10kW
2005 UL 1741 USA Inverter, converter, controller, and integration standard for distributed system Grid integration through distributed energy sources
2006 GB-T 20046 PRC Solar-PV systems. Characteristics for grid integration Solar 6 10kVA at LV distribution
2008 BDEW Germany Generating plant coupled to MV and energy stations coupled to LV network Generating plants integrated for LV and MV
2011 VDE-AR-N 41052 Germany Distribution system: Sets guidelines for grid integration and parallel operation for LV network Generating station 6 10kVA for LV network
2011 IEC/IEEE/PAS 63547 International DES integration with the utility grid DES 6 10MVA
2012 G83 U. K Parallel connection of 16A/phase-based embedded generators for LV DES Small generations 6 16A/phase for 230/400V network
2012 GB-T 199644 PRC Monitor the technical necessity for PV integration to the utility Solar integration for LV, MV, and HV
2013 UNE 206007-1 Spain Monitor grid integration standards, Part-1: Grid-integrated inverters Inverter integration to the local distribution system
2013 UNE/EN/IEC 62109 International Safety measure for converter in PV applications: Part-2: Particularly for inverter Solar 6 1000V
2013 EN 50438 Europe Sets guidelines for micro generation plants and parallelly connected to LV distribution system Small generations 6 16A/phase for 230/400V network
2014 G59 U.K. Sets guidelines for licensed distribution network operators for grid integration Generating station 6 17kW/phase or 6 50kW/3-phase
2014 Gazette of India Part III-Sec.4 India Recommends practices for integration of DESs DESs integrated with the utility system
2015 AS 47772 AUS/NZ Grid integration through inverters, Part-2 Inverter Necessity Inverters integrated for LV system
2016 AS 4777-1 AUS/NZ Grid integration through inverters, Part-1: the necessity of installation Inverters 6 200kVA at LV applications
2017 IEC 62898-1 International Microgrid- Part-1: Sets guidelines for microgrid projects and specifications AC grid with load and DES with LV or MV application
2017 IEEE P2030.8 International Verify and monitor the microgrid controller Testing for different functions of MG controller
2018 IEEE 1547 International Recommends practices for DES-based grid integration DES operation at primary and secondary voltage
2018 ARCONEL 003 Ecuador Solar-PV microgeneration for islanded conditions PV 6 100kW at LV/MV, 6 300kW for residential use
2018 IEC 62898-2 International Microgrid-Part-2: Operational guideline AC-grid with loads and DES connected at LV and MV
2019 CLC/TS 50549-1 Europe Parallel connection of distribution system- Part-1: LV connection Generation plants including Type-B at LV network
2019 CEI 0-21 Italy Recommends technical guidelines for the connection of active and passive users Active and passive user 6 1kV (LV)
2020 IEC 62898-3-1 International Microgrid-Part-3: control and protection technical requirement AC-grid with loads and DES connected at LV and MV
Note: DES: Distributed energy sources, LV-Low voltage, HV-High voltage, MV-Medium voltage, PV-Photo voltaic system, AUS-Australia, NZ-News land
143

monitoring equipment robustness. [218–219]

ation, fundamental power extraction, power outage data, and
ysis of the plant is achieved by probability techniques, cost evalu-
power industries and commercial applications. The reliability anal-

guidelines and rules for guaranteeing better PQ conditions.

the facility to manufacturers, operators, and installers with proper
supply for industries and commercial system applications. It offers

equipment.
a specific chapter is also provided for grounding modern
grounding problems and policies are discussed. In addition to that,
and commercial system applications. Detailed analyses regarding

flexibility to disturbances are presented.

ject, structure, working rules, implementation, maintenance, and
sectors. In this standard, a detailed explanation regarding the pro-

are applicable for low-voltage distribution networks such as.

ments having a greater 16A current per phase. These instruments

218].
assessments as per the standard are known as type tests [216–
grated for low-voltage distribution system applications. The
rent up to 16A per phase. These instruments are needed to be inte-
valid for electrical and electronic instruments having an input cur-

The details are illustrated below.

61000-3-2 (1995-03) and IEC 61000-3-4 (1998-10) respectively.

different applications are indicated in Table 2.

limits decide the quality of the power. Voltage distortion limits for

tortion limit is illustrated in Table 1.

frequency. TDD is defined as total demand-side distortion. The dis-
15 to 25 minutes of the load current at the maximum fundamental
obtained by Is/Il<20. where Isc is the short circuit current and Il is
3.1.6. IEEE 493-1997xxx

3.1.5. IEEE 446-1987xxx

3.1.4. IEEE 142-1991xxx

3.1.3. IEEE 141-1993xxx

3.1.2. IEC 61000xxx

The rated frequency at 50 Hz–60 Hz.

Voltage rating up to 600 V, 3U, three or four-wire application

Voltage rating up to 240 V, 1U, two or three wire application
This recommends practices for the development of reliable

Standard is recommended for alternative and emergency power

This is recommended to set grounding conditions at industries

Standard is recommended for power distribution at industries

This standard sets a limit for electrical and electronic instru-

IEC 61000-3-4:

This standard sets limits for distorted current signals and is

IEC 61000-3-2:

IEC 61000 is broadly divided into two sub-standards as IEC

Depending on the network and functionality, voltage distortion

IEEE 519 for voltage nonlinearity:

In the power generation sector, the distortion limits can be

IEEE 519 for current nonlinearity:

The prescribed limits are projected to

d. Harmonic limits are set at the PCC and metering point of the

b. Ensure protection from overheating, increase harmonics,

a. Guaranteed clean power transmission to the end users.
c. The harmonic voltage limit lies between 0–3 % for each har-
grid.

monic component and 0–5 % for THD.

and additional voltage stress.

Renewable Energy Focus 44 (2023) 139–173

 B. Sahoo, M.M. Alhaider and P.K. Rout
Table 4
Grid connection and Microgrid standards according to installation rate and trip time [214–218].

STANDARD Role UV Threshold-2 UV Threshold-1 Rated Voltage OV Threshold-1 OV Threshold-2 UF Threshold-2 UF Threshold-1 Rated OF Threshold-1 OF Threshold-2
Frequency
IEEE929 Installation 50 % 12 % 120V +10 % +37 % NA 0.7 Hz 60 Hz +0.5 Hz NA
Trip time 0.1 s 2s NA 2s 0.03 s NA 0.1 s NA 0.1 s NA
UL 1741 Installation NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.7 Hz 60 Hz +0.5 Hz NA
Trip time NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.1 s NA 0.1 s NA
GB-T 20046 Installation 50 % 12 % 220V +10 % +37 % NA 0.5 Hz 50 Hz +0.5 Hz NA
Trip time 0.1 s 2s NA 2s 2–60 s NA 2s NA 2s NA
BDEW Installation 55 % 20 % 230V +20 % NA NA 2.5 Hz 50 Hz +2 HZ NA
Trip time 0.3 s 1.5 s–2.4 s NA 0.1 s NA NA 0.1 s NA 0.1 s NA
VDE-AR-N 4105 Installation 20 % 20 % 230V +10 % +15 % NA 2.5 Hz 50 Hz +1.5 HZ NA
Trip time 0.1 s 0.1 s NA 0.1 s 0.1 s NA 0.1 s NA 0.1 s NA
IEC/IEEE/PAS 63547 6 30kW Installation 50 % 12 % 120600V +10 % +20 % NA 0.7 Hz 60 Hz 0.5 HZ NA
Trip time 0.16 s 2s NA 1s 0.16 s NA 0.16 s NA 0.16 s NA
IEC/IEEE/PAS 63547 i 30kW Installation NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.2 to 3 Hz NA 0.5 HZ NA
Trip time NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.16 to 300 s NA 0.16 s NA
G83 Installation 20 % 13 % 230V +14 % +19 % NA NA NA NA NA
Trip time 0.5 s 2.5 s 1s 0.5 s NA NA NA NA NA
GB-T 19964 Installation NA 10 % 220V +10 % +20 % NA NA NA NA NA
Trip time NA NA NA 2s 0.5 s NA NA NA NA NA
3 Hz
144

UNE/EN/IEC 62109 Installation NA NA NA NA NA NA 50 Hz +2 Hz NA

Trip time NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
EN 50438 Installation NA 15 % 230V +10 % +15 % NA 2.5 Hz 50 Hz +2 Hz NA
Trip time NA 1.5 s NA 0.2 s 3s NA 0.5 s NA 0.5 s NA
G 59 Installation 22 % 18 % 230V +17 % +21 % 2 Hz 0.5 Hz 50 Hz +0.2 Hz +0.5 Hz
Trip time 0.48 s 2.48 s NA 0.98 s 0.48 s NA 600 s NA 120 s 0s
Gazette of India Part III-Sec.4 Installation NA 20 % 230V +10 % NA NA 2.5 Hz 50 Hz +0.5 Hz NA
Trip time NA 2s NA 2s NA NA 0.2 s NA 0.2 s NA
AS4777.2 Installation NA AU S (20 %) AU S(230V)NZ (230V) AU S(+13 %) NA NA AU S (3 Hz) 50 Hz AU S (+2 Hz) NA
NZ (22 %) NZ (+9 %) NZ (3 Hz) NZ (+2 Hz)
Trip time NA 2s NA 2s NA NA 2s 2s NA
IEEE 1547 Cat-1 Installation 50 % 12 % NA +10 % 37 % NA 0.7 Hz 60 Hz +0.5 Hz NA
Trip time 0.1 s 2s NA 2s 0.03 s NA 0.1 s NA 0.1 s NA
IEEE 1547 Cat-2 Installation 55 % 30 % 120600V +10 % 20 % 3.5 Hz 1.5 Hz 60 Hz +1.2 Hz +2 Hz
Trip time 0.16 s 2s NA 2s 0.16 s 0.16 s 300 s NA 300 s 0.16 s
IEEE 1547 Installation 55 % 30 % 120600V +10 % 20 % 3.5 Hz 1.5 Hz 60 Hz +1.2 Hz +2 Hz

Renewable Energy Focus 44 (2023) 139–173

Cat-3 Trip time 0.16 s 2s NA 2s 0.16 s 0.16 s 300 s NA 300 s 0.16 s
CLC/TS 50549-1 Installation NA 15 % 61000V +20 % +30 % 2.5 Hz 1.5 Hz 50 Hz +1.5 Hz NA
Trip time NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
CEI 0-21 Installation 60 % 15 % 230V +10 % +15 % 2.5 Hz 0.5 Hz 50 Hz 0.2 Hz +1.5 Hz
Trip time 0.2 s 0.4 s NA 603 s 0.2 s 0.1 s4 s 0.1 NA 0.1 s 0.1 s
ARCONEL 003 Installation NA 10 % NA +10 % NA NA 0.5 Hz 60 Hz +0.5 Hz NA
Trip time NA 1s NA 1 NA NA NA NA NA NA

OV-Over voltage, OF-Over frequency, UV-Under voltage, UF-Under frequency.

B. Sahoo, M.M. Alhaider and P.K. Rout Renewable Energy Focus 44 (2023) 139–173

Table 5
Standardization for power factor (PF) regulation [213–214].

STANDARD CONDITION AT RATED ‘P’ AND STANDARD OPERATING Leading PF Lagging PF

‘S’ CONDITION
IEEE_929 NA Output >10 % of Rated value 0.85 0.85
GB-T 20046 NA 6 50 % of its nominal power NA 0.9
BDEW NA Any real power 0.95 0.95
VDE-AR-N 41052 613.85kVA NA 0.95 0.95
>13.85kVA NA 0.9 0.9
G83 NA Rated power 0.95 0.95
GB-T 199644 NA <Rated real power 0.95 0.95
EN 50438 NA P 20% of its nominal power 0.9 0.9
NA <20 % of its nominal power Q/nominal power 6 0.1 Q/nominal power 6 0.1
G59 NA Rated power 0.95 0.95
Gazette of India Part III-Sec.4 on/after Close to load Rated power 0.85 0.95
2004
Gazette of India Part III-Sec.4 on/after Faraway from load Rated power 0.9 0.95
2014
AS 47772 NA 25 %–100 % of O/P current 0.95 0.95
IEEE 1547 NA P 20% of its nominal power Q/nominal power 6 Q/nominal power 6
NA <20 % of its nominal power 0.44 0.25
Q/nominal power 6 Q/nominal power 6
0.44 0.44
CLC/TS 50549-1 NA NA 0.9 0.9
CEI 0-21 NA NA 0.9 0.9

Table 6
Comparative standardization of power quality issues study in both AC and DC microgrid [212–215].

PQ Issues AC DC IEC 61000-3-4 and IEC61000-3-2 IEEE 159

Data Ranges Data Ranges
Frequency Fluctuation: A NA A -AC, NA-DC A-AC, NA-DC A-AC, NA-DC A-AC, NA-DC
Transient:
1. Surge/Impulse A A A -AC, A -DC A -AC, A -DC A -AC, A -DC A -AC, A -DC
2. Oscillatory A A * * A -AC, A -DC A -AC, A -DC
Short Fluctuation:
1. Sag A A A -AC, A -DC A -AC, A -DC A -AC, A -DC A -AC, A -DC
2. Swell A A A -AC, A -DC A -AC, A -DC A -AC, A -DC A -AC, A -DC
3. Interruption A A A -AC, A -DC A -AC, A -DC A -AC, A -DC A -AC, A -DC
Long Fluctuation:
Under voltage A A NA-AC, NA-DC NA -AC, NA-DC A -AC, A -DC A -AC, A -DC
Over voltage A A NA-AC, NA-DC NA -AC, NA-DC A -AC, A -DC A -AC, A -DC
Interruption A A A -AC, A -DC A -AC, A -DC A -AC, A -DC A -AC, A -DC
Imbalance:
1. Voltage A A MR MR MR MR
2. Current A A MR MR MR MR
Distorted Waveform:
1. AC offset NA A NA-AC, NA-DC NA-AC, NA-DC NA-AC, NA-DC NA-AC, NA-DC
2. DC offset A NA A -AC, NA-DC A -AC, NA-DC A -AC, NA-DC A -AC, NA-DC
3. Harmonics A NA A -AC, NA-DC A -AC, NA-DC A -AC, NA-DC A -AC, NA-DC
4. Inter-harmonics A A A -AC, A -DC A -AC, A -DC A -AC, A -DC A -AC, A -DC
5. Noise A A NA-AC, NA-DC NA-AC, NA-DC A -AC, A -DC A -AC, A -DC
6. Notching A A NA-AC, NA-DC NA-AC, NA-DC A -AC, A -DC A -AC, A -DC
Voltage fluctuations: A A A -AC, A -DC MR A -AC, A -DC MR

Note A: Applicable, NA: Not Applicable, MR: Modification Required, AC: AC Microgrid, DC: Microgrid.

3.1.7. IEEE 1100-1999xxx identifications of different PQ terminologies, sets PQ definitions,

This recommends practices such as strategy, implementation, the impact of PQ problems on utilities and equipment, and measur-
and maintenance for power supply and grounding of sensitive load ing electromagnetic phenomena [217–221].
applications [219–221].

3.1.9. IEEE 1250-1995xxx

3.1.8. IEEE 1159-1995xxx
This standard recommends practices to measure the PQ issues.
In power industries, many different types of power quality (PQ)
monitoring devices are present. Therefore, to maintain uniqueness
and easier identification, there is a necessity to standardize the
monitoring unit for both industries and commercial applications.
Standard includes monitoring units for AC power systems,
145
Sets guidelines for equipment sensitivity to momentary voltage
fluctuations. The standard is used to create awareness for the new
sensitive load user from surges, fluctuations, faults, and reclosing
times that occur in the distribution system. Momentary voltage
variations have occurred in ac power distribution and utilization
sectors. In this standard, the effects and compensation standards
towards compensations are described [219].
B. Sahoo, M.M. Alhaider and P.K. Rout
3.1.10. IEEE 1346-1998xxx
This standard recommends practices to monitor the voltage sag
compatibility among the equipment and power system.
3.1.11. IEC 61000-2-8xxx
A new standard is formed to discard the conflicting methods to
characterize the system performance. The name of the standard is
Environment- voltage dips and short interruption.
4. Design and working principle of SHAF
The complete SHAF-based system modeling with its important
four control strategies are illustrated in Fig. 3. In the complete sys-
tem modeling, the non-linear/sensitive load is directly connected
to the grid and the SHAF is connected to the point of common cou-
pling (PCC) in between the grid and non-linear load. The complete
working principle of SHAF is majorly dependent upon two factors
such as voltage/current source inverter/converter and control
strategy [22]. Specifically, the important four control techniques
are known as the non-linear extraction technique (NET), dc-
voltage control technique (DC-VCT), current regulation technique
(CRT), and synchronizer control technique respectively. Each of
the control operations is discussed below.
a) NET-based controller:
In this control technique, by considering the non-linear load
current signal (Il ) from the high-frequency load, the NET-based
control design is started. After gathering sufficient knowledge
about the harmonic percentage of current, it is passed through
the linear current controllers for isolating the high-frequency com-
ponent and extracting the fundamental current component. Lastly,
by using the fundamental current component, the reference cur-
rent (Ig ) for the SHAF operation is developed. Meanwhile, the main
aim of the NET-based controller is to develop the reference current
generation and otherwise known as the reference current extrac-
tion technique.
b) DC-VCT-based controller:
In this control technique, the actual dc voltage (V dc ) of the SHAF
is compared with the reference dc voltage (V dc ). The compared
result (Ide ) is passed through a linear controller, to compute the
Fig. 3. Overall SHAF design with important controller applications.
146
Renewable Energy Focus 44 (2023) 139–173

appropriate active current (I d ) component for charging the SHAF.
The computed current is the amount of dc-current required to be
haggard by the SHAF for facilitating the switching operation by
which the system can maintain its dc-link voltage of the capacitor
at its desired value.
c) CRT-based controller:
In this control technique, the output responses of the NET and
DC-VCT-based controller are considered to extract appropriate
switching pulses ‘P’ for the inverter operation, by which the inver-
ter behaves like a SHAF. The CRT-based controller is designed by
considering a space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) tech-
nique for appropriate pulse generation and a current regulation
loop is required to guarantee that the generated injected current
(Iin ) is properly synchronized with the reference current (Ig ).
d) SCT-based controller:
The SCT-based control approach is designed based on the
phase-locked loop (PLL) approach. In this control technique, the
controller takes the grid voltage as an input parameter and extracts
a synchronization angle (hs ), so that the injected current generated
by the SHAF is easily synchronized with the grid voltage. It also
ensures that there is no necessity for explicit SCT for SHAF con-
troller operation.
Other related important factors for the SHAF operation are dis-
cussed below.
e) Voltage source converter (VSC):
As illustrated in Fig. 3, this is a power electronic component-
based device, which is used to generate an appropriate injection
current for reducing the power system’s non-linearity. The dc
capacitor-based energy storage device is used to reduce the active
power fluctuations that occurred during the dynamic study of
SHAF operation. The VSC modeling also incorporates a filter induc-
tor by which it mitigates the higher ripples present in the injection
current. Recently, multi-level voltage inverters are also gaining
interest due to their significant contribution such as improved
voltage levels, better power quality, reduced harmonic, lesser
switching components, and reduced size.
f) Non-linear load:
This type of load injects harmonic to the linear/stable power
system through PCC. The application of these types of loads is grad-
ually increasing day by day and a few of them are illustrated as
switched power supply, industrial application, furnace, speed dri-
vers, converters, battery chargers, etc. These types of practical
loads generate higher harmonics and an increase in reactive power
components. However, during the Simulink model design, an
uncontrolled RL, RC, and R-based bridge controller is used as it gen-
erates excess harmonics [15,23,24].
4.1. SHAF design
As illustrated in Fig. 3, the mathematical SHAF modeling is pre-
sented. At first assume that the SHAF is not connected to the sys-
tem model, the undertaken system current flow equation is
mathematically represented as.
Ig ¼ Il ¼ Ifu þ In ð1Þ
where Ig is the grid current, Il is the load current, Ifu is the fun-
damental current, and In is the non-linear current component gen-
erated by the non-linear loads. Due to the absence of SHAF, the grid
current is equal to the load current, which indicates that the grid
current is distorted and changes its phase. However, by connecting
the SHAF to the PCC of the undertaken system as illustrated in
Fig. 3, two supplementary currents such as SHAF injection current
(Iin ) and dc-link current (Idc ) are flowing in the system. Iin is used to
mitigate the nonlinear current generated by the sensitive load and
Idc is used to compensate the switching losses of the SHAF and to
B. Sahoo, M.M. Alhaider and P.K. Rout Renewable Energy Focus 44 (2023) 139–173

regulate the dc-link voltage of the inverter. Therefore, after using The related instantaneous non-linear current (Il ðtÞ) equation is
the SHAF in the design system, the new current flow equation is presented in terms of fundamental and non-linear components as.
mathematically represented as. P
1

 Il ðtÞ ¼ Ik sin ðkxt þ uk Þ
Ig ¼ Ifu þ In  Iin þ Idc ð2Þ k¼1
nonlinear ð5Þ
zfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl}|fflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl{ zfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl}|fflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl{
Fundamental
From Eq. (2), it is visualized that the main role of SHAF is to X1
eliminate the nonlinear current by injecting the appropriate injec- ¼ I1 sin ðxt þ u1 Þ þ k¼2
I2 sin ðkxt þ uk Þ
tion current and making the grid current sinusoidal current. In this
way, the SHAF can regain the sinusoidal characteristics of the grid By using Eq. (4) and Eq. (5), the instantaneous non-linear load
and in phase with the grid voltage. After eliminating the non-linear power (Pl ðtÞ) can be computed as.
current, Eq. (2) is simplified as. Pl ðtÞ ¼ V g ðtÞ þ Il ðtÞ
activ e powerPa ðtÞ reactiv e power P r ðtÞ
Ig ¼ Ifu þ Idc ð3Þ zfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl}|fflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl{ zfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl}|fflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl{
2
After computing an appropriate current flow equation, the ¼ V a Il sin xt  cos u þ V a I1 sin xt  cos xt  sin u1 ð6Þ
nonlinear powerPn ðtÞ
related power flow equations of the system are computed as fol- zfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl}|fflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl{
X1
lows. The instantaneous grid voltage (V g ðtÞ) of the undertaken sys- þ V a sin xt k¼2 Ik sin ðkxt þ uk Þ
tem is presented as.
V g ðtÞ ¼ V a sin xt ð4Þ

Table 7
Filter characterization with respect to voltage and current source-based non-linear load [198–200,207–222].

(continued on next page)

147
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Table 7 (continued)

148
B. Sahoo, M.M. Alhaider and P.K. Rout Renewable Energy Focus 44 (2023) 139–173

Table 7 (continued)

(continued on next page)

149
B. Sahoo, M.M. Alhaider and P.K. Rout Renewable Energy Focus 44 (2023) 139–173

Table 7 (continued)

where Ig : grid current, V gh : grid harmonic voltage, Ic : compensating current, In : non-linear load current, Lg : grid inductance, Ll : load inductance, C l : capacitive load, V C :
compensating voltage, Z f : filter impedance, If : filter current, V n : non-linear voltage, X p : parallel reactance, X s : series reactance, X c : capacitive reactance.

From the active power component as illustrated in Eq. (6), the respectively. From the above-presented models, a few of them are
respective three-phase reference grid current components (Iga ðtÞ, novel and show excellent characteristics of non-linear loads, while
Igb ðtÞ, and Igc ðtÞ) are computed as. others are well-known filters and successfully applied for real-time
applications. The overall comparative studies of APF are illustrated
Pa ðtÞ in Table 8. However, looking at the size, complexity, and cost,
Iga ðtÞ ¼ ¼ I1 cos u1 sin xt ¼ Im sin xt ð7Þ
V g ðtÞ power engineers are preferably selecting SHAFs for non-linear load
applications [27]. As per the suggestion, if the system is operated

Igb ðtÞ ¼ Im sinðxt  120 Þ ð8Þ only by using SHAF, then there is a necessity to find optimal con-
trol solutions for the SHAF operation. The related different control
 solutions and their applications are discussed in the following sec-
Igc ðtÞ ¼ Im sinðxt þ 120 Þ ð9Þ tions. For the Microgrid condition, the use of a passive filter creates
The maximum current component (Im ) is regulated by control- a power factor issue by providing a leading power factor if the gen-
ling the dc-link voltage of the SHAF through a PI or other linear erator is close to the load station. The generator can only be cap-
controllers. able to handle a limited amount of leading kVAr before voltage
disturbance and/or it will damage [223]. From the literature, it is
found that if the total capacity of the passive filter does not exceed
4.2. Detailed working principles of parallel/series filters for current and
20 % of the generator’s kVA rating, then the generator can handle it.
voltage source non-linear load applications
Otherwise, it will create voltage regulation and control problems.
As a solution, HPS centurion P passive harmonic is always less than
4.2.1. Findings
20 % of its kVA rating to compatible with generator fed system. Due
In Table 7, all-around 22 different power filter combinations are
to small capacitance, it may not be needed for light load conditions.
presented, which are used for harmonic mitigation [25–26]. The
To solve the problem, the developers offer a contactor to avoid the
harmonics are generated from two different load models such as
switched capacitor in the filter for light load conditions to prevent
current source and voltage source non-linear load (CSNL and VSNL)

Table 8
Overall comparative studies of active power filter (APF) topologies.

Major Factor APF topology

SHAF (Shunt Active Filter) [85–95] SEAF (Series Active Filter) [201–206] HAF (Hybrid Active Filter) [18,43]
Power Range:
Small scale <400W (below 100kVA)
Medium scale <400kW (3u systems between 100kVA to 10 MVA)
Large scale <400kW (above 10MVA)
Inverter Efficiency:
Small scale Lowest (maximum to 90 %)
Medium scale High (maximum to 90 %)
Large scale Highest (maximum to 90 %)
Control loop: Simple control loop in SVPWM-VSI No control loop in SVPWM-VSI Simple/No control loop in SVPWM-VSI
APF operation: Current operated converter (COI) Voltage operated converter (VOC) Both in COI and VOC
Non-linear load: Rectifier with inductive load Rectifier with capacitive load Rectifier with inductive load
Improved factors:
Reactive power support
Regulation of AC voltage
Harmonic regulation

Current Compensation
Provide voltage support
Isolation and damping support
Switches: IGBTs, MOSFETs, Thyristors IGBTs, MOSFETs, Thyristors IGBTs, MOSFETs, Thyristors
Current distortion: ++ NA +++
Reactive support: +++ NA ++
Load management: + NA NA
Neutral component: ++ NA +
Voltage distortion: NA +++ ++
Improved regulation: + +++ ++
Balanced voltage: NA +++ ++
Voltage flicker: +++ ++ NA
Sag and swell: + +++ ++

+ indicated as per their capability, NA-Not Applicable.

150
B. Sahoo, M.M. Alhaider and P.K. Rout Renewable Energy Focus 44 (2023) 139–173

the system from leading power factor [224]. However, switching Merits of SHAF over SEAF:
out the capacitor means the system is no longer used as a harmonic
filter. a) Requires lesser component.
Similarly, in Utility power distribution, the leading power factor b) Operated at the lower switching frequency.
will result in higher losses and a rise in voltage. In utility stations, c) Light-weighted.
under light load conditions, the selection of a passive filter can d) Improved power factor
cause a leading or negative power factor as this integrates capaci- e) Independent upon system impedance and load shading
tance and impacts the power factor at the utility connection. In condition.
addition to that, the utility also charges an additional kW hour f) During harmonic mitigation, the resonance problem does
used plus the demand cost. not appear.
Demand cost depends upon peak power [225]. At lower power g) Capacitor aging is also avoided.
factors and peak load conditions, the demand cost is more. How- h) Necessitates active switching components.
ever, at low power factor and light load conditions, the demand i) Only a single filter is enough capable of harmonic
cost is low. elimination.
Therefore, to resolve the above complexity related to the power j) Power factor correction is possible.
factor issue, recently, active power filters are preferred for real- k) Facilitates harmonic mitigation with/without reactive power
microgrid system applications. The merits and demerits of SHAF support.
application over SEAF are presented as follows. l) Used for flicker reduction in Arc furnace

Fig. 26. Detailed classifications of APFs.

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Table 9
SHAF overall control technique.

m) Offers excellent voltage regulation during real-time d) Comparatively high-cost power electronic devices are
applications. required.
n) Cheaper solutions.
5. SHAF control technique
Demerits of SHAF over SEAF:
In Fig. 26, the detailed classifications of APF are done as per the
a) High-frequency switching operations are required specifi- power ratings and connection structure. The performance of the
cally for the zero-crossing operation. SHAF is dependent upon the appropriate reference current genera-
b) During voltage source inverter (VSI) operation, high-rating tion technique. In this section, four important reference current
capacitors are required. generation algorithms such as NET, DC-VCT, CRT, and SCT are pre-
c) Regulation of dc-link voltage at its rated value is difficult sented during non-linear load application conditions. The detailed
during transient conditions. overall SHAF control technique is illustrated in Table 9.
152
B. Sahoo, M.M. Alhaider and P.K. Rout
5.1. Nonlinearity extraction technique (NET)
The extraction of non-linear current from the sensitive load-
based power system to produce an appropriate current component
(Ig ) by using the NET-based control method is the first and most
prominent method for developing the SHAF control system [28–
29]. In the SHAF control design, the NET method is the first control
method by which the undertaken system can generate an appro-
priate reference current. For harmonic elimination, the accurate
reference current generation is important for the estimation of
injection current. Mostly, the above technique uses signal
processing-based functions and is specifically known as a non-
linear identifier. The non-linear identifier receives the harmonic
current signals and produces the reference current signal by prop-
erly isolating the harmonic signals from the fundamental signals.
So far, for the above purpose, different extraction techniques and
related performances have been discussed in the literature. Com-
monly, the NET algorithm is divided into four sub-sections as
time-domain approach (TDA), the frequency domain approach
(FDA), the learning technique approach (LTA), and other related
approaches (ORA).
5.1.1 Time-domain method (TDM)
The working principle of this method is dependent upon the
change of the current amplitude signal with time. In TDM, the sys-
tem responds with an input signal is represented as a function of
time. Due to the proposed approach, the time response analysis
of the proposed system can be computed if the nature of the input
signal and appropriate mathematical modeling of the system are
known. The TDM is further classified into two methods as syn-
chronous reference frame-based method (SRFM) and the instanta-
neous power theory method (IPTM).
a) Synchronous reference frame method (SRFM):
Looking at the real-time SHAF control operation, the SRFM-
based control method is applicable for both steady-state and
transient conditions. The complete control diagram of the SRFM
is illustrated in Fig. 27. The SRF method is well known as the DQ-
control method. In this method, the three-phase non-linear load
current signal (Il;abc ) is sensed and converted to a rotating DQ0
component (Il;dq0 ) through Park transformation [30].
However, during the control operation, only DQ components
are used for the reference current extraction process. Here, the
D-axis component (Il;d ) is used for active power and power factor
regulation of the system. Similarly, the Q-axis component (Il;q ) is
used to provide reactive power support. As illustrated in Fig. 24,
the phase-locked loop (PLL) is used to synchronize the obtained
signals at the point of PCC and extract the phase information accu-
rately. After the DQ0 transformation, the DQ current component
contains both fundamental (Ild;f , and Ilq;f ) and harmonic compo-
Fig. 27. SRFM-based control diagram.
153
Renewable Energy Focus 44 (2023) 139–173
nents (Ild;h , and Ilq;h ). Therefore, through a low pass filter (LPF),
the Ild;f , and Ilq;f components are cancelled and only the harmonic
DQ current component is extracted for SHAF operation [31–32].
However, the dc-link voltage regulation is required to reduce the
switching regulation. Therefore, in the SRFM method, by compar-
ing the reference voltage and actual dc-link voltage, the appropri-
ate real current component is computed. The sum of the direct
fundamental current and appropriate real current component gives
an actual idea about the direct component. After evaluating the
actual harmonic information regarding the DQ0 current compo-
nent, it is passed through inverse park transformation for reference
current generation. The related mathematical representation of the
SRFM is presented below.
V dc;e ðnÞ ¼ V dc;e ðn  1Þ þ K p fIdc;e ðnÞ  Idce ðn  1Þg þ K i Idc;e ðnÞ ð10Þ
where K p and K i are the proportional and integral gain, V dc;e is
the dc-link voltage error, Idc;e is the dc-link current error and ‘n’
is the number of intervals.
Merits of SRFM:

Because of the dc-nature of the fundamental current compo-
nent, the variation in the phase sequence cannot affect the ref-
erence output signal

The mathematical modeling and control strategy is easier for
implementation, reduced cost, and lesser computational bur-
den. The transformation model is quite easier for DSP and
FPGA-based control implementation.

SRFM also offers a faster response
Demerits of SRFM:

Only applicable for the balanced source voltage
b) Instantaneous power theory method (IPTM):
The IPTM-based non-linearity extraction technique is devel-
oped through a combination of mathematical computation of
instantaneous power. The complete control is designed on a ab ref-
erence frame through the Clarke transformation. The developed
controller is capable to mitigate the instantaneous reactive power
demand for a three-phase microgrid system without requiring an
additional energy storage device. The controller is valid for both
balanced/unbalanced systems, non-linear load application, with/
without neutral, and zero sequences current component. IPTM is
also valid for both steady-state and dynamic state conditions. Dur-
ing the mathematical computation technique, firstly, the grid volt-
age and load currents are transformed to abc  ab frame through
Fig. 28. IPTM-based control diagram.
B. Sahoo, M.M. Alhaider and P.K. Rout Renewable Energy Focus 44 (2023) 139–173

the Clarke transformation method. The complete control design is
Because of a definite bit span arithmetic process and fast appli-
illustrated in Fig. 28. cation, the computational error is decreased significantly.

Offers excellent steady-state performance.
    
Ih;a V g;a V g;b Ph
¼ V2 1
Demerits of FFA:
V g;b V g;a
2
Ih;b g;a þV g;b 0
   ð11Þ
V g;a V g;b 0
Require excess time for the computation due to the fixed win-
þ V2 1
V g;b V g;a Q h
2
g;a þV g;b
dow length.

Not applicable for harmonic signal
As illustrated in Fig. 28, the ab current components are used for
During multi-level inverter applications, capacitor voltage bal-
instantaneous active, reactive, and zero sequence power computa- ancing is difficult.
tion. To minimize the circulating current, the zero-sequence power
component is used for the control design [33–34]. By using the ab b) Recursive Fourier analysis (RFA):
current and voltage component, the combination of fundamental The performance of the RFA is improved significantly because of
(P f and Q f ) and harmonic (Ph and Q h ) instantaneous active and the sample-by-sample up-gradation with excellent time-frequency
reactive power components is computed. coordination. As compared to other low-pass filter applications,
As illustrated in Fig. 28, the obtained fundamental and har- the RFA-based filter topologies are applied for improving the tran-
monic active component is passed through a low pass filter (LPF) sient system performance. In RFA, a motionable and fixed frame
to eliminate the harmonic component from the total instantaneous discreet filter is used to extract the active (Ia) and reactive (Ir) cur-
power. In this approach, the dc-link voltage regulation is also rent components from the fundamental current, and the related
required to avoid any switching losses. After getting the dc power explanation is presented in Eq. (12) and Eq. (13). By considering
component (Pdc ), the total harmonic instantaneous power (Ph ) is the kth sample, a window having M values
computed. By using Eq. (11), the harmonic ab current component fXðk  M þ 1Þ; Xðk  M þ 2Þ; ::::::XðkÞg, the complex root means
is computed. Through inverse Clark transformation, the harmonic square of the fundamental nonlinearities is presented in [39].
ab current component is converted to abc current component. pffiffiffi 
Merits of IPTM: 2 2p
Ia X 1 ðkÞ ¼ Ia X 1 ðk  1Þ þ fðXðkÞ  Xðk  MÞÞg cos k ð12Þ
M M

Control operation is based upon the instantaneous value

Because of the dc-nature of the fundamental power component, pffiffiffi 
2 2p
the variation in the phase error of LPF cannot affect the refer- Ir X 1 ðkÞ ¼ Ir X 1 ðk  1Þ þ fðXðkÞ  Xðk  MÞÞg sin k ð13Þ
M M
ence output signal
Merits of FFA:
Demerits of IPTM:

Facilitate better steady-state and transient response.

Poor performance is illustrated during unbalanced non-linear
Require lesser time as compared to FFA.
load application.

Excess number of voltage and current transducers are needed Demerits of FFA:
for the delay.

Due to the dependency upon the sliding window, the conver-
5.1.2 Frequency domain method (FDM) gence speed is affected.
In the SHAF controller design, FDM based harmonic extraction
technique plays an important role. The sensed harmonic current c) Wavelet analysis (WA):
signals are isolated or separated from the fundamental signals The WA-based control technique is based upon a high-
and transformed to time domain form for reference current gener- performance signal processing method by which it provides the
ation. During the control operation, the switching frequency of the
SHAF is set two times higher than the non-linear frequency of the
reference signal [35–36]. In addition to that, this approach is appli-
cable for both single and three-phase applications. In this method,
the transfer function of a complicated system can be experimen-
tally computed by using frequency study and the disturbances/
fluctuations and parameter changes are easily distinguished. This
method is based upon Fourier analysis. FDM is further classified
into three various methods as fast Fourier analysis (FFA), recursive
Fourier analysis, and wavelet analysis. Each of the mentioned
methods is explained below.
a) Fast Fourier analysis (FFA):
In [37], FFA is used for machine computation of complex Fourier
series. It is a previous version of the discrete FFA (DFFA) based
method. The FFA-based control technique is implemented to
improve the steady-state performance of the SHAF operation
through the appropriate reference current generation [38]. In addi-
tion to that, this technique is also used for harmonic elimination by
using a neutral clamped-based multi-level inverter topology. Sim-
ilarly, the short period FFA is also used for fast harmonic
elimination.
Fig. 29. WA-based control approach.
Merits of FFA:
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B. Sahoo, M.M. Alhaider and P.K. Rout Renewable Energy Focus 44 (2023) 139–173

time-domain transient localized data. The WA method also pro-

vides multiple resolution capabilities. Wavelets are used to extract
the fundamental current component from the non-linear loads by
isolating the harmonic component. The WA method acquires an
unchanged frequency decomposition of input signals, which has
an excellent bandwidth with the frequency limits of different har-
monic signals [40]. In [41], a combination of artificial networks and
WA-based controllers are used for different load applications to
improve the performance of SHAF significantly. The combined con-
troller performance provides excellent outputs as compared to any
other traditional controller. The mother wavelet is selected as a
part of their feasibility of transients, lower overshoots, and oscilla-
tions in the frequency domain. The control block diagram of this
method is illustrated in Fig. 29. The WA of a continuous signal M
(t) at a scale b and the location d are calculated as.
Z 
1 td
W F ðb; dÞ ¼ jbj2 MðtÞl dt ð14Þ Fig. 30. ANN-BM-based control approach.
b

where l is the mother wavelet of the system. l is a function of
Having non-linearity controlling capacity
zero average and for a certain time that is enlarged with b and
More robust and faster speed
interpreted by d.
Merits of WA: Demerits of FBM:

The method provides a fast response with below 1=4 transient
Rare uses in industrial application
time and is used for both single/three-phase applications.

The computational burden is very less and does not require b) ANN based method (ANN-BM):
expensive controllers. ANN-BM is a learning-based system with an increased number

It is applicable for both non-linear and unbalanced loads with of processing components like a neuron. Recently, ANN-BM is
distorted voltage applications. preferably selected for the SHAF control application. In [45],
ANN-BM is developed for regulating the current harmonics of the
Demerits of WA: SHAF and the neurons are trained offline by using the parameters
extracted from the PI regulator. The dc-link voltage dynamics are

For PQ classification, it is not used used in a predictive regulator to compute the first guess tracked

Not suitable for noised signal by the convergence method by an adaptive ANN-BM. The learning

During dynamic load conditions, the WA shows poor rate of the controller is regulated to compensate for the nonlinear-
performance. ity present in the current signal [46]. The detailed application of
ANN-BM is presented in [47]. ANN-BM is generally used to com-
5.1.3 Learning-based method (LBM) pute the phase information of the grid voltage. The computed
To solve natural and environmental-based complex problems, phase and frequency information are used to develop a phase-
LBM is used. LBM efficiently succeeds with fuzziness, randomness, locking signal by which better synchronization with the grid volt-
robustness, and uncertainty, and requires a lower cost. LBM is fur-
ther divided into many advanced strategies like fuzzy-based
method (FBM), ANN-based method (ANN-FBM), adaptive neuro
fuzzy-based methods (ANFBM), genetic-based method (GBM), par-
ticle swarm-based method (PSBM), bacterial foraging-based
method (BFBM), ant colony-based method (ACBM) and cuckoo
based method (CBM) [41–42]. A detailed explanation regarding
the control strategy is presented as follows.
a) Fuzzy based method (FBM)
In FBM, the control operation is designed from the appropriate
computation of simple linguistic variable-based fuzzy rule tables.
During the design of fuzzy rules, a complete idea of the system
model is necessary. However, during the design of FBM, an accu-
rate mathematical model of the undertaken system is not required
[43]. The harmonic mitigation process requires a PI/fuzzy regula-
tor, to generate the reference current by properly regulating the
dc-link voltage of the system [44]. The detailed process of the dc-
link voltage regulation is presented in the next section.
Merits of FBM over traditional approaches:

An appropriate mathematical model is not required.

Controller performance depends upon the system developer’s
experience and knowledge

Operate with inaccurate input Fig. 31. ANNFBM control approach.

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B. Sahoo, M.M. Alhaider and P.K. Rout
age is achieved. The complete block diagram of the ANN-BM is
illustrated in Fig. 30.
Merits of ANN-BM:

Facilitate faster reference current extraction

It is used to solve both simple and complex problems.

Performs excellent operation during pattern recognition,
arrangement, and interpretation during noisy inputs

More robust and provide faster action
Demerits of ANN-BM:

Requires excess online or offline training data.

For larger system, needs excess time.

Appropriate precision is needed for layers and neuron
computation.
c) Adaptive neuro-fuzzy based method (ANFBM):
ANNFBM-based control approach is designed by hybridizing
both ANN and FC. It is an active and parallel processing method
that computes the input and output parameters without requiring
the appropriate mathematical modeling and acquires knowledge
from the previous sample information. As studied before, the FC
adaptively concludes and enhanced the data from the numerical
Fig. 32. ANNFBM-based complete control approach.
Fig. 33. Complete control diagram of GBM.
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Renewable Energy Focus 44 (2023) 139–173
samples. On the other hand, the ANN can randomly generate and
selects the rules from the training data. FCS is advantageous during
logical and higher-order applications. The ANFBM-based SHAF
decreases the computational load and facilitates better transient
and dynamic operation than individual FBM and ANN-BM opera-
tions. The ANNFBM with two inputs and one output system-
based equivalent structure is illustrated in Fig. 31 [48–49]. The
ANFBM-based controller is used as a fast reference current tracking
system with decreased settling time and reduced peak overshoot.
The complete control diagram of ANNFBM is illustrated in Fig. 32.
d) Genetic based method (GBM):
GBM is developed from human venereal decoding and designed
by using an ordinary evolution code and hereditary approach [50].
By selecting the population of the individual sample of the total
problem, the operation of GBM is developed. At starting period,
the GBM is based on strings of characters [51]. In [51], the GBM-
based approach decreases the computational load and increases
the dynamic performance of the SHAF. By easily hybridizing the
GA with fuzzy and ANN techniques, the SHAF performance is sig-
nificantly improved [52–53]. The complete control diagram of
GBM is illustrated in Fig. 33.
Merits of GBM:

Increases steady-state performance of SHAF.

Reduces the harmonic contained of the system.

It requires a mathematical model.
Demerits of GBM:

Specific evolutionary problems can be solved because of the
inappropriate knowledge of fitness function

GBM may not compute the global optimum.
e) Particle swarm based method (PSBM):
PSBM is a population-based stochastic evolutionary technique
stimulated by the normal behavior of swarm flocking and fish
schooling. During the initial period, the population size is ran-
domly selected, and the search of the optimum point is achieved
by continuously updating the number of generations. Multi-
objective PSBM is used by SHAFs to reduce the harmonics con-
tained in the system and improve the grid current and voltage
quality. It is used to solve conflicting goals. In [54], ANFIS-based
PSBM is used to supply the minimum amount of real power
through UPQC for compensating the different voltage sag condi-
tions. This method is also used to provide reactive power support
and facilitate voltage control through the grid [55]. In a non-
Fig. 34. Complete control model of PSBM.
B. Sahoo, M.M. Alhaider and P.K. Rout
linear load application, PSBM is used to optimize the PI controller
gains by which the error can be easily minimized [56]. The com-
plete control diagram of PSBM based strategy is illustrated in
Fig. 34. The output of the PI regulator is represented as.
Z t
UðtÞ ¼ K P ½RðtÞ  CðtÞ þ K I ½RðtÞ  CðtÞdt ð15Þ
0 This method is developed by considering the bird species’
where RðtÞ is the desired input signal, CðtÞ is the control input
signal, t is the instantaneous time, and UðtÞ is the control input
for the harmonic signal. The dc-link voltage error of SHAF is com-
puted as.

V dc;e ¼ V dc  V dc ð16Þ
Merits of PSBM:

PSBM can handle non-linearity, uncertainty, and non-
differentiability

Regulates the dc-link voltage at dynamic load conditions.
Demerits of PSBM:

During a very complex problem, the selection of optima is
difficult

Takes excess time during a longer time run.
f) Bacterial foraging based method (BFBM)
Similar to the above, BFBM is another nature-stimulated evolu-
tionary technique [57–58]. By eliminating animals having poor for-
aging techniques and supporting the proliferation of genes with
fruitful foraging techniques, the BFBM is developed. The above
activity is used as an evolutionary control method in power system
problems to eliminate the harmonic component and reference the
current generation. The control action of BFBM is divided into four
specific methods such as chemotaxis, swamped, imitation, and
elimination [59–60]. To reduce the fluctuations of actual dc voltage
as compared to desired dc voltage, by using PSO and BFO method,
the maximum error (Vdc,e), rise time, peak time, and steady-state
error are used as parameter constraints for the PI regulator.
Merits of BFBM:

Offers excellent harmonic performance

Facilitate better transient response

Produces lesser ripples

Convergence speed is increased as compared to PSBM and GBM
Demerits of BFBM:

The fixed step size decreases the average rate.
g) Ant colony based method (ACBM)
By using the foraging behavior of actual ant colonies, the ACBM
is designed to resolve evolutionary problems [61]. More exactly,
the design of the ACBM is based on the findings for the shortest
path to the food in an ant colony. In [62], ACBM is used to reduce
the constraints of PI regulators and increase the performance of
SHAF. In [63], by using ACBM, a hybrid SHAF is implemented for
improving the power quality under different loading conditions.
In [64–65], an ACBM-based optimized PI controller is used to
reduce the peak overshoot, rise time, and settling time as com-
pared to the conventional PI regulator.
Merits of ACBM:

Offers faster convergence and tracking speed as compared to
PSBM, GBM, and BFBM.

Improved the dynamic SHAF performance.
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Renewable Energy Focus 44 (2023) 139–173
Demerits of CBM:

Control action depends on the processor speed

Regular maintenance required
h) Cuckoo-based method (CBM)
behavior and is known as cuckoo. In CSBM, many nests are present.
In this method, every egg is used as a solution and new eggs of the
cuckoo are denoted as a new solution. The new and excellent
arrangement substitutes the worst solution in the nest. CBM-
based SHAF is used to solve power quality problems by eliminating
the harmonics and properly regulating the reactive power [66]. In
[67], CBM improves the convergence speed and UPQC is used to
eliminate the harmonics present in the non-linear load signifi-
cantly. In [68], the ANFIS-based CBM is used to improve the UPQC
performance and compensate for the voltage sag problems.
Merits of CBM:

Offers excellent steady-state performance and high accuracy
Demerits of CBM:

Slower convergence speed
i) Adaptive filtering technique (AFT):
This is an excellent current control technique for SHAF refer-
ence signal generation [69–70]. The reference current is obtained
by regulating the load current through the sine and cosine values.
During distorted voltage conditions, the adaptive filtering tech-
nique provides an excellent result but lags the performance during
frequency variation conditions. The presence of local minima is
illustrated during the convergence condition. The complete control
structure of the adaptive filtering technique is illustrated in Fig. 35.
As illustrated in Fig. 35, Ik is the current input vector, Ok is the filter
actual output vector, Wk+1 is the next weighing vector, and l is the
adaptive constant.
Merits of AFT:

ATF control theory is operated by a self-adaptation technique
and can change the weights according to the system input
conditions.

The proposed algorithm is suitable for eliminating non-
linearity, inter harmonics, and noise in the nonlinear load cur-
rent application.

Improves the SHAF stability criterion
Fig. 35. Control structure of the adaptive filtering technique.
B. Sahoo, M.M. Alhaider and P.K. Rout Renewable Energy Focus 44 (2023) 139–173

Fig. 37. Fixed Frequency Control Diagram.

Fig. 36. Control block diagram of SFX Algorithm.
Demerits of AFT:

Provide additional computational burden.

Requires a few times and depends on processor speed.
5.1.4 Other related approaches (ORA)
a) SFX algorithm:
SFX algorithm-based adaptive method is used as a novel control
technique for SHAF control operation. The main of the controller is
to identify the grid current. In this technique, the appropriate
tracking of output SHAF current and elimination of harmonic cur-
rent from the grid current is not required. In this regard, the control
operation is simpler than another traditional approach. In [71], a
combination of adaptive filter and synchronized filter X technique
is used for SHAF control action. The SFX-based adaptive filter pro-
vides an additional gain at fundamental and harmonic load current
components. To improve the dynamic performance of the control
system, a PI controller is used. The undertaken method is used to
filter the harmonics from one or more sensitive load applications.
However, a few important factors are required for the control
action.
Merits of SFX:

Mathematical computation is reduced.

Operates for both periodic and harmonic signal

The proportional constant Kp is used to improve the dynamic
performance

Automatically regulates the transfer function to reduce the
n2 ðnÞ
b) Fixed frequency:
The complete control structure of the fixed frequency method is
illustrated in Fig. 37 [72]. As illustrated in Fig. 37, the error
between the feedback and desired current is passed through a PI
regulator to produce a changeable linear voltage value. After gen-
erating the appropriate voltage, it is compared with the triangular
pulse width modulation value to generate the switching signals for
SHAF operation. The output voltage control of the amplifier is
related to a fixed frequency triangular waveform to generate the
required reference signal for pulse generation. The generated pos-
itive current error produces the larger SHAF voltage levels. Similar
to phase ‘A’, other two-phase currents are regulated.

The sensitive load must be a current source

The SHAF is used to compensate for the harmonics and provide
reactive power support.

The harmonic free grid current is extracted by computing the

total load current and compensating current from SHAF. By consid-
ering a fixed impulse digital filter with required impulse and error
signals, the complete control block diagram is illustrated in Fig. 36.
The relation between input (X) and output (Y) is represented as.

X
b1
YðnÞ ¼ W a ðnÞXðn  aÞ ð17Þ
a¼0

nðnÞ ¼ DðnÞ  YðnÞ ð18Þ

Fig. 38. Delta modulation Technique.
By properly updating the filter weights at every sampling
instant, the adaptive filters are used to minimize the mean square
error n2 ðnÞ. By using the least mean square (LMS) technique, the
adaptive filter outputs are regulated as.

W a ðn þ 1Þ ¼ W a ðnÞ þ 2lnðnÞXðn  aÞ ð19Þ

where a=0,1,2,3. . .. . .., b1. During the control operation, the
adaptive filters are facing a lot of mathematical computations
within a small period. Therefore, there is a necessity to limit the
order of the filter ‘b’, by which the output frequency of the filter
is also limited. Fig. 39. DBCR control mode.

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c) Delta modulation technique:

This method is an advanced technique [73,74] of conventional
hysteresis current control. In this method, a constant voltage is
applied at all the switching conditions. The main aim of the con-
troller is to produce an appropriate signal from the compared
results between the fixed tolerance limit (the limit is enough
nearer to zero) and grid current error. If the error between the cur-
rent is positive, then the system obtains a positive voltage and if
the error between the current is negative then the system obtains
a negative voltage. At constant voltage, this controller synchro-
nized the regular switching interval time with the switching fre-
quency result for optimum result.
In Fig. 38, for phase ‘a’, if the reference current (IC;a ) is greater
than the actual current component then the comparator output
is zero. Similarly, in the opposite case, the comparator output is
one. The above findings are passed to a ‘D’ type flipflop to generate
the switching pulses.
d) Dead-beat current regulator (DBCR):
In the traditional dead-beat current regulator, the controller Fig. 41. (a) DDVECT through PI controller. (b) DDVECT through Fuzzy controller.

computes the necessary voltage to equalize the actual current with

its reference value at the end of the total modulation period. In this
regard, an advanced dead-beat current regulator is proposed for
better SHAF operation [75–76]. The main purpose of the advanced
controller is to compute the actual period at the start of the switch-
ing inverter operation. The complete control structure of the
advanced dead-beat controller for single-phase operation is illus-
trated in Fig. 39.
Fig. 39 shows the basic control block diagram of DBCR, where
the feedback signal is slightly delayed by a definite sampling time,
and obtained few forward blocks are also necessary for switching
signal.
5.2. DC voltage control technique (DC-VCT)
Similar to the above control technique, DC-VCT is also another
important control stage used for SHAF controller design. This con-
trol technique is used to regulate the dc-link voltage of SHAF where
the dc-link capacitor is used as an energy storage device. In ideal
conditions, a constant dc-link voltage of the SHAF is achieved with
no real power transfer between SHAF and the grid. However, dur-
ing the real-time application, it is difficult to regulate the dc-link
voltage at its rated value because of the SHAF switching operation
and power loss condition. Therefore, there is a necessity to develop
an appropriate dc-link voltage control for excellent SHAF operation
by injecting the appropriate injection current into the system.
Mostly, the regulation of the dc-link voltage is achieved through
appropriate control of the real power injection during the switch-
Fig. 40. DC-VCT-based control approach.
ing operation. The dc-link voltage regulation is achieved when the
real power injection amount is equal to the switching power loss.
Therefore, for excellent SHAF control operation, the magnitude of
reference current generation must be adjusted by controlling the
generated dc-link current signal (Ie) as illustrated in Fig. 40. Due
to that, an appropriate real power can be injected into the SHAF
for compensating for the switching losses. In recent days, various
types of DC-VCTs such as direct DC voltage control technique
(DDVCT) [77–78] and self-DC-Voltage charging method (SDVCM)
[79–80] are used for appropriate reference current generation. A
detailed explanation regarding the above-mentioned technique is
discussed below. In addition to those other related approaches
are discussed in [81–82].
5.2.1 Direct DC-voltage error control technique (DDVECT)
Traditionally, the dc-link voltage of SHAF is regulated through
the DDVECT where the error (V dc;e ðnÞ) between the actual dc-link
voltage (V dclink ) and reference dc-link voltage (V dc ) of SHAF is con-
trolled by a proportional-integral control (PI) [83,84] and fuzzy
logic controller (FLC) [85,86] as illustrated in Fig. 41 (a–b), to pro-
duce an appropriate current signal for controlling the dc-link volt-
age. ‘n’ is used for the sampling time of the system.
As illustrated in Fig. 41 (a), due to the simple control structure,
the PI-controlled based DDVECT is selected for SHAF control action.
In this technique, the fixed values of proportional and integral
gains are used. However, due to the fixed values, the DDVECT is
unable to perform excellent results during dynamic and transient
state conditions. Therefore, the system exhibits an increased peak
overshoot [83,85], additional time delay [84,87], and increased
steady-state error during the dynamic conditions. The above fac-
tors badly affect the controller performance by which the system
is unable to show optimum results. Moreover, the PI controller
necessitates a detailed mathematical model which is quite difficult
during non-linear system design [85,88] and takes a lot of time to
evaluate the appropriate gains for the SHAF operation [88]. There-
fore, it is not suitable for all types of system operations by using
fixed gain values.
Looking at the demerits of the PI controller, a substitute fuzzy
controller (FC) is used for a similar operation. The FC technique is
based upon four factors such as fuzzification, rule base, interpreta-
tion, and defuzzification. In Fuzzification, the crisp values of the
voltage error and change in voltage error are changed to the fuzzy
values by using the fuzzy membership functions. The shape of the
membership values can be trapezoidal, triangular, Gaussian,
gaussian-2, bell-shaped, etc. Due to the simple structure, imple-
mentation, and lesser computational burden, trapezoidal and tri-

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B. Sahoo, M.M. Alhaider and P.K. Rout
Fig. 42. (a) SDCCT through PI controller. (b) SDCCT through Fuzzy controller.
angular shapes are widely selected [89,90]. After the selection of
the membership function, the input voltage errors are passed
through the fuzzy inference system to obtain the necessary DC
component (Ie) according to the designed fuzzy rule base table.
Due to the less computational time, the Mamdani-based inference
system is selected widely [88]. After all of the necessary processes,
the fuzzified DC outputs are converted to crisp outputs through the
defuzzification method. Mostly, centroid-based defuzzification
methods are chosen due to the accurate average computation.
Findings:
By using the merits of FLC, the performance of SHAF is signifi-
cantly improved. FLC is shown its superiority by providing better
adaptability, robustness, faster-tracking speed, and better preci-
sion. Due to the superiority, the fuzzy control based DDVECT per-
forms better results during both steady and dynamic state
conditions. During the control operation, there is no necessity to
know the appropriate mathematical model of the non-linear sys-
tem. In this regard, by developing an increased number of 7*7
membership functions and 49 fuzzy rules for larger test systems
[91]. In this way, the Fuzzy based controller overcomes the demer-
its of the PI controller efficiently.
5.2.2 Self DC-capacitor charging technique (SDCCT)
Similar to the above, an alternative technique is used to regu-
late the dc-link voltage by using the SDCCT [92,79]. The previous
DDVECT-based method is depended on the appropriate estimation
of the control signal. However, this control strategy is based on the
self-capacitor charging method by applying the law of conserva-
tion of energy to facilitate both the charging and discharging oper-
ation of the capacitor. Like the DDVECT approach, the SDCCT is also
dependent upon two control operations such as PI [92,94] and FC-
based self-charging [79,94] controller as illustrated in Fig. 42 (a–b).
The PI and FC-based methods are used to regulate the voltage error
and then used to generate the DC signal (Ie ) by using the following
mathematical equation [93].

2
Ie ¼ 2C=3V g T V dc  ðV dc Þ2
where C is the capacitance value, V g is the grid voltage, and T is
the total period of the system.
Renewable Energy Focus 44 (2023) 139–173
Findings:
The SDCCT offers better accuracy and faster speed as compared
to DDVECT during the DC generation [79]. However, the SDCCT-
based control approaches are used in SHAFs during the
ANN-based non-linearity extraction techniques [92,79]. Therefore,
further study is required to test the suitability of the method dur-
ing other nonlinearity extraction control algorithms.
5.2.3 Other related approach
To regulate the dc-link voltage of the SHAF efficiently, the
power engineers suggested different control features in the
above-mentioned approaches. The newly added features such as
step size error minimization method [79] to the SDCCT and
inverted voltage error variation to the DDVECT, are to facilitate
better control action by cancelling the variations in voltage error
in terms of over voltage and under voltage during the dynamic
or transient conditions. The previous methods are directly, and
the modified methods indirectly control the voltage error to pro-
vide optimal results through FC. The advanced approaches are
operated only during the presence of over-shoot and undershoot
voltage conditions. In this regard, the advanced controller does
not affect the normal operation of the controller during the
steady-state condition. A detailed explanation regarding the mod-
ified approaches is presented in [79]. The advanced techniques
show their effectiveness by offering faster dynamic/transient oper-
ation and improving the SHAF operation by properly mitigating the
harmonics.
Findings:
The above-advanced techniques provide better results as com-
pared to other approaches. However, the above-advanced
approaches are used only for specific control applications like step
size voltage error minimization technique only applicable for
ANN-based single-phase harmonic mitigation technique and
inverted voltage variation method is only applicable for NET-
based control technique. Therefore, novel advanced control tech-
niques are necessitated further studies to guarantee the appropri-
ateness and compatibility with other control applications.
5.3. Current regulation approach (CRA)
The main reason for the controller is to generate an appropriate
pulse through different CRA methods, by which the inverter is cap-
able to produce an appropriate injection current to compensate for
the nonlinearity present in the load. Generally, the CRA is achieved
by perfectly sensing and comparing the grid/feedback current with
a fixed reference current obtained by the NET. In addition to that,
Fig. 43. Control model of the DCRA.
ð20Þ
Fig. 44. Control model of the ICAR.
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B. Sahoo, M.M. Alhaider and P.K. Rout
the obtained dc-link current through the dc-link voltage regulation
technique is used for generating the reference current for appropri-
ate inverter pulse generation. Looking at the different current reg-
ulation techniques, the direct and indirect CRA-based approach is
widely used for reference current generation. In addition to that,
PWM, hysteresis band regulation method, and predictive regula-
tion method is incorporated with the CRA to achieve an optimum
result [95–97].
5.3.1 Direct and indirect CRA (DCRA and ICAR)
During DCRA, the required harmonic injection current is
directly obtained by using a current control algorithm. The control
model of the DCRA is illustrated in Fig. 43. In this control operation,
by comparing the reference injection current (Iinj ) and the desired
non-sinusoidal injection current (Iinj ), an error signal (E) is com-
puted. The generated error is passed through the current regulator
to obtain an appropriate reference signal by which the SHAF can
produce the required injection current according to the set non-
linear reference current condition. In this control operation, the
non-linear reference current is nothing but the actual load current.
Due to this the actual harmonic contained in the system is
computed.
Similarly, during ICAR operation, by considering the grid cur-
rent system data, the non-linear injection current is computed to
compensate for the harmonics contained in the system. The com-
plete control model of the undertaken ICAR scheme is illustrated
in Fig. 44. In this control operation, the sensed grid current result
(Ig ) is compared with the sinusoidal reference grid current results
(Ig ) to obtain a current error signal (E). After obtaining the current
error signal, it is passed through the current regulator to generate
the actual grid current by considering the sinusoidal reference grid
current. In this situation, the used reference current signal is noth-
ing but the fundamental grid current component. As the system is
controlling the grid current, the actual nonlinear current injection
is generated by the SHAF according to the harmonic load current
demand directly. Therefore, this technique is known as ICAR.
Findings:
By comparing the outcomes generated from the above respec-
tive controllers, it is found that by using the ICAR scheme the per-
formance of the SHAF is significantly improved. As compared to the
DCAR scheme, the control operation of ICAR is much simpler,
reduces the computational burden, and requires lesser sensor com-
ponents [98–99]. ICAR is also capable to solve the switching ripple
problems of SHAF [100]. Due to the inappropriate knowledge of the
grid current, the DCAR cannot compensate for all the harmonics of
load during the distorted grid conditions. Therefore, the THD per-
centage of the overall system is increased. However, to solve the
above problem ICAR scheme is more efficient due to the presence
of appropriate grid data.
5.3.2 Pulse width modulation method (PWMM)
By sensing an appropriate current signal generated from the
regulator, it is used through a standard PWMM to generate
required switching pulses for SHAF operation by varying the duty
Fig. 45. PWM-based current regulation approach.
161
Renewable Energy Focus 44 (2023) 139–173
Fig. 46. SVPWM-based current regulation approach.
ratio of the inverter. A typical PWM-based current regulation
approach is illustrated in Fig. 45. As the illustrated method neces-
sitates a sinusoidal modulating signal, hence the control technique
is known as the sinusoidal PWM technique. The above method is
widely accepted for voltage source based SHAF applications
[101,102]. The duty ratio of each pulse is decided according to
the amplitude of the used modulating signal. In this way, the SHAF
can produce the desired injection current for eliminating the har-
monics and non-linearity of the sensitive load. In addition to that,
an advanced PWM technique [103] is proposed to improve the
SHAF performance. The advanced technique is developed by using
a 5 kHZ switching frequency and a minimum size LC filter. As com-
pared to the sinusoidal PWM technique, this advanced technology
provides an excellent result by minimizing the odd harmonics,
which are nearer to the rated switching frequency.
Similar to the above methods, another popular technique
known as the space vector PWM technique is used for appropriate
switching pulse generation at a specific conduction period [104].
Not only this technique is used for two-level voltage source invert-
ers, but also it is used for larger switching operations like neutral
point inverter applications [105,96]. Due to the better control oper-
ation and appropriate switching pulse generation, it is applicable
for different single and multi-level inverter applications.
Findings
As compared to the above-mentioned SPWM, the SVPWM strat-
egy facilitates excellent harmonic elimination capability, smoother
modulation, and 15 % higher dc voltage utilization as compared to
SPWM. However, the modeling and working principle of the
SVPWM is difficult as compared to the SPWM approach. The com-
plete control structure of the SVPWM strategy is illustrated in
Fig. 46.
5.3.3 Hysteresis band regulation method (HBRM)
HBRM-based control technique is selected for its simple imple-
mentation advantages. By comparing the voltage/current error
with the hysteresis band, the control operation of HBRM is
achieved. In HBRM, the error component is passed through two
hysteresis bands (top and bottom). When the error component
exceeds the top and bottom hysteresis limit, an appropriate
switching signal is passed to the power switches for limiting the
error component within the set limit and estimating the required
reference current component. Due to this, the system achieves fas-
ter current regulation with improved accuracy and does not need
any system information [106,107]. However, the fixed band tech-
niques lag the system performance during high-frequency varia-
tion by providing additional noise and switching losses
[108,109]. To overcome the above problem, an adaptive HBRM-
based control technique is suggested in [106,108,110]. HBRM-
based current control technique is applied for SHAF operation with
a set switching frequency [108,111,197–200]. However, the control
approach is very sensitive to the system parameter [109], and the
application of an adaptive band also rises the system complexity.
5.3.4 Predictive regulation method (PRM)
PRM [112–113] based control approach is applicable to forecast
the future comportment of the regulated current component-
B. Sahoo, M.M. Alhaider and P.K. Rout
based test system model, previous input/outputs, and actual input/
output. Notionally, the PRM-based controller operates by forecast-
ing a voltage control signal for SHAF operation based on the com-
portment of reference and measured current and supply voltage
components. This helps the output current to reach the actual ref-
erence target within the sample time [114,115,200–211]. However,
to forecast an accurate desired current, actual knowledge of the
system must be required. In [114], to improve the forecasting pro-
cess, an additional delay time is required. However, this reduces
the accuracy of harmonic elimination during complex system
applications. Moreover, this approach is suggested to apply with
a PWM generator for SHAF operation.
5.4. Synchroniser control technique (SCT)
In this section, different phase synchronizer methods are dis-
cussed for SHAF operation. The above control approach is based
upon two common methods as phase lock loop (PLL) [116–1117]
and zero-cross detection (ZCD) technique [118,119,120]. Similar
to the above, other techniques such as ANN/Adaline [121–
122,222] and fundamental current extraction (FCE) [123–124]
methods are also included for three/ single phase SHAF operation.
5.4.1 ZCD method
This is the simplest control method used for phase synchroniza-
tion reasons. As per the ZCD, a control unit is developed to identify
the zero-crossing point of grid voltage and generate appropriate
pulses for SHAF operation [119]. Due to the simplicity of design,
the integration is easier as compared to other methods, but loses
its stability during oscillating grid current situations [125]. In that
case, the possibility of inaccuracy is more due to the greater num-
ber of ZCD points. To resolve the problems, filters are used before
the integration of designed controllers [126]. However, the pre-
filtering operation again leads/lags the phase sequence, which is
difficult to regulate as ZCD is an analog-based method. In addition
to that, the ZCD point only detects at every half cycle interval of
fundamental grid frequency [127]. To circumvent the above prob-
lem, the control circuit regulates additional hardware circuits per
phase, which again increases the cost, size, and reliability. In
[119], a ZCD method-based experimental setup is proposed to pro-
vide the initial pulses for a digital signal processor-based SHAF
controller during zero-crossing voltage at PCC. This technique is
applicable for both single and three-phase system applications.
However, looking at the above demerits, this technique-based con-
trol method is least preferred for SHAF operation.
5.4.2 PLL method
This is the most preferred control technique because of its sim-
plicity and capability to operate at oscillating grid conditions. PLL is
an old technique [128,129] and is applicable for different applica-
tions such as communication, a control application, and instru-
mentation. The control application is divided into three sub-parts
as phase comparator (PC), low pass filters (LPF), and voltage con-
trol (VC) as shown in Fig. 47. In PC, a reference phase angle (h )
is compared with a feedback phase angle (h) and generates an error
signal (Dh). After that Dh is passed through the LPF to eliminate the
noise and high-frequency component generated from the PC. The
obtained signal is passed through the VC to generate the feedback
Fig. 47. PLL control method.
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Renewable Energy Focus 44 (2023) 139–173
Fig. 48. SRF-PLL control method for SHAF operation.
phase angle (h) and again goes to the PC block. LPF is used to con-
tinuously eliminate the undesired signal for a few iterations and
when it reaches zero, the phase angle is locked and matches the
h . By using the above method, the phase angle of the system is
easily regulated.
a) Synchronous reference frame PLL (SRF-PLL):
The performance of PLL is enhanced through SRF based
approach known as SRF-PLL. SRF-PLL approach improved the per-
formance of both single/three-phase applications [117–121,116–
130]. The detailed structure of SRF-PLL is illustrated in Fig. 48 (a-
b). By comparing Fig. 47 and Fig. 48, it is found that the implemen-
tation of PD blocks is different from one another. As the SRF-PLL
name indicates, this controller operation is based on SRF theory.
In SRF-PLL, the three-phase voltage parameters are converted to
the two-phase stationary ab frame (Clark transformation) and
rotating dq frame (Park transformation) as illustrated in Eq. (21)
and Eq. (22) respectively.
Note that ‘n’ indicates the sampling rate. To eliminate the non-
linearity, a PI regulator is used to regulate the ‘q-axis’ component
and angular frequency ‘x’ of the undertaken voltage parameter.
Integrating ‘x’, the h can be computed and this process is contin-
ued by feeding back the h in to ab  dq block until the h is equal
to h value.
2 3
  " # V ðnÞ
V a ðnÞ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 1=2 1=2 6 ga 7
¼ 2=3 pffiffiffi pffiffiffi 4 V gb ðnÞ 5 ð21Þ
V b ðnÞ 0 3=2  3=2
V gc ðnÞ
    
V d ðnÞ Cosh Sinh V a ðnÞ
¼ ð22Þ
V q ðnÞ Sinh Cosh V b ðnÞ
Initially, SRF-PLL is applicable for three-phase applications as
illustrated in Fig. 48 (a). However, looking at the single-phase need,
it is used for single-phase controller design as illustrated in Fig. 48
(b). In single-phase, the Clark transformation is avoided and a p=2
factor is multiplied with the actual voltage component to generate
the ‘b’ axis component. After generating the ab component, the fur-
ther control technique is similar to the three-phase controller.
Merits:

Avails accurate and fast-tracking of grid frequency and phase
angle during linear grid voltage conditions.
Demerits:

Unsuitable for harmonic grid voltage conditions.

Requires additional filters like low pass and high pass filters for
harmonic elimination.
B. Sahoo, M.M. Alhaider and P.K. Rout Renewable Energy Focus 44 (2023) 139–173

Demerits:

Computation of constant gain is very difficult during unbal-

anced grid voltage conditions.

c) Double decoupled SRF-PLL (DD-SRF-PLL):

DD-SRF-PLL is used to separate the positive and negative
sequence components and transformed them into two SRF loops.
After that, an additional decoupling network is implemented to
separate the positive current component with the fundamental fre-
quency before entering to the PLL. A control diagram related to DD-
SRF-PLL is illustrated in Fig. 50 [116]. As illustrated in Fig. 50, the
starting procedure is similar to the traditional SRF-PLL technique
as shown in Fig. 48, where the three-phase voltage input signals
Fig. 49. SR-PLL control method for SHAF operation. in the natural frame is converted to a two-phase ab rotating frame
and again ab to dq stationary frame. In dq frame, the positive
b) Self-regulating PLL (SR-PLL): (V þ 
g;dq ) and negative (V g;dq ) components are separated. To obtain a
þ 
SR-PLL operating principle is similar to SRF-PLL. However, as linear component V g;dq and V g;dq , the computed components are
compared to traditional SRF-PLL, SR-PLL provides additional filter-
passed through a decoupling network. The computed positive
ing operations. In this condition, the input in ab the frame will be
sequence components with the fundamental frequency will be
further filtered by a self-regulating controller to diminish the
applied until the desired phase angle is not achieved.
unwanted noise and high-frequency elements before transforming
Merits:
to a dq rotating frame. Due to this, the PLL can estimate the actual
phase angle and frequency respectively.

Applicable for balanced and unbalanced load applications.
The basic block diagram of SR-PLL is illustrated in Fig. 49 and

Not dependent upon the constant gain parameter.
the working principle is detailed below.
" # " # " # Demerits:
Y fa ðsÞ f
n Y a ðsÞ  Y a ðsÞ
f
2pf c Y b ðsÞ
¼ þ ð23Þ
Y fb ðsÞ s Y b ðsÞ  Y fb ðsÞ s Y fa ðsÞ
Complex structure due to additional SRF loop

where Y fab ðsÞ is the harmonic free (fundamental) input compo-

nent in ab frame, Y ab ðsÞ is the instantaneous input signal in ab
frame, ‘n’ is the constant gain parameter, f c is the cut of frequency
of the system. Despite of all advantages, the requirement of proper
gain computation lags the controller performance during real-time
applications. A detailed analysis regarding the gain value estima-
tion is discussed in [123,131].
From [123,131], a selection of reduced gain values improves the
accuracy of the controller but decreases the dynamic responses.
Similar to the above, for increased gain value opposite effects have
occurred. To obtain a better synchronization between accuracy and
dynamic response, a careful selection of gain value is needed.
Merits:

Suppress high-frequency components through constant gain

parameters

Fig. 51. DD-SRF-PLL control method for SHAF operation.

Fig. 50. DD-SRF-PLL control method for SHAF operation. Fig. 52. FCCM control method for SHAF operation.

163
B. Sahoo, M.M. Alhaider and P.K. Rout

Cost is more.
5.4.3 ADALINE method
This is the most recent control method that is applicable for
SHAF based on the ADALINE method. Generally, the ADALINE
method is used for non-linear component extraction and funda-
mental current computation. However, in addition to the extrac-
tion, the proper regulation of the ADALINE method is also
suitable for the synchronization proposed. To achieve this objec-
tive, a unified ADALINE control technique is suggested for SHAF
operation [132]. The complete control structure of the proposed
system is illustrated in Fig. 51 and Fig. 52.
In controller design, the grid voltage V g ðnÞ is compared with a
computed voltage (V f ;c ðnÞ). Here ‘n’ is denoted as the sampling rate
for digital controller design. The error component (EðnÞ) is passed
through a weight update method as illustrated in Eq. (24). This
 V a;di ðnÞ is the nonlinear voltage component respectively. Similarly,
method is used to update the weight (w) or the coefficient (w11
and w21 ) of sinðnwDtÞ and cosðnwDtÞ vectors.
dEðnÞMðnÞ
wnþ1 ¼ wn þ ð24Þ
MðnÞT MðnÞ
 
w11
where w ¼ is denoted as the weight coefficient,
w21
 
sinðnxDtÞ
M¼ is denoted as fundamental sin e and cos ine vec-
cosðnxDtÞ
tors. EðnÞ ¼ V g ðnÞ  V f ;c ðnÞ is denoted as the error among the mea-
sured and computed components. d is denoted as the learning
factor of the control signal.
At the equal time, w11 and w21 is used to estimate the instant
fundamental voltage magnitude ( V f ðnÞ ) of V g ðnÞ as illustrated in
Eq. (25).
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
V f ðnÞ ¼ w211 þ w221 ð25Þ
This process continued until V f ;c ðnÞ ¼ V g ðnÞ. During that period,
the effective magnitude of V g ðnÞ is generated and divided from the
V f ;c ðnÞ, to generate the required synchronization component of
sinðnxDt þ hÞ.
This synchronization method is applicable for both 1u and 3u
applications [117–121,133]. During this condition, the grid voltage
must be balanced and sinusoidal. It is noted that by looking at
Fig. 48, the ADALINE-based controller is applicable for single-
phased applications. For three-phase applications three similar
control models are required for the inverter operation.
Merits:

Applicable for both 1u and 3u applications.

Simple structure and easier implementation.
Demerits:

Not applicable during harmonic grid voltage application.

The advancement of the voltage controller is dependent upon
the learning rate.
5.4.4 Fundamental current computation method (FCCM)
This is the most recent current control technique for SHAF oper-
ation. This is specially used to compute the fundamental (pure
sinusoidal) of voltage by which the grid synchronization is possi-
ble. The output of the controller is almost similar to the
ADALINE-based SHAF control algorithm. However, FCCM has one
more merit over the ADALINE concept in that it can be operated
significantly during the presence of unbalanced/distorted load con-
ditions [123–124]. This method is used an additional self-
regulating filter component [131–134,135]. This filter can elimi-
164
Renewable Energy Focus 44 (2023) 139–173
nate the distorted component from the non-linear load current/-
voltage signals. Fig. 49 illustrates a control example model of
FCCM with an integrated self-regulating filter component.
To extract the required synchronized signal (sinðnxDt þ hÞ), the
following processes are necessary to follow up.
(i) The main objective of this control is to extract the sinusoidal
voltage reference component (V g;f ðnÞ) from the tracked grid volt-
age components (V g ðnÞ). Initially, abc=ab transformation is
required to separate the fundamental voltage (V ab;f ðnÞ) and dis-
torted component (V ab;ac ðnÞ) respectively. The related mathemati-
cal equation becomes
V a ðnÞ V a;f ðnÞ þ V a;di ðnÞ
¼ ð26Þ
V b ðnÞ V b;f ðnÞ þ V b;di ðnÞ
where V a;f ðnÞ is the fundamental voltage component and
the b components can be identified and represented. By using the
inverse transform as indicated in Eq. (27), the computed V a;f ðnÞ and
V b;f ðnÞ components can be converted into pure sinusoidal compo-
nents V g;f ðnÞ. This self-regulation method is only applicable for
non-linear grid situations and for balanced grid conditions, this
method can be omitted to reduce the complexity.
V g;fa ðnÞ rffiffiffi 1 0  
pffiffi
2 V a;f ðnÞ
V g;fb ðnÞ ¼  12 3
ð27Þ
3
2
pffiffi V b;f ðnÞ
V g;fc ðnÞ  12  23
(ii) Magnitude of voltage V f ðnÞ can be determined by using the
estimated fundamental components as V a;f ðnÞ and V b;f ðnÞ. V f ðnÞ
can be computed as
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
V f ðnÞ ¼ V a;f ðnÞ þ V b;f ðnÞ ð28Þ
(iii) The unit form of the signal is generated by dividing V g;f ðnÞ
from the V f ðnÞ . At the end, the synchronization signal
sinðnxDt þ hÞ is computed as follows
V g;f ðnÞ
sinðnxDt þ hÞ ¼ ð29Þ
V f ðnÞ
Merits:

This is applicable for three-phase applications.

Separate the balanced and unbalanced components.

Provides better frequency regulation.
Demerits:

The system performance depends upon the constant gain
parameter.
6. Comparative control analysis section
To support the above literature survey and give a conclusive
idea about the SHAF control strategy, in this study, three compar-
ative control tables such as Table 10, Table 11, and Table 12 are
presented. Table 10 is dedicated to summarising the above-
mentioned SHAF-based controller based on implementation com-
plexity, response time, settling time and non-ideal grid condition,
and type of integration. Similar to Table 10, according to the con-
troller types as centralized, decentralized, and distributed con-
trollers, a constructive Table 11 is formulated, and the detailed
findings are presented. The complete control structure according
to their types is illustrated in Fig. 53(a–c) respectively. In addition
to that, the novel SHAF controller benefits and the shortfall is fur-
ther discussed in the tabular form and presented in Table 5 accord-
B. Sahoo, M.M. Alhaider and P.K. Rout Renewable Energy Focus 44 (2023) 139–173

Table 10
Comparative summary of SHAF-based controller.

SI No. Control Approach ImplementationComplexity Dynamic Response Time Settling Time Non-ideal grid conditions Applications
1. SRFM [30] Less Faster Faster Satisfactory 1u and 3u
2. IPTM [34–39] Less Slower Faster Bad 3u
3. DC-VCT [35–36] More Slower Faster Satisfactory 3u
4. FFA [37] More Slower Faster Satisfactory 1u and 3u
5. RFA [39] More Slower Faster Satisfactory 1u and 3u
6. WA [40–41] More Slower Faster Superior 1u and 3u
7. FBM [43] Less Faster Slower Superior 1u and 3u
8. ANN-BM [45] Less Faster Slower Superior 1u and 3u
9. ANFBM [48–49] Less Faster Slower Superior 1u and 3u
10. GBM [50–51] Less Faster Slower Superior 1u and 3u
11. PSBM [55–56] Less Faster Slower Superior 1u and 3u
12. BFBM [57–58] Less Faster Slower Superior 1u and 3u
13. ACBM [61–62] Less Faster Slower Superior 1u and 3u
14. CBM [66–68] Less Faster Slower Superior 1u and 3u
15. ZCDM [128–129] Less Faster Slower Bad 1u and 3u
16. SRF-PLLM [117–130] Less Slower Faster Bad 1u and 3u
17. SR-PLLM [123,131] More Slower Faster Satisfactory 1u and 3u
18. DD-SRF-PLLM [116] More Slower Faster Satisfactory 3u
19. ADALINE [132] Less Faster Slower Bad 1u and 3u
20. FCCM [123–124] Less Slower Faster Superior 3u

Table 11
Comparative summary of SHAF controller with a most suitable control architecture.

SHAF Control architecture Local control selected V&f Power Optimization Steadiness Battery Installation
based mode management management complexity
control
1. [136] Distributed PQ& Droop method U U * U * High
2. [137] Centralized Droop method U U * * * Medium
3. [138] Centralized Droop method * U * U * High
4. [139] Centralized PQ& V/f mode U U * U * Medium
5. [140] Centralized PQ & V/f method U U * * * Medium
6. [141] Centralized Outer Voltage & Inner current U * * U High
7. [142] Decentralized Droop method U U * * * Medium
8. [143] Distributed Droop method U U * U U Simple
9. [144] Distributed Angle control * * * * * High
10. [145] Distributed Droop method U U * * High
11. [146] Distributed V/f mode U U U * * Medium
12. [147] Decentralized Sliding control with droop U U U U U High
strategy
13. [148] Centralized Droop method U U * * * High
14. [149] Centralized/ Droop method U U * U U Medium
Decentralized
15. [150] Distributed Droop method U U * U U Medium
16. [151] Centralized Droop method U U * U U Medium
17. [152] Centralized Droop method U U U U U Medium
18. [153] Centralized Adaptive droop U * * U U High
19. [154] Distributed * * * * * * High
20. [155] Decentralized * U U U * * High
21. [156] Decentralized * U * U U U High
22. [157] Centralized/ * U U U * * Medium
Decentralized
23. [158] * Frequency scheduling control U * * U * High
24. [159] * * * * * U * Medium
25. [160] * Droop method U U U * * Medium
26. [161] * Droop method U U * U * Medium
27. [162] Decentralized Droop method U U * U * High
28. [163] * Droop method * U U * * Medium

ing to the AC and DC grid structure. In Table 10, Table 11, and
Table 12, the overall SHAF control structure is discussed with dif-
ferent future possibilities and challenges. In the respective tables,
a complete idea regarding the SHAF controller can be illustrated.
7. Research gap and possible solutions
In this study, a brief review on active power filter design and
associated control strategies are performed for microgrid and
hybrid grid applications. The research on shunt active filter con-
troller design till now has mostly emphasized energy management
and power quality regulation by using dispersed and synchronized
control strategies. However, shunt active filter concept to be ready
for real-time implementation, other equally important factors such
as stability, power quality improvement, power reliability, fault
ride-through capability, optimal dispatch need to be enthusiasti-
cally explored for complex system applications. Research gaps
identified during the literature survey and conceivable research
points for future work are indicated further in this section.

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Table 12
Summary of effective results and possible problems related to SHAF-based MG Applications.

SHAF based control Effective Solutions Possible Problems

applications
[164]
Lessen the effect of constant power load
The chattering problem instigated by sliding mode con-

Balance constant voltage and improve the stability at the DC grid without trol is not estimated
affecting the charging/discharging condition
SOC is not considered during power management

Provide a robust solution to improve the power quality
[165]
Tackle the effects of variable load
The chattering problem is not considered

Balance the voltage and provide reasonable solutions.
Response time is decreased due to the increase in load

Improved robustness and stability
[166]
Shows robustness across uncertain power loads
Complex controller design

Provide parallel operation
More sensors are used

Faster system response and provide multi-level output
[167]
Maintain constant power generation from the green energy system.
Only focuses on PV-based DC microgrids.

Provide faster dynamic response
Absence of proper energy management

Improves the power reliability
[168]
Generate constant current during voltage unbalance conditions
Only focuses on PV-based DC microgrids.

Having fault ride-through capability
Absence of proper mathematical computation

Faster power balancing operation and improved stability
[169]
Improved voltage control with droop regulators
Controller implementation is difficult due to the pres-

Having plug-and-play capability ence of a communication network

Guarantee improved stability and reliability
Lots of sensors are required
[170]
Optimize the storage device performance
Losses the control over sudden variation

Avails better power flow
non-linear load effects are not considered

Balancing the load current between battery and DC grid
[171]
Balances the unbalanced terminal voltages
Not considered the SOC limits

Excellent voltage and power-sharing operation
Decreases the storage capacity of the battery

Improves the power regulation between sources
THD is a major problem

Eliminate the requirement of a communication network
[172]
Mitigates the line parameter variations
Reduces the dynamic responses with load variations

Compensate the circulating current
THD is not considered

Improves the System accuracy
[173]
Improves the voltage and current accuracy
Complex controller design due to the use of virtual fre-

Resolves the power fluctuation issues quency concept

Resolve the power quality and reliability issues
Implementation is also difficult
[174]
Control performance is enhanced by using optimization techniques.
Not guaranteed the voltage and frequency stability

Improves the charging/ discharging capability
Slower controller responses

Reduces the power dependency from the grid
[175]
Improves the overall performance
In AC-grid, the RES-based DGs are not integrated, and

Reduces the total harmonic distortion the performance is not studied.

Compensate the non-linearity
Implementation is not economical

Considers variable green energy systems
[176]
Provides excellent reactive power support
Avoid sensitive load applications

Balances the frequency and voltages
Voltage magnitude may vary

Reduces the effect of high gain constants
Difficulty in implementation.
[177]
Guarantee the dynamic stability
Implementation is difficult

Improves the robustness by reducing the sensor requirement
Slower response

Optimize the power generation and regulation
Not included reactive power comp.
[178]
Provides reactive power support
Performance is limited to a radial network

Reduces the component requirement
Absence of mathematical computation

Control the voltage magnitude variations
Not Economic

Improves the better power quality
[179]
Provides additional reactive power support to the synchronous generator-
Difficult to implement
based system
Communication networks make the system complex

Support communication failure
No. of DGs is high

Improves the grid synchronization
[180]
Facilitate parallel inverter operation
Not economic

No synchronization is required
Complex structure

Sensorless operation
Avoid signal decomposition
[181]
Better power-sharing operation between load and storage
RES based DGs are not considered

Provide excellent SOC regulation
Variability is not studied

Provide excellent DC-link Voltage regulation
Time-consuming
[182]
Provide better energy management
Variability is not studied

SOC control
Complex system design

Harmonic and frequency regulation
Slow tracking operation
[183]
Excellent transient operation
Not considered frequency stabilization

Having Fault ride-through capability
Uses constant gains for controller design

Improves robustness of the system
[184]
Better economic operation
Lesser synchronisation

Facilitate better energy management
Avoidance of Nonlinear/unbalanced load

Optimize the power production rate
Higher error values

Loss reduction and avail better power reliability
[185]
Regulates the DC grid voltage
There is lesser synchronization between controller

Better active and reactive power regulation of the DGs objectives and strategy

Reduce the effect of line impedance
Not Economic

Decrease the circulating current between the DGs.

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Table 12 (continued)

SHAF based control Effective Solutions Possible Problems

applications
[186]
Faster tracking operation concerning variable load
Difficult to apply in a complex system

Improves the power quality
Not guaranteed the reliability

Regulate the voltage and frequency variation.
No information regarding losses
[187]
Faster power-sharing operation
Implementation is difficult

Showing dynamic performances during both steady-state and transient
Not applicable to load variation
conditions
Not providing reactive power support

Reduces the communication channel requirement
[188]
Enhances the system efficiency
Enhances the system efficiency

Provides excellent power flow
Provides excellent power flow

Harmonic reduction
Harmonic reduction

Avoidance of communication system
[189]
Enhances the power flow between the sub-grid
Complex circuit design

Maintain the stability between the AC/DC MG
Slower response

Enhances the power quality and reliability
Difficult to implement
[190]
Enhances the power flow control and guarantees the stability
Effect of high-frequency oscillation is avoided

Faster transient response
Creates harmonic problem

Robust controller performance
[191]
Enhances power quality and stability
Creates voltage and frequency problem

Avails better power-sharing operation between AC and DC grid
Complex integration

Enhances the transient stability
Higher error values
[192]
Provide excellent voltage and frequency regulation
Performance is limited to the radial system

Improves the power-sharing operation
Lags the suitability in case of real-time application

Provide excellent reactive power support
[193]
Guarantee the small-signal stability
Difficulties in operation

Avails better power flow between AC and DC MG
Communication delay leads to slower response

Sudden integration and removal are also possible
[194]
Avoids communication network
Higher deviations are found in power-sharing operation

Provide better economic operation
Not economic

Facilitate hybrid AC-DC grid operation
[195]
Stable AC/DC MG operation
Lags during load variation

Excellent reactive power support
Presence of a higher unbalanced component

Harmonic regulation
[196]
Improves the power quality
Production cost is not included

Provides economic power-sharing operation
Variability in RES is not considered,

7.1. Power-grid design topologies
SHAF based interlinking inverter sizes can be regulated by con-
sidering the actual information related to variable load, renew-

If a standard shunt active filter (SHAF) based microgrid topolo- able generation, and storage devices available at the dc-grid
gies are represented on the lines of IEEE 13/39 bus networks or stations.
on the CIGRE network, then only a clear idea about the compar-
On the line of synchronous converter concept, Novel interlink-
ative control strategies is obtained. ing inverter concepts are also required to evaluate.

SHAF based dc-sub grid designs such as AC-DC grid, ring grid,
zonal dc grid, and multi dc-grid into hybrid grid should be
7.3. Hybrid grid energy management
discovered.

SHAF based topologies can be explored to enable different

If the sub-grids are controlled by non-droop methods, then the
power pricing bonds between the utility grid and ac-dc sub-
decentralized methods of regulating frequency and voltage for
grid.
active power regulations are limited to work. Therefore, to

The analysis of short circuit capability or the ratio of power
reduce the complexity, other improved methods for SAHF oper-
demand and different parameter computation/ switches/capac-
ations are required to study.
itor requirements decides whether SHAF based different sub

Propper proportionate power exchange between the interlink-
grids can make a hybrid grid or not.
ing SHAFs using a decentralized method is necessary to

Voltage, frequency, power factor, and power quality conditions
investigate.
for SHAF based hybrid microgrid systems can be studied.

To improve the system stability and not vary the droop values, a

There is a lot of scope for further research in the SHAF design as
novel reactive power-sharing approach is needed to be consid-
only MLIs have been investigated to date.
ered. This also helps to improve the dc-grid performances by

Research effort on single-phase SHAF applications is
providing appropriate reactive power compensation.
gaining interest as low-power smart homes are increasing

There is a requirement for analytic evaluation to set the thresh-
gradually.
old values for power exchange by focusing on stability criteria,
power losses, system conditions, and efficiency, etc.
7.2. Interlinking inverter

To avail accurate power at the respective busses, energy storage
controller improvement is very much required by considering

Exploring three-port interlinking SHAF based inverter topolo-
the higher and lower SOC limit.
gies is much more worthwhile for facilitating multi-grid opera-

Different signal processing and robust controller-based power
tions. Solid-state transformer-based approaches can be further
management structures are necessary to study during both
studied for interlinking operations.
steady-state and transient state conditions.

167
B. Sahoo, M.M. Alhaider and P.K. Rout
Fig. 53. As per the types (a) Centralized controller. (b) Decentralized controller. (c) Distributed Controller.
7.4. Synchronized control

To improve the power quality and reliability, offer excellent
power management, and balance the voltage fluctuations,
advanced control strategies are needed to be examined. For
solving this problem, a hierarchical approach is more suited
for smart microgrid applications.

A preferably coordinated approach is necessary to investigate
for offering seamless transition among grid-connected and
islanded modes of operation. In addition to that, novel islanding
detection and better synchronization is also very much impor-
tant factor during the controller design.

Better power management through distributed control is also
an important factor for real-microgrid applications.

Modified scalable and optimized communication methods are
required to investigate by reducing the component requirement,
conversion delay, and enhancing the power flow condition.
7.5. Stability analysis

As the SHAFs are preferably used for developing the smart
microgrid system, the identification of possible unstable condi-
tions and investigation of control stagey during that condition is
a tough task and necessary to focus on the hybrid microgrid sys-
tem application.

Power researchers are giving less importance to considering the
stability analysis of microgrids during the verification of their
control application.
168
Renewable Energy Focus 44 (2023) 139–173

Researchers are mostly emphasized only small-signal and
steady-state stability conditions during microgrid and AC-DC
grid application. Most important conditions such as larger sig-
nal and transient stability are needed to be considered.

Communication-based control stability estimation during loss,
error in data collection, and transient conditions are needed to
be developed.
7.6. Power quality

There is a need to emphasize on the combination of power qual-
ity features along with power flow and management studies.

SHAF control strategy is needed to study during renewable
energy-based unbalanced grid and non-linear load applications.

The development of a suitable control strategy for reducing the
sub-grid effects on another microgrid due to voltage/current
fluctuation, droop variation, and load variations can be
emphasized.
7.7. Protection

The protection aspect of the study having smart load and source
restoration and self-healing capability can be explored during
robust controller design.

Fault and transient limiting factors can be considered during
coordinated control design.
B. Sahoo, M.M. Alhaider and P.K. Rout
8. Conclusion
The presented paper thoroughly reviewed and discoursed the
state-of-the-art of SHAF design and the related control strategies
for providing appropriate solutions to the AC/DC/Hybrid microgrid.
The significance of SHAF not only depends upon the harmonic
reduction and litheness in managing the dynamics of the system,
but also its progress depends on suitable power semiconductor
selection and suitable controller development at affordable cost.
The review has systematically been accomplished by comparing
and discussing various novel SHAF control algorithms for different
microgrid applications. The main objective of the review is to pro-
vide a complete overview of filter design and related control algo-
rithms, by which the researchers can get the basic knowledge
about SHAF, and the related control techniques in a subjective
manner and ultimately increase their interest in future research
in this area. The review can be categorized into four specific cate-
gories as non-linearity extraction technique, DC-voltage control
technique, current regulation approach, and synchronization con-
trol technique. From the review, it is found that in real-time condi-
tions, the presence of non-linearity in the source and load can be
eliminated by using the SHAF control technique. Table 4, Table 5,
and Table 6 summarize the controller applications like voltage
and frequency regulation, load management, battery and energy
management, power quality, stability, power generation, coordina-
tion, optimization, and SOC adjustment respectively. Therefore, it
is recommended to select an appropriate SHAF design and syn-
chronized controller for handling adverse and dynamic grid condi-
tions and the improvement of the controller can be emphasized as
a future aspect of microgrid development.
Data availability
No data was used for the research described in the article.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
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