OCCLUSION

 The teeth in the mandibular arch come into contact with those in
the maxillary arch in any FUNCTIONAL RELATION
 The anatomical alignment of the teeth and their relationship to the
rest of the masticatory system.
 MALOCCLUSION

 Defined as ANY DEVIATION from the

IDEAL occlusal scheme described by
Angle
 deviations in intramaxillary and/or
intermaxillary relations of the teeth
and/or jaws.
OVERJET

 HORIZONTAL OVERLAP of the incisors.

 The distance along the anteroposterior plane between
the LABIAL surface of the MANDIBULAR CENTRAL
INCISORS and the most prominent point on the incisal
edge of the MAXILLARY CENTRAL INCISORS.
 Normal Overjet = 1-3mm
OVERBITE

 VERTICAL OVERLAP of the incisors

 The extent that the maxillary central incisors
overlap the mandibular central incisors in the
vertical plane
 Normal overbite = 2-4mm
OPEN BITE

 the top teeth and bottom

teeth do not come together or
bite in the correct position

 can be caused by either tooth

position, jaw position, or a
combination of both
DEEP BITE

 There is SEVERE OVERLAP of the maxillary incisors over the

mandibular incisors when the dentition is in occlusion.
CROSSBITE

 where the maxillary and mandibular teeth do not come together or

bite in the correct position.
 Crossbites can be caused by either tooth position, jaw position, or a
combination of both.
ORTHODONTICS

 a specialized branch of dentistry that focuses on the diagnosis,

prevention, and treatment of dental and facial irregularities,
particularly in relation to the alignment of teeth and jaws. The
primary goal of orthodontic treatment is to improve the
appearance, function, and overall health of a patient's smile
HISTORY

 first evidence of orthodontic appliances were those of the Greeks &

Etruscans as early as 1000 BC
HISTORY
 PIERRE FAUCHARD
 “Father of Modern Dentistry”
 Introduced the concept of dental
appliances to correct irregularities
 Designed a device called a “BANDEAU”
 an expansion arch consisting of a
horseshoe-shaped strip of precious metal
to which the teeth were ligated
HISTORY

 1834 – First American dental association: Society of Surgeon

Dentists of the City and State of New York
 1840 – CHAPIN A. HARRIS
 Founded the FIRST school of dentistry: University of Maryland

 1850 – NORMAN W. KINGSLEY

 Pioneered cleft palate treatment
 Wrote “A treatise on Oral Deformities (1880)
HISTORY

 1841 – JOHN NUTTING FARRAR

 “Father of American Orthodontics”
 Laid the foundation for “Scientific” orthodontics

 1890 – EDWARD H. ANGLE

 “Father of Modern Orthodontics”
 Classified Malocclusion
 Organized the first Orthodontic Society
 MARTIN DEWEY
 Modified Angle’s Classification
EDWARD H. ANGLE
 Father of Modern Orthodontics
 1890s; classified malocclusion into three (3)
 Angle’s postulate: Maxillary first molars were the key to
occlusion
 Note that the Angle Classification has 4 classes:
 Normal Occlusion
 Class I Malocclusion
 Class II Malocclusion
 Class III Malocclusion
ANGLE’S MOST NOTEWORTHY
APPLIANCES:
 E-ARCH (1900)
 First typical orthodontic fixed appliance
 This appliance only allowed tipping movement & provided poor control
of individual tooth position
ANGLE’S MOST NOTEWORTHY
APPLIANCES:
 The pin-and-tube Appliance (1910)
 Bands were placed on some teeth with a vertical tube on each tooth
 A soldered pin from a smaller arch wire is placed & position is changed
every visit
 Theoretically capable of great precision but impractical in clinical use
ANGLE’S MOST NOTEWORTHY
APPLIANCES
 The Ribbon Arch (1915)
 First appliance to use a true bracket
 Poor control of root position due to high
resiliency of archwire
 Poor control of mesiodistal tip
 Vertical Slot
ANGLE’S MOST NOTEWORTHY
APPLIANCES
 The Edgewise Appliance (1928)
 0.022 x 0.028 slot oriented HORIZONTALLY
 Initially called “open face” or tie brackets
 Arch wire held with brass ligature & SS ligature later
IDEAL OCCLUSION

 Smooth curve passing through

the central fossa of each upper
molar and across the cingulum
of the upper canines and
incisors
 The same line runs along the
buccal cusps and incisal edges
of the lower teeth
ANGLE’S POSTULATE

 The upper first molars are the key to occlusion.

 The upper and lower molars should be related so
that the mesiobuccal cusp of the upper molars
occludes in the mesiobuccal groove of the
lower molar.
NORMAL OCCLUSION

 teeth were arranged on a smoothly

curving line of occlusion and the Class 1
molar relationship existed.
ANGLE’S CLASSIFICATION OF MALOCCLUSION
 CLASS 1 MALOCCLUSION
 Neutrocclusion
 MB cusp of the Maxillary 1st molar
occludes with the MB groove of the
Mandibular 1st molar
 Maxillary Canine lies between the
Mandibular Canine and 1st Premolar
 Dewey’s Modification: “SUBTYPES”
CLASS 1 MO

 DEWEY’S MODIFICATION: “SUBTYPES”

 Type 1 – Class 1 molar relationship with ANTERIOR CROWDING
CLASS 1 MO

 DEWEY’S MODIFICATION: “SUBTYPES”

 Type 2 – Class 1 molar relationship with Labioversion of the maxillary
central incisors
CLASS 1 MO

 DEWEY’S MODIFICATION: “SUBTYPES”

 Type 3 – Class 1 molar relationship with ANTERIOR CROSSBITE
CLASS 1 MO

 DEWEY’S MODIFICATION: “SUBTYPES”

 Type 4 – Posterior Crossbite
CLASS 1 MO

 DEWEY’S MODIFICATION: “SUBTYPES”

 Type 5 – Mesial drifting of 1st molars
ANGLE’S CLASSIFICATION OF MALOCCLUSION
 CLASS II MALOCCLUSION
 “Distocclusion”; “Retrognathism”
 The MB Cusp of the Maxillary 1st molar
occludes between the Mandibular 1st
molar and 2nd premolar
 Maxillary Canine is mesial to the
Mandibular Canine
 TYPES:
 Class II division 1 – Maxillary centrals in
extreme labioversion
 Class II division 2 – maxillary centrals
tipped palatally, maxillary laterals
tipped labially or mesially
CLASS II Division 1
CLASS 2 Division 2
ANGLE’S CLASSIFICATION OF MALOCCLUSION
 CLASS III MALOCCLUSION
 “Mesiocclusion”; “Prognathism”
 The MB cusp of the Maxillary 1st molar falls between the Mandibular 1st & 2nd
molars
 The Maxillary Canine is distal to the Mandibular Canine
CLASS 3 MO

 DEWEY’S MODIFICATION: “TYPES”

 CLASS III Type 1 – Edge-to-edge
 CLASS III Type 2 – Anterior Crowding
 CLASS III Type 3 – Anterior Crossbite
ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT
PROGRESSION
ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT
PROGRESSION
 ALIGNMENT: shaping the arch based on the shape of the archwire
ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT
PROGRESSION
 LEVELLING: when the incisal and the occlusal surfaces of ALL teeth
in one arch fall on the same plane