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IGO Problems + Solutions 2014-2022
IGO Problems + Solutions 2014-2022
2014-2015
This booklet is prepared by Hirad Aalipanah, Iman Maghsoudi.
With special thanks to Morteza Saghafian, Mahdi Etesami Fard,
Davood Vakili, Erfan Salavati.
Copyright c Young Scholars Club 2014-2015. All rights reserved.
Ministry of education, Islamic Republic of Iran.
www.ysc.ac.ir - www.igo-official.ir
The first Iranian Geometry Olympiad was held simultaneously in Tehran and Is-
fahan on September 4th, 2014 with over 300 participants. This competition had two
levels, junior and senior which each level had 5 problems. The contestants solved
problems in 4 hours and 30 minutes.
In the end, the highest ranked participants in each level awarded with gold ruler,
silver ruler or bronze ruler respectively.
This booklet have the problems of this competition plus other geometry problems
used in other Iranian mathematical competition since summer of 2014 till spring of
2015.
This year the second Iranian Geometry Olympiad will be held in Tehran on Septem-
ber 3th, 2015. We tend to provide online presence for those who are interested from
other countries. Those who wish to participate can contact Mr. Salavati for more
information at erfan.salavati@gmail.com
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
solution.
Let K midpoint of side BC. Therefore:
AK = KC ⇒ ∠KAC = ∠N KC = 30◦
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
solution.
Let I be the incenter of 4ABC. We know that
)
∠BF K = 90◦ − ∠B 1
◦ 1 ⇒ ∠DF M = ∠B
∠BF D = 90 − 2 ∠B 2
But ∠DF M = ∠M DK. Therefore
1
∠M DK = ∠B
2
MK r
Hense 4M DK and 4BID are similar (same angles) and DK
= BD
. In the same
way we have N
DL
L r
= CD . Therefore
M K · BD N L · CD area of 4BM D M K · BD DK
r= = ⇒ = =
DK DL area of 4CN D N L · CD DL
Solutions 13
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
solution.
We draw a 93-gon similar with the second 93-gon in the circumcircle of the first
93-gon (so the sides of the second 93-gon would be multiplying by a constant number
c). Now we have two 93-gons witch are inscribed in the same circle and apply the
problem’s conditions. We name this 93-gons A1 A2 ...A93 and C1 C2 ...C93 .
_ _
We know that A1 A2 k C1 C2 . Therefore A1 C1 =A2 C2 but they lie on the opposite
_ _
side of each other. In fact, Ai Ci =Ai+1 Ci+1 and they lie on the opposite side of each
_ _ _ _
other for all 1 6 i 6 93 (A94 C94 =A1 C1 ). Therefore A1 C1 and A1 C1 lie on the opposite
_ ◦ ◦
side of each other. So A1 C1 = 0 or 180 . This means that the 93-gons are coincident
or reflections of each other across the center. So Ai Ai+1 = Ci Ci+1 for 1 6 i 6 93.
Ai Ai+1
Therefore, B i Bi+1
= c.
Solutions 14
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
solution.
Suppose M is the midpoint of CD. Hense AM is the perpendicular bisector of
CD. AM intersects DE and BE at P, Q respectively. Therefore, P C = P D. We
have
∠EBA + ∠CAB = ∠A + ∠B + ∠A = 180◦ − ∠C + ∠A = 90◦
Hense AC ⊥ BE. Thus in 4ABQ, BC, AC are altitudes. This means C is the
orthocenter of this triangle and
1 1
∠CQE = ∠CQB = ∠A = ∠A + ∠A = ∠P DC + ∠P CD = ∠CP E
2 2
Hense CP QE is cyclic. Therefore
BM + CM > AY
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
solution.
O is the circumcenter of 4ABC, so OM ⊥ AX. We draw a perpendicular line
from B to OM . This line intersects with the circumcircle at Z. Since OM ⊥ BZ,
OM is the perpendicular bisector of BZ. This means M Z = M B. By using triangle
inequality we have
BM + M C = ZM + M C > CZ
But BZ k AX, thus
_ _ _ _ _
AZ = BX = CY ⇒ ZAC = Y CA ⇒ CZ = AY
AB = BP ⇔ ∠M XB = 60◦
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
solution.
Suppose X 0 is a point such that 4M BX 0 is equilateral.(X 0 and X lie on the same
side of M B) It’s enough to show that:
AB = BP ⇔ X 0 ≡ X
Draw the line passing through P 0 such that be parallel with CD. Suppose that this
line intersects AD in M 0 .
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
solution.
Suppose point K is intersection AM and circumcircle of 4AEF . M F tangent to
circumcircle of 4AEF at F .
( because of ∠M F C = ∠M CF = ∠AEF ). Therefore M F 2 = M K.M A . In the
other hand, M Y = M F so M Y 2 = M K.M A. It means
∠M Y K = ∠Y AM (1)
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
solution.
∠N AM = ∠N AE + ∠A + ∠F AM = ∠EXB + ∠A + ∠CXF
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
solution.
First we show that if we move P and Q, the line AM doesn’t move. To show that
sin ∠A1
we calculate sin ∠A2
. By the law of sines in 4AF M and 4AEM we have
BP
)
sin ∠F1 = PF
· sin ∠B sin ∠F1 sin ∠B EQ
CQ ⇒ = · (4)
sin ∠E1 = EQ
· sin ∠C sin ∠E1 sin ∠C F P
H2 P − H1 Q
tan α = (7)
QP
H1 and H2 are the orthometers of 4BF P and 4CQE respectively. Thus we have
BQ · QP
QF · H1 Q = BQ · QP ⇒ H1 Q =
FQ
CP · P Q
EP · H2 P = CP · P Q ⇒ H2 P =
EP
but CP = BQ. Thus
P Q · BQ · (F Q − EP )
H2 P − H1 Q =
EP · F Q
by putting this in (7) :
BQ · (F Q − EP ) BQ BQ CP BQ
tan α = = − = −
EP · F Q EP FQ EP FQ
tan α · tan θ = 1
AD AD AD 1 1
tan θ = = = = CD BD
=
DX CD − CX CD − BD AD
− AD
cot ∠B − cot ∠C
this equality and (8) implies that AM ⊥ H1 H2 .
Problems of 2nd Iranian Geometry Olympiad 2015 (Elementary)
1. We have four wooden triangles with sides 3, 4, 5 centimeters. How many convex
polygons can we make by all of these triangles?(Just draw the polygons without any
proof)
A convex polygon is a polygon which all of it’s angles are less than 180◦ and there
isn’t any hole in it. For example:
2. Let ABC be a triangle with ∠A = 60◦ . The points M, N, K lie on BC, AC, AB
respectively such that BK = KM = M N = N C. If AN = 2AK, find the values of
∠B and ∠C.
1
4. In rectangle ABCD, the points M, N, P, Q lie on AB, BC, CD, DA respectively
such that the area of triangles AQM, BM N, CN P, DP Q are equal. Prove that the
quadrilateral M N P Q is parallelogram.
5. Do there exist 6 circles in the plane such that every circle passes through centers
of exactly 3 other circles?
2
Problems of 2nd Iranian Geometry Olympiad 2015 (Medium)
1. In the figure below, the points P, A, B lie on a circle. The point Q lies inside the
circle such that ∠P AQ = 90◦ and P Q = BQ. Prove that the value of ∠AQB−∠P QA
is equal to the arc AB.
3. In triangle ABC, the points M, N, K are the midpoints of BC, CA, AB respec-
tively. Let ωB and ωC be two semicircles with diameter AC and AB respectively,
outside the triangle. Suppose that M K and M N intersect ωC and ωB at X and Y
respectively. Let the tangents at X and Y to ωC and ωB respectively, intersect at Z.
prove that AZ⊥BC.
3
4. Let ABC be an equilateral triangle with circumcircle ω and circumcenter O. Let
P be the point on the arc BC( the arc which A doesn’t lie ). Tangent to ω at P in-
tersects extensions of AB and AC at K and L respectively. Show that ∠KOL > 90◦ .
5. a) Do there exist 5 circles in the plane such that every circle passes through centers
of exactly 3 circles?
b) Do there exist 6 circles in the plane such that every circle passes through centers
of exactly 3 circles?
4
Problems of 2nd Iranian Geometry Olympiad 2015 (Advanced)
3. Let H be the orthocenter of the triangle ABC. Let l1 and l2 be two lines passing
through H and perpendicular to each other. l1 intersects BC and extension of AB
at D and Z respectively, and l2 intersects BC and extension of AC at E and X re-
spectively. Let Y be a point such that Y D k AC and Y E k AB. Prove that X, Y, Z
are collinear.
4. In triangle ABC, we draw the circle with center A and radius AB. This circle
intersects AC at two points. Also we draw the circle with center A and radius AC and
this circle intersects AB at two points. Denote these four points by A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 .
Find the points B1 , B2 , B3 , B4 and C1 , C2 , C3 , C4 similarly. Suppose that these 12
points lie on two circles. Prove that the triangle ABC is isosceles.
5
Solutions of 2nd Iranian Geometry Olympiad 2015 (Elementary)
1. We have four wooden triangles with sides 3, 4, 5 centimeters. How many convex
polygons can we make by all of these triangles?(Just draw the polygons without any
proof)
A convex polygon is a polygon which all of it’s angles are less than 180◦ and there
isn’t any hole in it. For example:
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution.
6
7
2. Let ABC be a triangle with ∠A = 60◦ . The points M, N, K lie on BC, AC, AB
respectively such that BK = KM = M N = N C. If AN = 2AK, find the values of
∠B and ∠C.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution.
Suppose the point P be the midpoint of AN . Therefore AK = AP = AN and
so we can say 4AP K is the equilateral triangle. So ∠AN K = ∠KP2
A
= 30◦ Let
∠ACB = ∠N M C = α. Therfore ∠ABC = ∠KM B = 120◦ − α. So ∠KM N = 60◦ .
Therefore 4KM N is the equilateral triangle. Now we know that ∠M N A = 90◦ .
Therefore α = 45◦ . So we have ∠C = 45◦ and ∠B = 75◦ .
8
3. In the figure below, we know that AB = CD and BC = 2AD. Prove that
∠BAD = 30◦ .
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution 1.
Let two points E and F on BC and AB respectively such that DF ⊥BC and
DE⊥AB. We can say DF = DC 2
= AB
2
.(because of ∠BCD = 30◦ and ∠DF C = 90◦ )
Also we know that DF = BE, therfore DE is the perpendicular bisector of AB. So
BD = AD.
9
Solution 2.
Suppose that P is the point such that triangle DCP is Equilateral. We know that
P C⊥BC and P C = CD = AB, therfore quadrilateral ABCP is Rectangular.
10
4. In rectangle ABCD, the points M, N, P, Q lie on AB, BC, CD, DA respectively
such that the area of triangles AQM, BM N, CN P, DP Q are equal. Prove that the
quadrilateral M N P Q is parallelogram.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution.
Let AB = CD = a, AD = BC = b and AM = x, AQ = z, P C = y, N C = t. If
x 6= y, we can assume that x > y. We know that:
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Comment.
If quadrilateral ABCD be the parallelogram, similarly we can show that quadri-
lateral M N P Q is parallelogram.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
11
5. Do there exist 6 circles in the plane such that every circle passes through centers
of exactly 3 other circles?
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution.
In the picture below, we have 6 points in the plane such that for every point there
exists exactly 3 other points on a circle with radius 1 centimeter.
12
Solutions of 2nd Iranian Geometry Olympiad 2015 (Medium)
1. In the figure below, the points P, A, B lie on a circle. The point Q lies inside the
circle such that ∠P AQ = 90◦ and P Q = BQ. Prove that the value of ∠AQB−∠P QA
is equal to the arc AB.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution 1.
Let point M be the midpoint of P B. So we can say ∠P M Q = 90◦ and we know
that ∠P AQ = 90◦ , therefore quadrilateral P AM Q is cyclic. Therefore:
∠AP M = ∠AQM
So we can say that the subtract ∠AQB from ∠P QA is equal to arc AB.
13
Solution 2.
Let the point K be the reflection of P to AQ. We have to show:
14
2. In acute-angled triangle ABC, BH is the altitude of the vertex B. The points D
and E are midpoints of AB and AC respectively. Suppose that F be the reflection of
H with respect to ED. Prove that the line BF passes through circumcenter of ABC.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution 1.
The circumcenter of 4ABC denote by O. We know that ∠OBA = 90◦ − ∠C,
therfore we have to show that ∠F BA = 90◦ − ∠C. We know that AD = BD = DH,
also DH = DF .
⇒ ∠F BA = 90◦ − ∠C
15
Solution 2.
The circumcenter of 4ABC denote by O. We know that quadrilateral ADOE is
cyclic. Also we know that AD = HD = DB, therefore:
16
3. In triangle ABC, the points M, N, K are the midpoints of BC, CA, AB respec-
tively. Let ωB and ωC be two semicircles with diameter AC and AB respectively,
outside the triangle. Suppose that M K and M N intersect ωC and ωB at X and Y
respectively. Let the tangents at X and Y to ωC and ωB respectively, intersect at Z.
prove that AZ⊥BC.
∠A ∠A
∠AHX = ∠ABX = , ∠AHY = ∠ACY = ⇒ ∠XHY = ∠XM Y = ∠A
2 2
17
∠A
In the other hand: ∠ZY X = ∠ACY = 2
∠A ∠A
∠ZHX = ∠ZY X = , ∠AHX = ⇒ ∠ZHX = ∠AHX
2 2
So the points Z, A, H are collinear, therefore AZ⊥BC.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution 2.
Let point H on BC such that AH⊥BC. We know that KM and M N are parallel
to AC and AB respectively. So we can say ∠AKX = ∠AN Y = ∠A, therefore
∠ABX = ∠ACY = ∠A 2
and ∠XAB = ∠Y AC = 90◦ − ∠A
2
. So X, A, Y are collinear.
∠A
⇒ ∠ZXY = ∠ZY X = ⇒ ZX = ZY
2
So the point Z lie on the radical axis of two these semicirculars. Also we know that
the line AH is the radical axis of two these semicirculars. Therefore the points Z, A, H
are collinear, therefore AZ⊥BC.
18
4. Let ABC be an equilateral triangle with circumcircle ω and circumcenter O. Let
P be the point on the arc BC( the arc which A doesn’t lie ). Tangent to ω at P in-
tersects extensions of AB and AC at K and L respectively. Show that ∠KOL > 90◦ .
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution 1.
Suppose that M and N be the midpoints of AB and AC respectively. We know
that quadrilateral BM N C is cyclic. Also ∠BP C = 120◦ > 90◦ , so we can say
the point P is in the circumcircle of quadrilateral BM N C. Therefore: ∠M P N >
∠M BN = 30◦
In the other hand, quadrilaterals KM OP and N OP L are cyclic. Therefore:
19
Solution 2.
Suppose that ∠KOL ≤ 90◦ , therfore KL2 ≤ OK 2 + OL2 . Assume that R is the
radius of a circumcircle 4ABC. Let BK = x and LC = y and AB = AC = BC = a.
According to law of cosines in triangle AKL, we have:
KB.KA = OK 2 − R2 ⇒ OK 2 = R2 + x(a + x)
⇒ R2 ≤ xy (1)
KL is tangent to circumcircle of 4ABC at P . So we have:
20
We know that ∠KOL ≤ 90◦ , therefore KOL is acute-triangle. Suppose that H is
orthocenter of 4KOL. So the point H lies on OP and we can say HP ≤ OP .
21
5. a) Do there exist 5 circles in the plane such that every circle passes through centers
of exactly 3 circles?
b) Do there exist 6 circles in the plane such that every circle passes through centers
of exactly 3 circles?
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
a)Solution.
There aren’t such 5 circles. Suppose that these circles exists, therefore their centers
are 5 points that each point has same distance from 3 other points and has diffrent
distance from the remaining point. We draw an arrow from each point to it’s diffrent
distance point.
- lemma 1. We don’t have two points such Oi , Oj that each one is the diffrent
distance point of the other one.
proof. If we have such thing then Oi and Oj both have same distance to the
remaining points, therefore both of them are circumcenter of the remaining points,
which is wrong.
- lemma 2. We don’t have 4 points such Oi , Oj , Ok , Ol that Oi , Oj put their arrow
in Ok and OK puts it’s arrow in Ol .
proof. If we name the remaining point Om then the distances of Oi from Oj , Ol ,
Om are equal and the distances of Oj from Oi , Ol , Om are equal. Therefore each of
Ol , Om is the diffrent distance point of another which is wrong (according to lemma
1).
so each point sends an arrow and recives an arrow. Because of lemma 1 we don’t
have 3 or 4 points cycles. Therefore we only have one 5 points cycle. So each pair of
these 5 points should have equal distance. which is impossible.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
b)Solution.
in the picture below, we have 6 points in the plane such that for every point there
exists exactly 3 other points on a circle with radius 1 centimeter.
22
Solutions of 2nd Iranian Geometry Olympiad 2015 (Advanced)
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution.
Suppose that the point Z be the intersection of BX and circle ω1 . We know that
∠Y BZ = 90◦ , therefore the points Y, O1 , Z are collinear.
23
2. Let ABC be an equilateral triangle with circumcircle ω and circumcenter O. Let
P be the point on the arc BC( the arc which A doesn’t lie ). Tangent to ω at P in-
tersects extensions of AB and AC at K and L respectively. Show that ∠KOL > 90◦ .
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution 1.
Suppose that M and N be the midpoints of AB and AC respectively. We know
that quadrilateral BM N C is cyclic. Also ∠BP C = 120◦ > 90◦ , so we can say
the point P is in the circumcircle of quadrilateral BM N C. Therefore: ∠M P N >
∠M BN = 30◦
In the other hand, quadrilaterals KM OP and N OP L are cyclic. Therefore:
24
Solution 2.
Suppose that ∠KOL ≤ 90◦ , therfore KL2 ≤ OK 2 + OL2 . Assume that R is the
radius of a circumcircle 4ABC. Let BK = x and LC = y and AB = AC = BC = a.
According to law of cosines in triangle AKL, we have:
KB.KA = OK 2 − R2 ⇒ OK 2 = R2 + x(a + x)
⇒ R2 ≤ xy (1)
KL is tangent to circumcircle of 4ABC at P . So we have:
25
We know that ∠KOL ≤ 90◦ , therefore KOL is acute-triangle. Suppose that H is
orthocenter of 4KOL. So the point H lies on OP and we can say HP ≤ OP .
26
3. Let H be the orthocenter of the triangle ABC. Let l1 and l2 be two lines passing
through H and perpendicular to each other. l1 intersects BC and extension of AB
at D and Z respectively, and l2 intersects BC and extension of AC at E and X re-
spectively. Let Y be a point such that Y D k AC and Y E k AB. Prove that X, Y, Z
are collinear.
In the other hand, H is the orthocenter of 4ABC. So BH⊥AC and we know that
∠DHE = 90◦ , therefore ∠HXA = ∠BHZ = α. Similarly we can say ∠HZA =
∠CHX = θ.
27
According to law of sines in 4HP C, 4HCX and 4HP X:
PC tan(α)
⇒ =
CX tan(θ)
Similarly, according to law of sines in 4HBQ, 4HBZ and 4HQZ, we can show:
BZ tan(α) BZ PC PC CX
⇒ = ⇒ = ⇒ = (3)
BQ tan(θ) BQ CX BZ BQ
Suppose that the line which passes through E and parallel to AB, intersects ZX at
Y1 and the line which passes through D and parallel to AC, intersects ZX at Y2 .
According to Thales’s theorem we can say:
Y1 X XE Y2 X PD
= , =
ZY1 EQ ZY2 ZD
28
4. In triangle ABC, we draw the circle with center A and radius AB. This circle
intersects AC at two points. Also we draw the circle with center A and radius AC and
this circle intersects AB at two points. Denote these four points by A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 .
Find the points B1 , B2 , B3 , B4 and C1 , C2 , C3 , C4 similarly. Suppose that these 12
points lie on two circles. Prove that the triangle ABC is isosceles.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution 1.
Suppose that triangle ABC isn’t isosceles and a > b > c. In this case, there
are four points (from these 12 points) on each side of 4ABC. Suppose that these
12 points lie on two circles ω1 and ω2 . Therefore each one of the circles ω1 and ω2
intersects each side of 4ABC exactly at two points. Suppose that P (A, ω1 ), P (A, ω2 )
are power of the point A with respect to circles ω1 , ω2 respectively. Now we know
that:
P (A, ω1 ).P (A, ω2 ) = b.b.(a − c).(a + c) = c.c.(a − b)(a + b)
⇒ b2 (a2 − c2 ) = c2 (a2 − b2 ) ⇒ a2 (b2 − c2 ) = 0 ⇒ b=c
But we know that b > c and it’s a contradiction. Therefore the triangle ABC is
isosceles.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution 2.
Suppose that triangle ABC isn’t isosceles. In this case, there are four points
(from these 12 points) on each side of 4ABC. Suppose that these 12 points lie on
two circles ω1 and ω2 . Therefore each one of the circles ω1 and ω2 intersects each side
of 4ABC exactly at two points (and each one of the circles ω1 and ω2 doesn’t pass
through A, B, C). We know that the intersections of ω1 and the sides of 4ABC is
even number. Also the intersections of ω2 and the sides of 4ABC is even number.
But Among the these 12 points, just 3 points lie on the sides of 4ABC and this is
odd number. So it’s a contradiction. Therefore the triangle ABC is isosceles.
29
5. Rectangles ABA1 B2 , BCB1 C2 , CAC1 A2 lie otside triangle ABC. Let C 0 be a
point such that C 0 A1 ⊥ A1 C2 and C 0 B2 ⊥ B2 C1 . Points A0 and B 0 are defined simi-
larly. Prove that lines AA0 , BB 0 , CC 0 concur.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution.
Suppose that lA is the line which passes through A and perpendicular to B2 C1 .
Let lB and lC similarly. Suppose that CB1 = BC2 = x and BA1 = AB2 = y and
AC1 = CA2 = z. According to angles equality, we can say:
30
Suppose that P A0 , P B 0 , P C 0 intersects BC, AC, AB at D, E, F respectively and:
P D = m , P E = n , P F = t. According to before figure, we have:
sin(∠A1 ) n y sin(∠B1 ) t x sin(∠C1 ) m z
= = , = = , = =
sin(∠A2 ) t z sin(∠B2 ) m y sin(∠C2 ) n x
kyz
If n = ky, then: t = kz , m = x
.
Now draw the line from A0 such that be parallel to BC. The intersection of this
line and extension AB and AC denote by B3 and C3 respectively. Let the point A00
be the intersection of AA0 and BC. According to Thales’s theorem, we have:
BA00 B3 A0
=
CA00 C 3 A0
31
Let ∠B3 P A0 = α and ∠C3 P A0 = θ. We know that the quadrilaterals P F B3 A0
and P EC3 A0 are cyclic. Therefore ∠B3 F A0 = α and ∠C3 EA0 = θ.
B3 A0 tan(α)
0
=
C3 A tan(θ)
32
According to Ceva’s theorem in 4ABC, we have to that:
33
1
1. Ali wants to move from point A to point B. He cannot walk inside the
black areas but he is free to move in any direction inside the white areas (not
only the grid lines but the whole plane). Help Ali to find the shortest path
between A and B. Only draw the path and write its length.
1. In trapezoid ABCD with AB k CD, ω1 and ω2 are two circles with di-
ameters AD and BC, respectively. Let X and Y be two arbitrary points on ω1
and ω2 , respectively. Show that the length of segment XY is not more than
half of the perimeter of ABCD.
3. Find all positive integers N such that there exists a triangle which can
be dissected into N similar quadrilaterals.
1. Ali wants to move from point A to point B. He cannot walk inside the
black areas but he is free to move in any direction inside the white areas (not
only the grid lines but the whole plane). Help Ali to find the shortest path
between A and B. Only draw the path and write its length.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution.
2.Let ω be the circumcircle of triangle ABC with AC > AB. Let X be a point
on AC and Y be a point on the circle ω, such that CX = CY = AB. (The
points A and Y lie on different sides of the line BC). The line XY intersects ω
for the second time in point P . Show that P B = P C.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution.
We know that CX = CY therefore:
_ _ _
∠Y XC = ∠XY C ⇒AP + CY =P C
_ _ _ _ _
Also we have AB = CY therefore AP + CY =AP + AB=P B, so P B = P C.
7
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution.
It’s clear that the ray from B parallel to AD passes through the quadrilateral
if and only if ∠DAB + ∠ABC > 180◦ .
We have to find a parallelogram such that both of it’s rays pass thorough
ABCD. Among A, B and C, D there is exactly one set with sum of angles
greater than 180◦ . Also among A, D and B, D there is exactly one set with sum
of angles greater than 180◦ . These two good sets have a vertex in common, say
A. So both of the rays from B parallel to AD, and from D parallel to AB, are
inside the quadlirateral.
8
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution.
We have three cases:
Case i. AC > AB. We know that:
Let T be a point on BC such that LT ⊥BC. We know that the line CL is the
internal bisector of angle C, so LT = LA also we have LB = LK therefore two
triangles BT L and KAL are equal.
Case iii. AC = AB. In this case, K ≡ A and L is the midpoint of AB. Let T
be a point on BC such that LT ⊥BC. We know that the line CL is the internal
bisector of angle C, so LT = LA = LB which is impossible.
10
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution.
Suppose that ∠CBD = α, so ∠DAB = 2α, therefore:
∠ADB − ∠ABD = 4α , ∠ADB + ∠ABD = 180◦ − 2α
⇒ ∠ADB = 90◦ + α , ∠ABD = 90◦ − 3α ⇒ ∠DAB + ∠CBA = 90◦
Let P be intersection point of AD and BC. So we have ∠AP
√
B = 90◦ . On the
other hand we know that ∠P DC = 45◦ , therefore P D = 22 CD = BC
2
1. In trapezoid ABCD with AB k CD, ω1 and ω2 are two circles with di-
ameters AD and BC, respectively. Let X and Y be two arbitrary points on ω1
and ω2 , respectively. Show that the length of segment XY is not more than
half of the perimeter of ABCD.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
First solution.
Let O1 and O2 be the centers of circles ω1 and ω2 , respectively. It’s clear that
O1 and O2 are the midpoints of AD and BC, respectively.
AD BC AB + CD
XO1 = , Y O2 = , O 1 O2 =
2 2 2
AB + BC + CD + DA
⇒ XY ≤ XO1 + O1 O2 + Y O2 =
2
12
Second solution.
The farthest points of two circles lie on their center line.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution.
We know that:
∠CAB = ∠CQB , ∠DAB = ∠BDQ
⇒ ∠CAD = ∠CAB + ∠DAB = ∠CQB + ∠BDQ = ∠P BD = ∠P AD
Therefore AD is the bisector of ∠CAP .
14
3. Find all positive integers N such that there exists a triangle which can be
dissected into N similar quadrilaterals.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution.
For N = 1 it’s clear that this is impossible. Also for N = 2 this dissection is
impossible too, because one of the two quadrilaterals is convex and the other is
concave. For N ≥ 3 we can do this kind of dissection in equilateral triangle.
15
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution.
Suppose that AB < AC. It’s enough to show that P K k AB.
AQ PQ MB PB
4P M A ∼ 4P AQ ⇒ = , 4P M B ∼ 4P CQ ⇒ =
MA PA QC PQ
AC PA
4P BA ∼ 4P AC ⇒ =
BA PB
We know that M A = M B, so according to above three equations we can say
that:
AQ BA
= (1)
QC AC
KA KQ AQ KA AQ 2
4KAQ ∼ 4KQC ⇒ = = ⇒ =( ) (2)
KQ KC QC KC QC
PB PA BA PB BA 2
4P BA ∼ 4P AC ⇒ = = ⇒ =( ) (3)
PA PC AC PC AC
KA PB
(1), (2), (3) ⇒ = ⇒ P K k AB
KC PC
16
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution.
Suppose that P is the intersection point of XE and Y F . We know that:
∠EXA = ∠EAC = ∠EAD = ∠F Y A = α ⇒ P X = P Y
∠ABE = ∠EXA = α , ∠ABF = 180◦ − ∠F Y A = 180◦ − α
⇒ ∠EBF = ∠XP Y = 180◦ − 2α ⇒ P EBF : cyclic
EF ⊥XY ⇒ ∠P EF = ∠AEX = ∠AF Y ⇒ PE = PF
We proved that P E = P F and the quadrilateral P EBF is cyclic. Therefore, P
is the midpoint of arc EF in the circumcircle of triangle BEF . Also we know
that the perpendicular bisector of XY is parallel to EF and passes through P .
So the perpendicular bisector of XY is tangent to the circumcircle of triangle
BEF at P .
18
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution.
We know that:
∠AF C = ∠AED = 180◦ − ∠CAD , ∠AEF = 180◦ − ∠AQD
⇒ ∠AF D = ∠AQD
So the point Q is the reflection of the point F in the line AD. Similarly we can
say the point P is the reflection of the point E in the line AC. Therefore:
∠DAQ = ∠DAF = ∠ACD , ∠CAP = ∠CAE = ∠CDA
⇒ ∠DAQ + ∠CAD + ∠CAP = ∠ACD + ∠CAD + ∠CDA = 180◦
So the points A, P and Q are collinear.
19
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
First solution.
Let N be the midpoint of side AB. So M N k BC and ∠M BC = ∠N M B.
Therefore it’s enough to show that the line M N is the bisector of ∠XM B.
Second solution.
Let P be the intersection point of XM and BC. Suppose that Q is the point
such that the quadrilateral ADBQ be a rectangle. We know that:
AM = M C and AQ k BP ⇒ QM = M P
QM = BM = M P ⇒ ∠XM B = 2∠M BC
21
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution.
Suppose that the circumcircles of triangles AI1 B and DHC is tangent together
at point K. Let Q be the second intersection point of circumcircles of triangles
AKD and BKC. we know that:
Therefore the circumcircles of triangles AOB and DI2 C are tangent together
at point Q.
On the other side of the problem, Suppose that the circumcircles of triangles
CI2 D and AOB are tangent together at point Q. Let the point K be the second
intersection of circumcircles of triangles AQD and BQC. Similarly we can show
that the circumcircles of triangles AI1 B and DHC are tangent together at the
point K.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Comment.
Also there is another solution using inversion with respect to a circle with
Michel’s point of the quadrilateral as its center.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
23
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
First solution.
(Z, L, V, U ) = −1 , (E, K, D, C) = −1
We know that polar of the point R with respect to circle ω passes through P .
So polar of the point P with respect to circle ω passes through R. Similarly,
we can say that polar of the point P with respect to circle ω passes through S.
Therefore polar of the point P with respect to circle ω is EF . So P O⊥EF .
25
∠Y QP = θ ⇒ ∠Y CP = ∠Y P B = ∠V P D = θ
Second solution.
Suppose that point O is the circumcenter of triangle XQY . The inversion with
respect to a circle with center P trasnforms the problem into this figure. Suppose
that X 0 is the inversion of point X wrt P . We have to show that the line P O0
is the diameter of circumcircle of triangle E 0 P F 0 . Let O00 be the circumcenter
of triangle X 0 Q0 Y 0 . We know that the points P , O0 and O00 are collinear. So
we have to show that he line P O00 passes through the circumcenter of triangle
E0P F 0.
Suppose that O1 , O2 , O3 and O4 are the centers of circles in the above figure
and K be the intersection point of O1 O3 and O2 O4 . We know that point K
lies on perpendicular bisector of P E 0 and P F 0 , thus K is the circumcenter of
triangle P E 0 F 0 . So we have to show that P , K and O00 are collinear. On the
other hand, we know that the quadrilateral D0 B 0 Y 0 Q0 is isosceles trapezoid. So
the point O00 lies on perpendicular bisector of B 0 D0 . Similarly, the point O00 lies
on perpendicular bisector of A0 C 0 . Therefore, the point O00 is the intersection
of A0 C 0 and B 0 D0 .
27
Suppose that:
A0 C 0 ∩ O1 O2 = M , A0 C 0 ∩ O3 O4 = T
B 0 D0 ∩ O2 O3 = N , B 0 D0 ∩ O1 O4 = L
Let points U and V be on A0 C 0 such that KU ⊥A0 C 0 and O00 V ⊥A0 C 0 . Also let
points R and S be on B 0 D0 such that KR⊥B 0 D0 and O00 S⊥B 0 D0 .
⇒ P V = A0 V − A0 P = (P M + P T ) − 2P M = P T − P M
⇒ TV = PT − PV = PM ⇒ UP = UV
Similarly, we can show that RP = RS, so point K lies on the perpendicular
bisector of P V and P S. It means that K is the citcumcenter of triangle P SV .
Therefore the points P , K and O00 are collinear.
28
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution. (by Ilya Bogdanov f rom Russia)
Suppose a triangle XY Z, in such a way that XY = 1, Y Z = t2 , ZX = t3 and
∠Z = ∠X + 2∠Y .
Such a triangle exists, because for the minimum possible value of t, we have
∠Z > ∠X + 2∠Y and for t = 1 we have ∠Z < ∠X + 2∠Y . So there exists a
triangle with the above properties. Now consider the following 6 points, these
points have the properties of the problem.
29
1
Problems of 4th Iranian Geometry Olympiad 2017 (Elementary)
1. Each side of square ABCD with side length of 4 is divided into equal parts
by three points. Choose one of the three points from each side, and connect the
points consecutively to obtain a quadrilateral. Which numbers can be the area of
this quadrilateral? Just write the numbers without proof.
2
4. P1 , P2 ,..., P100 are 100 points on the plane, no three of them are collinear. For
each three points, call their triangle clockwise if the increasing order of them is in
clockwise order. Can the number of clockwise triangles be exactly 2017?
5. In the isosceles triangle ABC (AB = AC), let l be a line parallel to BC through
A. Let D be an arbitrary point on l. Let E, F be the feet of perpendiculars through
A to BD, CD respectively. Suppose that P , Q are the images of E, F on l. Prove
that AP + AQ ≤ AB.
3
Problems of 4th Iranian Geometry Olympiad 2017 (Intermediate)
3. On the plane, n points are given (n > 2). No three of them are collinear. Through
each two of them the line is drawn, and among the other given points, the one nearest
to this line is marked (in each case this point occurred to be unique). What is the
maximal possible number of marked points for each given n?
4. In the isosceles triangle ABC (AB = AC), let l be a line parallel to BC through
A. Let D be an arbitrary point on l. Let E, F be the feet of perpendiculars through
A to BD, CD respectively. Suppose that P , Q are the images of E, F on l. Prove
that AP + AQ ≤ AB.
5. Let X, Y be two points on the side BC of triangle ABC such that 2XY = BC.
(X is between B, Y ) Let AA0 be the diameter of the circumcircle of triangle AXY .
Let P be the point where AX meets the perpendicular from B to BC, and Q be
the point where AY meets the perpendicular from C to BC. Prove that the tangent
line from A0 to the circumcircle of AXY passes through the circumcenter of triangle
AP Q.
4
Problems of 4th Iranian Geometry Olympiad 2017 (Advanced)
1. In triangle ABC, the incircle, with center I, touches the side BC at point D.
Line DI meets AC at X. The tangent line from X to the incircle (different from AC)
intersects AB at Y . If Y I and BC intersect at point Z, prove that AB = BZ.
2. We have six pairwise non-intersecting circles that the radius of each is at least
one. Prove that the radius of any circle intersecting all the six circles, is at least one.
5
Solutions of 4th Iranian Geometry Olympiad 2017 (Elementary)
1. Each side of square ABCD with side length of 4 is divided into equal parts
by three points. Choose one of the three points from each side, and connect the
points consecutively to obtain a quadrilateral. Which numbers can be the area of
this quadrilateral? Just write the numbers without proof.
To find the area of the quadrilaterals, it’s enough to find sum of the areas of four
right triangles and subtract it from area of the square. Finally, these numberes will
be found:
6, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 10
6
2. Find the angles of triangle ABC.
Let ∠ACB = x. The quadrilateral with equal sides in triangle ABC is a rhom-
bus so it has parallel sides.
According to the angles shown in the figure, we can say that sum of the angles of
triangle ABC is equal to 180◦ .
x
(90◦ − ) + 2x + x = 180◦ ⇒ x = 36◦
2
⇒ ∠A = 72◦ , ∠B = 72◦ , ∠C = 36◦
7
3. In the regular pentagon ABCDE, the perpendicular at C to CD meets AB at F .
Prove that AE + AF = BE.
⇒ AE + AF = AE + AP = P E = CE = BE
8
4. P1 , P2 ,..., P100 are 100 points on the plane, no three of them are collinear. For
each three points, call their triangle clockwise if the increasing order of them is in
clockwise order. Can the number of clockwise triangles be exactly 2017?
9
5. In the isosceles triangle ABC (AB = AC), let l be a line parallel to BC through
A. Let D be an arbitrary point on l. Let E, F be the feet of perpendiculars through
A to BD, CD respectively. Suppose that P , Q are the images of E, F on l. Prove
that AP + AQ ≤ AB.
10
Solution2.
AP + AQ = AP 0 + AQ = QP 0 ≤ F E 0 ≤ AC = AB
11
Solutions of 4th Iranian Geometry Olympiad 2017 (Intermediate)
AB AC
∠A = 60◦ ⇒ ∠ABF = ACF = 30◦ ⇒ AE = , AF =
2 2
⇒ CE − BF = (AC − AE) − (AB − AF )
3
= (AC − AB) + (AF − AE) = (AC − AB)
2
12
2. Two circles ω1 , ω2 intersect at A, B. An arbitrary line through B meets ω1 , ω2
at C, D respectively. The points E, F are chosen on ω1 , ω2 respectively so that
CE = CB, BD = DF . Suppose that BF meets ω1 at P , and BE meets ω2 at Q.
Prove that A, P , Q are collinear.
We know that:
∠BF D = ∠DBF = 180◦ − ∠CBP = ∠CEP
⇒ ∠CEB + ∠BEP = ∠BF Q + ∠QF D
∠CEB = ∠CBE = ∠QBD = ∠QF D
⇒ ∠BEP = ∠BF Q ⇒ ∠BAP = ∠BEP = ∠BF Q = ∠BAQ
So A, P , Q are collinear.
13
3. On the plane, n points are given (n > 2). No three of them are collinear. Through
each two of them the line is drawn, and among the other given points, the one nearest
to this line is marked (in each case this point occurred to be unique). What is the
maximal possible number of marked points for each given n?
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution.
The case n = 3 is obvious. For n > 4, take a regular n-gon and slightly deform
it to make the assumptions of the problem valid. Each vertex is the nearest to the
line connecting two adjacent vertices (this is directly proved by computing angles).
If n = 4 then two cases are possible.
1) The given points form a convex quadrilateral (say ABCD). Since for each side
the nearest vertex is unique, no two sides are parallel. Let lines AD and BC meet
beyond A and B, and lines AB and CD meet beyond B and C respectively. Then
points A, B and C are marked. Suppose D is marked as well. Then it is the nearest
vertex to AC, and the area of 4 ACD is less than that of 4 ACB. On the other
hand, draw the line through C parallel to AD. Let it meet AB at point E. Then
CE < AD, so S4 ACD > S4 ACE > S4 ACB , a contradiction.
2) One of the given points (say O) is inside the triangle ABC formed by the re-
maining points. Obviously O is nearest of the given points to lines AB, BC and AC.
Without loss of generality, the nearest point to line AO is B. If the nearest point
to line BO is A then C cannot be marked. Suppose the nearest point to line BO is
C. If the remaining point A is also marked then it is nearest to line CO. Let line
AO intersect BC at point A1 , and let points B1 , C1 be defined similarly. We have
S4 AA1 B < S4 AA1 C , hence A1 B < A1 C. Similarly B1 C < B1 A, C1 A < C1 B. Then
A1 B · B1 C · C1 A < A1 C · B1 A · C1 B, a contradiction with Ceva theorem.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Comment.
14
4. In the isosceles triangle ABC (AB = AC), let l be a line parallel to BC through
A. Let D be an arbitrary point on l. Let E, F be the feet of perpendiculars through
A to BD, CD respectively. Suppose that P , Q are the images of E, F on l. Prove
that AP + AQ ≤ AB.
15
Solution2.
AP + AQ = AP 0 + AQ = QP 0 ≤ F E 0 ≤ AC = AB
16
5. Let X, Y be two points on the side BC of triangle ABC such that 2XY = BC.
(X is between B, Y ) Let AA0 be the diameter of the circumcircle of triangle AXY .
Let P be the point where AX meets the perpendicular from B to BC, and Q be
the point where AY meets the perpendicular from C to BC. Prove that the tangent
line from A0 to the circumcircle of AXY passes through the circumcenter of triangle
AP Q.
17
Let H, K, M 0 , N 0 be the feet of perpendiculars through A, A0 , M , N to BC respec-
tively. We know that M , N are the midpoints of AP , AQ so we have:
BH
BM 0 = HM 0 ⇒ XM 0 = HM 0 − XH = − XH (2)
2
CH BC − BH
CN 0 = HN 0 ⇒ Y N 0 = HY − HN 0 = HY − = (XY − XH) −
2 2
BC BH BH
⇒ Y N 0 = (XY − )+( − XH) = − XH (3)
2 2 2
According to the equations (2), (3) we can say that XM 0 = Y N 0 . On the other hand,
we have AA0 is the diameter of the circumcircle of triangle AXY . Therefore:
18
Solutions of 4th Iranian Geometry Olympiad 2017 (Advanced)
1. In triangle ABC, the incircle, with center I, touches the side BC at point D.
Line DI meets AC at X. The tangent line from X to the incircle (different from AC)
intersects AB at Y . If Y I and BC intersect at point Z, prove that AB = BZ.
A A
⇒ ∠DIZ = 90◦ − ⇒ ∠IZB = = ∠BAI
2 2
Also we know that ∠IBZ = ∠IBA and BI = BI so two triangles ABI and ZBI are
equal. Thus, AB = BZ.
19
2. We have six pairwise non-intersecting circles that the radius of each is at least one.
Prove that the radius of any circle intersecting all the six circles, is at least one.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solution.
Call the centers of these six circles O1 , O2 ,..., O6 , and their radii R1 , R2 ,..., R6 . Sup-
pose that a circle with center O and radius R intersects these six circles. Obviously
there exist i, j such that Oi OOj < 60◦ . The length of Oi Oj is at least Ri + Rj and the
lengths of OOi , OOj are less than or equal to Ri + R, Rj + R, respectively. If R < 1
then considering Ri , Rj > 1 we conclude that in triangle Oi OOj the longest side is
Oi Oj , so Oi OOj ≥ 60◦ which yields a contradiction. So we must have R ≥ 1.
20
3. Let O be the circumcenter of triangle ABC. Line CO intersects the altitude
through A at point K. Let P , M be the midpoints of AK, AC respectively. If P O
intersects BC at Y , and the circumcircle of triangle BCM meets AB at X, prove
that BXOY is cyclic.
We will prove that two triangles XOP and XM A are similar. It’s enough to show
that two triangles XP A and XOM are similar. We have ∠XM O = ∠XAK so it’s
enough to prove:
AX AP
=
XM OM
21
The quadrilateral BXM C is cyclic. Therefore 4AXM ∼ 4ACB.
AX AC
⇒ = (1)
XM BC
The point O is the circumcenter of triangle ABC. Thus, ∠OCA = 90◦ − ∠B and
∠AKC = 180◦ − ∠A. According to law of sines in triangles AKC, OM C and ABC
we can say that:
AC AK OM
= ◦
, OC =
sin∠A sin(90 − ∠B) sin(90◦ − ∠B)
AK AC AP AC AC
⇒ = ⇒ = = (2)
OM OC.sin∠A OM 2OC.sin∠A BC
According to equations (1) and (2), we can conclude that two triangles XP A and
XOM are similar. Therefore two triangles XOP and XM A are similar so:
∠XBP = ∠XM A = ∠B
22
4. Three circles ω1 , ω2 , ω3 are tangent to line l at points A, B, C (B lies between
A, C) and ω2 is externally tangent to the other two. Let X, Y be the intersection
points of ω2 with the other common external tangent of ω1 , ω3 . The perpendicular
line through B to l meets ω2 again at Z. Prove that the circle with diameter AC
touches ZX, ZY .
SE · SF = SP · SQ = SA · SC
Therefore, the quadrilaterals P EF Q and AEF C are cyclic. Let T be the midpoint
of arc XY in circle ω2 (the arc which has not Z).We know that the line tangent to
ω2 at T is parallel to XY so T , E, P are collinear. Similarly T , Q, F are collinear.
23
According to the equations (1), (2) we can say that ZT is the radical axis of ω1 , ω3 .
Therefore, if M is the midpoint of AC then Z, T , M are collinear because M lies on
radical axis of ω1 , ω3 too. Let D be the intersection of ZM , P Q and H be the feet
of perpendiculars through Z to P Q. We know that:
|∠ZXY − ∠ZY X|
∠HZD = ∠M ZB = =α
2
ZB ZB ZB ZB 2xy (∠XZY )
AM = = ZH = · ZD = · · cos
cos α ZD
ZH ZH x + y 2
To prove the problem, it’s enough to show that the distances of M from two lines
ZX, ZY are equal to AC2
. Thus, we have to show that:
∠XZY AC
AM · sin =
2 2
(∠XZY ) ZB 2xy
⇐⇒ 2AM · sin = · · sin (∠XZY ) = AC
2 ZH x + y
On the other hand, we have:
1 1 xy sin (∠XZY )
S4XY Z = t · ZH = xy sin (∠XZY ) ⇒ t=
2 2 ZH
So it’s enough to show that:
2t · ZB
AC =
x+y
24
We know that:
ZY ω1 X : x · P X + y · (t + P X) = t · ZB ⇒ (x + y)P X + yt = t · ZB
ZXω3 Y : y · Y Q + x · (t + Y Q) = t · ZB ⇒ (x + y)Y Q + xt = t · ZB
2t · ZB 2t · ZB
⇒ PX + Y Q + t = ⇒ AC =
x+y x+y
25
5. Sphere S touches a plane. Let A, B, C, D be four points on this plane such that
no three of them are collinear. Consider the point A0 such that S is tangent to the
faces of tetrahedron A0 BCD. Points B 0 , C 0 , D0 are defined similarly. Prove that A0 ,
B 0 , C 0 , D0 are coplanar and the plane A0 B 0 C 0 D0 touches S.
Let S touch the plane at point P . D is the point of concurrency of the planes
passing through AB, BC, CA and touching S (similarly for A0 , B 0 , C 0 ). Suppose
that the plane passing through X, Y and touching S, touches it at Pxy . The points
P , Pab , Pac , Pad are on a circle Wa , because when we connect them to P , the resulted
line touches S. Similarly we can find other triples which are concyclic with P , name
the circles with Wb , Wc , Wd . Now use inversion with center P and arbitrary radius,
we get 4 lines with three points on each line. Considering the concurrency of four
circles at Michels Point we conclude that the circles Pab Pbc Pca , Pab Pbd Pda , Pac Pcd Pda ,
Pbc Pcd Pdb (call them Wd0 , Wc0 , Wb0 , Wa0 ) are concurrent on S at a point P 0 . Wd0 is
the locus of feet of tangencies from D0 to S, so D0 P 0 is tangent to S and D0 is on
the tangent plane at P 0 to S. Similarly we conclude that A0 , B 0 , C 0 are also on the
tangent plane at P 0 to S. So A0 , B 0 , C 0 , D0 are coplanar and this plane is tangent to
S.
26
The Fifth Iranian Geometry
Olympiad
Elementary Level 2
Problems 2
Solutions 4
Intermediate Level 11
Problems 11
Solutions 13
Advanced Level 20
Problems 20
Solutions 21
Elementary Level
1
Problems
1. As shown below, there is a 40 × 30 paper with a filled 10 × 5 rectangle inside of it. We want
to cut out the filled rectangle from the paper using four straight cuts. Each straight cut is a
straight line that divides the paper into two pieces, and we keep the piece containing the filled
rectangle. The goal is to minimize the total length of the straight cuts. How to achieve this
goal, and what is that minimized length? Show the correct cuts and write the final answer.
There is no need to prove the answer.
2
4. There are two circles with centers O1 , O2 lie inside of circle ω and are tangent to it. Chord AB
of ω is tangent to these two circles such that they lie on opposite sides of this chord. Prove
that ∠O1 AO2 + ∠O1 BO2 > 90◦ .
5. There are some segments on the plane such that no two of them intersect each other (even at
the ending points). We say segment AB breaks segment CD if the extension of AB cuts CD
at some point between C and D.
3
Solutions
1. As shown below, there is a 40 × 30 paper with a filled 10 × 5 rectangle inside of it. We want
to cut out the filled rectangle from the paper using four straight cuts. Each straight cut is a
straight line that divides the paper into two pieces, and we keep the piece containing the filled
rectangle. The goal is to minimize the total length of the straight cuts. How to achieve this
goal, and what is that minimized length? Show the correct cuts and write the final answer.
There is no need to prove the answer.
4
2. Convex hexagon A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 lies in the interior of convex hexagon B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 such
that A1 A2 ∥ B1 B2 , A2 A3 ∥ B2 B3 ,..., A6 A1 ∥ B6 B1 . Prove that the areas of simple hexagons
A1 B2 A3 B4 A5 B6 and B1 A2 B3 A4 B5 A6 are equal. (A simple hexagon is a hexagon which does
not intersect itself.)
5
3. In the given figure, ABCD is a parallelogram.
√ We
know that ∠D = 60◦ , AD = 2 and AB = 3 + 1.
Point M is the midpoint of AD. Segment CK is
the angle bisector of C. Find the angle CKB.
■
Solution 2. Let N be the midpoint of side BC. M N intersects CK at L. It’s clear that
the triangle CN L is equilateral. Therefore, we have LN = CN =√N B. So, BCL is a right-
√ Because of Pythagoras’s theorem we have BL = 3. On the other hand, we
angled triangle.
have M L = 3 and ∠BLN = 30◦ . Because of that, we have ∠LBM = 15◦ and so we have
∠CBK = 30◦ + 15◦ = 45◦ . Hence, ∠CKB = 180◦ − 60◦ − 45◦ = 75◦ .
6
4. There are two circles with centers O1 , O2 lie inside of circle ω and are tangent to it. Chord AB
of ω is tangent to these two circles such that they lie on opposite sides of this chord. Prove
that ∠O1 AO2 + ∠O1 BO2 > 90◦ .
Proposed by Iman Maghsoudi
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution. Let AC, BC be tangents from A, B to the circle with center O1 and AD, BD be
tangents from A, B to the circle with center O2 . It’s enough to show that ∠CAD + ∠CBD >
180◦ . Or to show that ∠ACB + ∠ADB < 180◦ .
We know that C, D lie on the outside of circle ω. Therefore, we can always say that ∠ACB <
∠AXB and ∠ADB < ∠AY B because of the exterior angles. But we know that ∠AXB +
∠AY B = 180◦ . Hense, we can conclude that ∠ACB + ∠ADB < 180◦ and the statement is
proven.
7
5. There are some segments on the plane such that no two of them intersect each other (even at
the ending points). We say segment AB breaks segment CD if the extension of AB cuts CD
at some point between C and D.
8
Solution.
(a) No. Consider the convex hull of the endpoints of these segments. Let A be a vertex of the
convex hull, where AB is one of the segments.
We know that there exist segments CD, EF as in the figure. So A lies inside the convex hull
of C, D, E, F and therefore it cannot be a vertex of the main convex hull. Contradiction!
□
(b) Yes. The figure below shows that it is possible for all segments to be surrounded.
9
Intermediate
Level
10
Problems
1. There are three rectangles in the following figure. The lengths of some segments are shown.
Find the length of the segment XY .
2. In convex quadrilateral ABCD, the diagonals AC and BD meet at the point P . We know
that ∠DAC = 90◦ and � 2∠ADB = ∠ACB. If we have ∠DBC + 2∠ADC = 180◦ prove that
2AP = BP .
3. Let ω1 , ω2 be two circles with centers O1 and O2 , respectively. These two circles intersect each
other at points A and B. Line O1 B intersects ω2 for the second time at point C, and line O2 A
intersects ω1 for the second time at point D . Let X be the second intersection of AC and ω1 .
Also Y is the second intersection point of BD and ω2 . Prove that CX = DY .
4. We have a polyhedron all faces of which are triangle. Let P be an arbitrary point on one of
the edges of this polyhedron such that P is not the midpoint or endpoint of this edge. Assume
that P0 = P . In each step, connect Pi to the centroid of one of the faces containing it. This
line meets the perimeter of this face again at point Pi+1 . Continue this process with Pi+1 and
the other face containing Pi+1 . Prove that by continuing this process, we cannot pass through
all the faces. (The centroid of a triangle is the point of intersection of its medians.)
11
5. Suppose that ABCD is a parallelogram such that ∠DAC = 90◦ . Let H be the foot of perpen-
dicular from A to DC, also let P be a point along the line AC such that the line P D is tangent
to the circumcircle of the triangle ABD. Prove that ∠P BA = ∠DBH.
12
Solutions
1. There are three rectangles in the following figure. The lengths of some segments are shown.
Find the length of the segment XY .
13
14
2. In convex quadrilateral ABCD, the diagonals AC and BD meet at the point P . We know
that ∠DAC = 90◦ and � 2∠ADB = ∠ACB. If we have ∠DBC + 2∠ADC = 180◦ prove that
2AP = BP .
Proposed by Iman Maghsoudi
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution.
Let M be the intersection point of the angle bisector of ∠P CB with segment P B. Since
∠P CM = ∠P DA = θ and ∠AP D = ∠M P C, we get that △P M C ∼ △P AD, which means
∠P M C = 90◦ .
Now in triangle CP B, the angle bisector of vertex C is the same as the altitude from C, this
means CP B is an isosceles triangle and so P M = M B, P C = CB.
In triangle DBC, we have
\ + 2θ + P
DBC \ \
CD + P DC = 180◦ .
This along with the assumption that ∠DBC + 2∠ADC = 180◦ , implies ∠P CD = ∠P DC.
Therefore P C = P D and so △P M C ∼= △P AD, hence AP = P M = P2B . ■
15
3. Let ω1 , ω2 be two circles with centers O1 and O2 , respectively. These two circles intersect each
other at points A and B. Line O1 B intersects ω2 for the second time at point C, and line O2 A
intersects ω1 for the second time at point D . Let X be the second intersection of AC and ω1 .
Also Y is the second intersection point of BD and ω2 . Prove that CX = DY .
Proposed by Alireza Dadgarnia
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution. First, we use a well-known lemma.
Lemma. Let P QRS be a convex quadrilateral with RQ = RS, ∠RP Q = ∠RP S and P Q ̸= P S.
Then P QRS is cyclic.
Proof. Assume the contrary, and let P ′ ̸= P be the intersection point of the circle passing
through R, S, Q with line P R.
Since P ′ QRS is cyclic and RQ = RS, we get ∠SP ′ R = ∠QP ′ R. Now let’s considerate
on triangles SP ′ P and QP ′ P . In these two triangles we have ∠SP ′ P = ∠QP ′ P and also
∠P ′ P Q = ∠P ′ P S. This means these two triangles are congruent, hence P Q = P S, which is a
contradiction. So the lemma is proved.
Back to the problem.
and
\
DY \ = 180◦ − AY
A = BCX [ B.
Note that O2 lies on the angle bisector of ∠AO1 B, O2 A = O2 C and also O1 A ̸= O1 C. So we
can use the lemma and conclude that O1 AO2 C is cyclic. Similarly, we get that O2 BO1 D is
cyclic.
\
AY D = 180◦ − AY[ B=O \ \ \
1 CA = O1 O2 A = O1 BD.
Which means AC ∥ BD and so AY = BC. But since △ADY ∼ △BXC, we get that these
two triangles are congruent and so CX = DY . ■
16
4. We have a polyhedron all faces of which are triangle. Let P be an arbitrary point on one of
the edges of this polyhedron such that P is not the midpoint or endpoint of this edge. Assume
that P0 = P . In each step, connect Pi to the centroid of one of the faces containing it. This
line meets the perimeter of this face again at point Pi+1 . Continue this process with Pi+1 and
the other face containing Pi+1 . Prove that by continuing this process, we cannot pass through
all the faces. (The centroid of a triangle is the point of intersection of its medians.)
Proposed by Mahdi Etesamifard - Morteza Saghafian
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution. Suppose that AB is the edge that P lies on. Let M be the midpoint of AB
and without loss of generality, assume that P lies between B and M . We will prove that it is
impossible to pass through a face which doesn’t contain A. (Such face exists in any polyhedron)
Let B = B0 , B1 , B2 , . . . be the vertices adjacent to A in this order. Let Mi be the midpoint of
ABi . By using induction, we prove that for each i, Pi lies on edge ABi , between Bi and Mi .
For i = 0 the claim is true. Now assume the claim for i and consider the triangle ABi Bi+1 with
centroid Gi .
Since Pi lies between Mi and Bi , we get that Pi Gi lies between Mi Gi and Bi Gi , which are the
medians of this triangle. So Pi+1 lies on ABi+1 , between Mi+1 and Bi+1 . So the claim is proved.
We proved that Pi ’s lie on ABi ’s, so the sequence of points Pi goes around A and therefore does
not pass through a face which doesn’t contain A. ■
17
5. Suppose that ABCD is a parallelogram such that ∠DAC = 90◦ . Let H be the foot of perpen-
dicular from A to DC, also let P be a point along the line AC such that the line P D is tangent
to the circumcircle of the triangle ABD. Prove that ∠P BA = ∠DBH.
Proposed by Iman Maghsoudi
------------------------------------------------------------------
Suppose that AB, AD meet the circumcircle of triangle P DB for the second time at points
X, Y respectively. Let ∠CDB = α and ∠ADB = θ. Therefore, we have ∠ABD = α, and so
∠ADP = α.
Also ∠P DB = ∠P XB = α + θ, and ∠P AX = ∠ACD = ∠DAH. Which implies
△ △ AP AX
AP X ∼ ADH =⇒ = ,
AH AD
△ △ AY AX
XAD ∼ Y AB =⇒ = ,
AB AD
AP AY
=⇒ = .
AH AB
△ △
Now since ∠HAB = ∠P AY = 90◦ , It can be written that AP Y ∼ AHB.
\ = P[
=⇒ HBA \
YA=P BD =⇒ P[ \
BA = DBH.
■
18
Advanced Level
19
Problems
1. Two circles ω1 , ω2 intersect each other at points A, B. Let P Q be a common tangent line of
these two circles with P ∈ ω1 and Q ∈ ω2 . An arbitrary point X lies on ω1 . Line AX intersects
ω2 for the second time at Y . Point Y ′ ̸= Y lies on ω2 such that QY = QY ′ . Line Y ′ B intersects
ω1 for the second time at X ′ . Prove that P X = P X ′
2. In acute triangle ABC, ∠A = 45◦ . Points O, H are the circumcenter and the orthocenter of
ABC, respectively. D is the foot of altitude from B. Point X is the midpoint of arc AH of the
circumcircle of triangle ADH that contains D. Prove that DX = DO.
3. Find all possible values of integer n > 3 such that there is a convex n-gon in which, each
diagonal is the perpendicular bisector of at least one other diagonal.
4. Quadrilateral ABCD is circumscribed around a circle. Diagonals AC, BD are not perpendicular
to each other. The angle bisectors of angles between these diagonals, intersect the segments
AB, BC, CD and DA at points K, L, M and N . Given that KLM N is cyclic, prove that so is
ABCD.
20
Solutions
1. Two circles ω1 , ω2 intersect each other at points A, B. Let P Q be a common tangent line of
these two circles with P ∈ ω1 and Q ∈ ω2 . An arbitrary point X lies on ω1 . Line AX intersects
ω2 for the second time at Y . Point Y ′ ̸= Y lies on ω2 such that QY = QY ′ . Line Y ′ B intersects
ω1 for the second time at X ′ . Prove that P X = P X ′
Proposed by Morteza Saghafian
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution.
21
2. In acute triangle ABC, ∠A = 45◦ . Points O, H are the circumcenter and the orthocenter of
ABC, respectively. D is the foot of altitude from B. Point X is the midpoint of arc AH of the
circumcircle of triangle ADH that contains D. Prove that DX = DO.
Proposed by Fatemeh Sajadi
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution.
Since ∠AXH = 90◦ and XA = XH, we conclude that ∠AHX = 45◦ = ∠ADX.
Also ∠BOC = 2∠A = 90◦ , therefore points O, D lie on a circle with diameter BC. This implies
\ = OBC
ODA \ = 45◦ =⇒ ODX
\ = 90◦ .
22
3. Find all possible values of integer n > 3 such that there is a convex n-gon in which, each
diagonal is the perpendicular bisector of at least one other diagonal.
Proposed by Mahdi Etesamifard
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution. Let m be the total number of the perpendicular bisectors of all diagonals in the given
n-gon. The statement of the problem implies that m is not less than the number of diagonals.
But it is clear that the total number of perpendicular bisectors of the diagonals does not exceed
the number of diagonals! Hence, we conclude that each diagonal is the perpendicular bisector
of exactly one other diagonal. Since the perpendicular bisector of a diagonal is a unique line, we
get that for each diagonal d, there is exactly one diagonal d′ such that d′ is the perpendicular
bisector of d.
Consider three adjacent vertices B, A, C of the n-gon, where A lies between B and C. BC is a
diagonal of the n-gon, and only diagonals that contain A have an intersection point with BC.
Specially, the diagonal which is the perpendicular bisector of BC passes through A. Hence
AB = AC. Using this similar idea, it is deduced that all sides of this n-gon have the same
length.
Similar to the previous part, consider four adjacent points of the n-gon, A, B, C, D with the
given order. If n > 4, then AD is a diagonal of the n-gon, and the only diagonals that contain
B or C, have an intersection point with AD. Therefore either B or C lie on the perpendicular
bisector of AD. Without loss of generality, assume that BA = BD. According to the previous
argument, BA = BC = CD. Thus triangle BCD is an equilateral and so ∠BCD = 60◦ . (In
the other case we would have ∠ABC = 60◦ .)
23
This implies that between any two adjacent vertices, there is one that has a 60 degree angle.
Hence there is at least n2 angles of 60◦ in this n-gon.
It is known that the total number of 60 degree angles in an n-gon with n > 3 is at most 2. So
we must have n2 ≤ 2 which means n ≤ 4, a contradiction.
Clearly, any rhombus satisfies the desired property. So the answer is n = 4 . ■
24
4. Quadrilateral ABCD is circumscribed around a circle. Diagonals AC, BD are not perpendicular
to each other. The angle bisectors of angles between these diagonals, intersect the segments
AB, BC, CD and DA at points K, L, M and N . Given that KLM N is cyclic, prove that so is
ABCD.
Proposed by Nikolai Beluhov (Bulgaria)
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution. Let P be the intersection point of AC, BD. First we claim that KL and M N are not
parallel. Assume the contrary, that KL ∥ M N . Since KLM N is cyclic, we have KN = M L,
and P K = P L, P M = P N . We also have
KP PL
= .
PM PN
Let AP = x, BP = y, CP = z and DP = t. Also let ∠AP B = 2α and ∠BP C = 2θ. We have
1
xy zt KP z
+ 1t
KP = cos α, P M = cosα =⇒ = 1 .
x+y z+t PM x
+ y1
Similarly,
1
PL x
+ 1t
= 1 .
PN y
+ z1
KP PL
Since PM
= PN
,with a little of calculation, we shall have
( )( )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + = + + =⇒ − + + + = 0.
yz z 2 zt tx x2 xy x y x y z t
25
AQ AP
By Menelaus’ theorem, KL and M N meet at a point Q on AC such that QC
= PC
and LM
BR
and N K meet at a point R on BD such that RD = PBPD .
Let the incircle ω of ABCD touch its sides at K ′ , L′ , M ′ , and N ′ . By Brianchon’s theorem,
AL′ , CK ′ , and BD are concurrent. By Ceva’s and Menelaus’ theorems, K ′ , L′ , and Q are
collinear. Analogously, M ′ , N ′ , and Q are collinear and L′ M ′ and N ′ K ′ meet at R.
By Brianchon’s theorem, K ′ M ′ and L′ N ′ meet at P . It follows the diagonals and opposite
sides of both KLM N and K ′ L′ M ′ N ′ intersect at the vertices of △P QR. Therefore, both the
circumcircle of KLM N and ω coincide with the polar circle of △P QR.
Since K is a common point of AB and ω, K ≡ K ′ . Analogously, L ≡ L′ , M ≡ M ′ , and N ≡ N ′ .
Hence the angle bisector KM of AC and BD makes equal angles with AB and CD and ABCD
is cyclic, as needed. ■
26
5. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. A circle passing through A, B is tangent to segment CD at
point E. Another circle passing through C, D is tangent to AB at point F . Point G is the
intersection point of AE, DF , and point H is the intersection point of BE, CF . Prove that the
incenters of triangles AGF, BHF, CHE, DGE lie on a circle.
Proposed by Le Viet An (Vietnam)
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution.
Let I, J, K, L be the incenters of the triangles AGF, BHF, CHE, DGE respectively. Let ω be
the circumcircle of ABCD. In case of AB ∥ CD, we would conclude that ABCD is an isosceles
trapezoid and it is easy to see that IJKL is also an isosceles trapezoid.
So assume that AB ̸∥ CD and let M be the intersection point of rays BA and CD. Since
ABCD is cyclic, it is obtained that
M A · M B = M D · M C = PM (ω)
The latest equation means that EF is the interior angle bisector of ∠AEB. Similarly, F E is
the interior angle bisector of ∠CF D.
27
∠F BH
Note that H, J, K are collinear and ∠F JH = 90◦ + 2
. Thus
\
M BE \
M EA
F[
JK = 90◦ + = 90◦ +
2 2
◦ [
180 − AEC [
AEC
= 90◦ + = 180◦ −
2 2
[ + BEC
AEB \ ( )
◦
= 180 − ◦ \ \
= 180 − F EB + BEK
2
\
= 180◦ − F EK
• These three lines are pairwise parallel. This means EF JK and EF IL are isosceles trape-
zoids. Hence the segments EF , JK and IL have the same perpendicular bisector and so
IJKL is an isosceles trapezoid. □
PE
• These three points are concurrent at a point P where PF
= k. Now we simply have
28
6th Iranian Geometry
Olympiad
Elementary Level 3
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Intermediate Level 15
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Advanced Level 29
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Elementary Level
1
Problems
4 B 4
◦ ◦
45 45
2
45◦
A 4
45◦
3 45◦
C
45◦ 1
(→ p.5)
2) As shown in the figure, there are two rectangles ABCD and P QRD with
the same area, and with parallel corresponding edges. Let points N, M
and T be the midpoints of segments QR, P C and AB, respectively. Prove
that points N, M and T lie on the same line.
3
4 Elementary Level
P Q
N
A D
M R
B C
(→ p.8)
3) There are n > 2 lines on the plane in general position; Meaning any two
of them meet, but no three are concurrent. All their intersection points
are marked, and then all the lines are removed, but the marked points
are remained. It is not known which marked point belongs to which two
lines. Is it possible to know which line belongs where, and restore them
all? (→ p.9)
4) Quadrilateral ABCD is given such that
and
AB = BD − AC.
Lines AB and CD intersect each other at point E. Prove that
∠ADB = 2∠BEC.
(→ p.10)
5) For a convex polygon (i.e. all angles less than 180◦ ) call a diagonal bi-
sector if its bisects both area and perimeter of the polygon. What is the
maximum number of bisector diagonals for a convex pentagon?
(→ p.11)
Solutions
4 B 4
◦
45 45◦
2
45◦
A 4
45◦
3 45◦
C
45◦ 1
5
6 Elementary Level
2 2 2
1 4
45◦
A A
◦
45
3
5 3
1 1 6 2 1
3 1 1
(a) The ball goes through a hole with one (b) The ball doesn’t go through a hole af-
reflection. ter six reflections.
Point B:
2 B 4 4 B 2
3 45◦ 45◦ 3
2 2
4 4
1 1
5 2 1 1 2 5
4 1 1 4
(a) The ball goes through a hole with five (b) The ball goes through a hole with five
reflections. reflections.
4 2 2
1 4 2
2 2
5 3
45◦
2 C C
3 6 1 4 1
1 45 1◦
1 4 3 1
(a) The ball goes through a hole with six (b) The ball goes through a hole with four
refelctions. reflections.
(a) Looking for the trajectories where the ball goes through a hole with
at most 6 reflections:
In this case, all cases except A(b) are desired.
(b) Looking for the trajectories where the ball goes through a hole with
exactly 6 reflections:
In this case, C(a) is the only answer to the problem.
8 Elementary Level
2) As shown in the figure, there are two rectangles ABCD and P QRD with
the same area, and with parallel corresponding edges. Let points N, M
and T be the midpoints of segments QR, P C and AB, respectively. Prove
that points N, M and T lie on the same line.
P Q
N
A D
M R
B C
P Q L
A N
D
M R
T
K B C
3) There are n > 2 lines on the plane in general position; Meaning any two
of them meet, but no three are concurrent. All their intersection points
are marked, and then all the lines are removed, but the marked points are
remained. It is not known which marked point belongs to which two lines.
Is it possible to know which line belongs where, and restore them all?
Proposed by Boris Frenkin - Russia
-------------------------------------------------
Answer. Yes, it is.
Solution. Draw the lines which each of them contains n−1 marked points,
at least. All the original lines are among these lines. Conversely, let some
line ` contains some n − 1 marked points. They are points of meet of some
pairs of the original lines (`1 , `2 ) , (`3 , `4 ) , . . . , (`2n−3 , `2n−2 ). Since n > 2,
we have 2n − 2 > n, so `i coincides with `j for some 1 ≤ i < j ≤ 2n − 2.
Then these lines belong to distinct pairs in the above list, and the two
corresponding marked points belong to `i = `j . But then also ` = `i , and
we are done.
10 Elementary Level
and
AB = BD − AC.
Lines AB and CD intersect each other at point E. Prove that
∠ADB = 2∠BEC.
F
A
D E
C
Note that
(1)
∠BEC = ∠F AD − ∠ADC = 60◦ − ∠ADF. (2)
On the other hand
5) For a convex polygon (i.e. all angles less than 180◦ ) call a diagonal bi-
sector if its bisects both area and perimeter of the polygon. What is the
maximum number of bisector diagonals for a convex pentagon?
Proposed by Morteza Saghafian
-------------------------------------------------
Answer. The maximum number of bisector diagonals is 2.
Solution. Note that for each vertex, there is at most one bisector diagonal
that passes through it; Therefore there are at most 2 bisector diagonals in
the pentagon. The following figure shows an example where the pentagon
has two bisector diagonals.
B D
A E
12 Elementary Level
Intermediate Level
13
Problems
15
16 Intermediate Level
Solutions
ω2
A
ω1
X
O1 O2 C
17
18 Intermediate Level
2) Find all quadrilaterals ABCD such that all four triangles DAB, CDA,
BCD and ABC are similar to one-another.
Proposed by Morteza Saghafian
-------------------------------------------------
Answer. All rectangles.
Thus ∠ADC is greater than all the angles of triangle ABC, so triangles
ABC and ADC cannot be similar. So it is concluded that ABCD must
be convex.
Now let ABCD be a convex quadrilateral. Without loss of generality one
can assume that the ∠B is the maximum angle in the quadrilateral. It
can be written that
Since triangles ABC and BCD are similar, it is implied that ∠ABC =
∠BCD and similarly, all the angles of ABCD are equal; Meaning ABCD
must be a rectangle. It is easy to see that indeed, all rectangles satisfy
the conditions of the problem.
20 Intermediate Level
3) Three circles ω1 , ω2 and ω3 pass through one common point, say P . The
tangent line to ω1 at P intersects ω2 and ω3 for the second time at points
P1,2 and P1,3 , respectively. Points P2,1 , P2,3 , P3,1 and P3,2 are similarly de-
fined. Prove that the perpendicular bisector of segments P1,2 P1,3 , P2,1 P2,3
and P3,1 P3,2 are concurrent.
Proposed by Mahdi Etesamifard
-------------------------------------------------
Solution.
P1,2
P2,1
P3,1 P
P3,2
P1,3
P2,3
First assume that no two of the lines `1 ≡ P2,1 P3,1 , `2 ≡ P1,2 P3,2 and
`3 ≡ P1,3 P2,3 are parallel; Consider triangle XY Z made by intersecting
these lines, where
X ≡ `2 ∩ `3 ,
Y ≡ `1 ∩ `3 ,
Z ≡ `2 ∩ `1 .
Note that
∠P3,2 P1,2 P = ∠P3,2 P P2,3 = ∠P P1,3 P2,3 ,
meaning XP1,2 = XP1,3 . Similarly, it is implied that Y P2,1 = Y P2,3 and
ZP3,1 = ZP3,2 . Therefore, the angle bisectors of angles Y XZ, XY Z and
Solutions 21
P1,2
P2,1
0 K 0
P3,1 P3,2
P3,1 P3,2
K0
Claim. In trapezoid XY P2,1 P1,2 , the angle bisector of ∠X, the angle
bisector of ∠Y , and the mid-line of the trapezoid are concurrent.
Proof. Let K be the intersection of the angle bisector of ∠X and the angle
0 0
bisector of ∠Y . Let P3,2 , P3,1 and K 0 be the foot of perpendicular lines
22 Intermediate Level
A P B
R X
N T
D C
Q
Y
S
CQ = AP = T S.
5) Let ABC be a triangle with ∠A = 60◦ . Points E and F are the foot of
angle bisectors of vertices B and C respectively. Points P and Q are con-
sidered such that quadrilaterals BF P E and CEQF are parallelograms.
Prove that ∠P AQ > 150◦ . (Consider the angle P AQ that does not con-
tain side AB of the triangle.)
Proposed by Alireza Dadgarnia
-------------------------------------------------
Solution. Let I and be the intersection point of lines BE and CF , and
let R be the intersection point of lines QE and P F . It is easy to see that
∠BIC = 120◦ . Thus AEIF is a cyclic quadrilateral and so
CE · CA = CI · CF (1)
Q K
A P
R
E
F
B
C
Assume the contrary, meaning both of these angles are less than 30◦ .
Hence there exists a point K on the extension of ray CA such that
∠KQE = 30◦ . Since ∠IAC = 30◦ ∠ACI = ∠KEQ, it is deduced that
4AIC ∼ 4QKE. This implies
CI KE AE CF · CI (1)
= > =⇒ AE < = CE.
CA QE CF CA
26 Intermediate Level
27
Problems
2) Is it true that in any convex n-gon with n > 3, there exists a vertex and a
diagonal passing through this vertex such that the angles of this diagonal
with both sides adjacent to this vertex are acute?
(→ p.33)
29
30 Advanced Level
(→ p.35)
5) Let points A, B and C lie on the parabola ∆ such that the point H,
orthocenter of triangle ABC, coincides with the focus of parabola ∆.
Prove that by changing the position of points A, B and C on ∆ so that the
orthocenter remain at H, inradius of triangle ABC remains unchanged.
(→ p.38)
Solutions
ω1
A
ω2
Z
P
Y
Q C
B
31
32 Advanced Level
2) Is it true that in any convex n-gon with n > 3, there exists a vertex and a
diagonal passing through this vertex such that the angles of this diagonal
with both sides adjacent to this vertex are acute?
Proposed by Boris Frenkin - Russia
-------------------------------------------------
Answer. Yes, it is true.
Solution. Suppose the answer is no. Given a convex n-gon (n > 3), con-
sider its longest diagonal AD (if the longest diagonal is not unique, choose
an arbitrary on among them). Let B and C be the vertices neighboring
to A. Without loss of generality assume that ∠BAD ≥ 90◦ . This means
BD > AD, so BD is not a diagonal and hence is a side of the n-gon.
Furthermore, ∠ADB < 90◦ . Let C 0 be the vertex neighboring to D and
distinct from B. Then ∠ADC 0 ≥ 90◦ . Similarly, AC 0 > AD, so AC 0 is
a side, C 0 ≡ C and n = 4. Angles BAC and BDC are obtuse, so BC
is longer than AC and BD, hence BC > AD and AD is not the longest
diagonal, a contradiction. Hence the claim.
34 Advanced Level
A0
X B0
L
O1
O2 K
M N
A P B
Q
A Y
R
O
X
I
Ω
S K
D Z M
B C
P
T
ω N L
36 Advanced Level
Since
ST 2 = SX · SY = SZ 2 ,
ZT is the interior angle bisector of ∠BT C, it is concluded that Q is the
>
midpoint of BAC of Γ. This leads to ZT ⊥ N T , resulted in T lies on ω.
Let R be the intersection of AM and T Q, and Ω be the circumcircle of
triangle RT P . Since
Which implies
KN k M L =⇒ ∠M T N = ∠M LT = ∠KN T
=⇒ KM k T N
=⇒ KM ⊥ RT
ZK ⊥ KN =⇒ ZK ⊥ RP.
exterior angle bisector of the same angle. This leads to (DZ, BC) = −1.
Since M is the midpoint of BC, we have
M B 2 = M Z · M D,
which implies M lies on the radical axis of ωb and (S, SZ). Combining
with M A ⊥ SI, we have M A is the radical axis of ωb and (S, SZ). Thus,
the powers of point R with respect to ωb and (S, SZ) are equal. Invert
about the circle centered at R with radius
√
r = RZ · RT ,
5) Let points A, B and C lie on the parabola ∆ such that the point H,
orthocenter of triangle ABC, coincides with the focus of parabola ∆.
Prove that by changing the position of points A, B and C on ∆ so that the
orthocenter remain at H, inradius of triangle ABC remains unchanged.
Proposed by Mahdi Etesamifard
-------------------------------------------------
Solution. Since H coincides with the focus of parabola ∆, the circles
wA = (A, AH), wB = (B, BH) and wC = (C, CH) are tangent to line `,
the directrix of ∆.
∆
ωC
Directrix
A Axis of Symmetry
ωA H
`
ωB
B A0 C
Solutions 39
It is well-known that
HA · HA0 = HB · HB 0 = HC · HC 0 = t.
Also
HA = 2R cos A
=⇒ t = 4R2 cos A cos B cos C. (1)
HA0 = 2R cos B cos C
Inversion with center H and inversion radius −2t, inverts the three circles
wA , wB and wC to lines BC, AC and AB respectively. In this inversion,
line ` inverts to incircle of triangle ABC. Therefore IH ⊥ `, thus point I
lies on axis of symmetry of ∆. Also point H lies on the incircle of triangle
ABC. Hence HI = r.
Directrix
A H I F Axis of Symmetry
K
Elementary Level 3
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Intermediate Level 15
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Advanced Level 29
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Elementary Level
1
Problems
(→ p.5)
Problem 2. A parallelogram ABCD is given (AB 6= BC). Points E and
G are chosen on the line CD such that AC is the angle bisector of both
angles ∠EAD and ∠BAG. The line BC intersects AE and AG at F and H,
respectively. Prove that the line F G passes through the midpoint of HE.
(→ p.8)
Problem 3. According to the figure, three equilateral triangles with side
3
4 Elementary Level
lengths a, b, c have one common vertex and do not have any other common
point. The lengths x, y and z are defined as in the figure. Prove that
3(x + y + z) > 2(a + b + c).
c b
y z
(→ p.9)
Problem 4. Let P be an arbitrary point in the interior of triangle ABC.
Lines BP and CP intersect AC and AB at E and F , respectively. Let K
and L be the midpoints of the segments BF and CE, respectively. Let the
lines through L and K parallel to CF and BE intersect BC at S and T ,
respectively; moreover, denote by M and N the reflection of S and T over
the points L and K, respectively. Prove that as P moves in the interior of
triangle ABC, line M N passes through a fixed point.
(→ p.10)
Problem 5. We say two vertices of a simple polygon are visible from each
other if either they are adjacent, or the segment joining them is completely
inside the polygon (except two endpoints that lie on the boundary). Find all
positive integers n such that there exists a simple polygon with n vertices in
which every vertex is visible from exactly 4 other vertices.
(A simple polygon is a polygon without hole that does not intersect itself.)
(→ p.11)
Solutions
First fold:
5
6 Elementary Level
Second fold:
Third fold:
Fourth fold:
Solutions 7
Comment. that by moving the folding lines slightly in 3rd and 4th folds (to
down and up respectively), all the folding segments will be internal.
8 Elementary Level
Solutions 9
c b
y z
Solutions 11
Problem 5. We say two vertices of a simple polygon are visible from each
other if either they are adjacent, or the segment joining them is completely
inside the polygon (except two endpoints that lie on the boundary). Find all
positive integers n such that there exists a simple polygon with n vertices in
which every vertex is visible from exactly 4 other vertices.
(A simple polygon is a polygon without hole that does not intersect itself.)
Proposed by Morteza Saghafian
---------------------------------------------------
Solution.
First we prove there is no such polygon for n > 6. Let A1 , A2 , . . . , An be the
vertices.
Lemma 1. Let Ai be visible from Ai−1 , Aj , Ak , Ai+1 in clockwise order (note
that the first and the last one are the edge-neighbors). Then Ai−1 , Aj can see
each other, Aj , Ak can see each other and Ak , Ai+1 can see each other.
Proof. One can consider the triangulation of the three parts of polygon sep-
arated by Ai Aj and Ai Ak .
13
Problems
Problem 2. Let ABC be an isosceles triangle (AB = AC) with its circum-
center O. Point N is the midpoint of the segment BC and point M is the
reflection of the point N with respect to the side AC. Suppose that T is a
1
point so that AN BT is a rectangle. Prove that ∠OM T = ∠BAC.
2
(→ p.18)
15
16 Intermediate Level
(→ p.21)
Problem 5. Find all numbers n ≥ 4 such that there exists a convex polyhe-
dron with exactly n faces, whose all faces are right-angled triangles.
(Note that the angle between any pair of adjacent faces in a convex polyhe-
dron is less than 180◦ .)
(→ p.23)
Solutions
A M B
D N C
17
18 Intermediate Level
Problem 2. Let ABC be an isosceles triangle (AB = AC) with its circum-
center O. Point N is the midpoint of the segment BC and point M is the
reflection of the point N with respect to the side AC. Suppose that T is a
1
point so that AN BT is a rectangle. Prove that ∠OM T = ∠BAC.
2
Proposed by Ali Zamani
---------------------------------------------------
Since 4ABC is an isosceles triangle, we have ∠AN C = 90◦ . Therefore,
∠AOT = ∠M OC =⇒ ∠T OM = ∠AOC.
T A
B N C
Solutions 19
F
J H K
E
B D M C
Comment. The same proof can be used to obtain the following generalised
result:
In triangle ABC point P is an arbitrary point and point D lies on the line
BC. The line AD intersects the circumcircle of triangle ABC at X. The line
CP intersects the line parallel to AP through D at E and the circumcircle
of triangle ABC again at F . Suppose that P lies inside of circle ω, passing
through X, E, and F . Point J lies on ω such that BCP J is a trapezoid
(CB k P J). Then JB and ED meet on ω.
Solutions 21
E
B0
F
C0 P
H
X J
B C
Y
We have
Then BH and BJ are isogonal lines with respect to angle ∠P BC. Similarly,
CH and CJ are isogonal lines with respect to angle ∠P CB. From this, we
deduce that H and J are isogonal conjugate with respect to triangle 4BP C.
Then ∠HP B = ∠JP C. But ZB = ZC, JF = JE and 4P F E ∼ 4P BC.
Therefore 4P F E ∪ {J} ∼ 4P BC ∪ {Z}. Which follows that 4JEF ∼
22 Intermediate Level
4ZCB.
Let B 0 , C 0 be the intersections of BH and AC, CH and AB, repectively. We
have
H
P(BE) = HB · HB 0 = HC · HC 0 = P(CF
H
),
P P
P(BE) = P B · P E = P C · P F = P(CF ).
Problem 5. Find all numbers n ≥ 4 such that there exists a convex polyhe-
dron with exactly n faces, whose all faces are right-angled triangles.
(Note that the angle between any pair of adjacent faces in a convex polyhe-
dron is less than 180◦ .)
Proposed by Hesam Rajabzadeh
---------------------------------------------------
Solution. If such a polyhedron exists for some n, the total number of sides
of faces is from one hand equal to 3n , and on the other is twice the number
of edges. So 3n is divisible by 2 and n must be even. We will give an example
of such a polyhedron for any even number n ≥ 4.
O0 Y 2 = O0 O2 + OY 2 = O0 O2 + OX 2 + XY 2 = O0 X 2 + XY 2 .
Take an arbitrary point on the ray l1 and call it A1 . Start from A1 and induc-
tively by drawing perpendiculars from Ai to li+1 define the points A2 , A3 , . . . , Am
so that
∠OA2 A1 = ∠OA3 A2 = · · · = OAm Am−1 = 90◦ . (2)
By (1) and (2) all the triangles OA1 A2 , OA2 A3 , . . . , OAm−1 OAm are similar.
OAm OA3
Therefore OA m−1
= · · · = OA 2
= OA OA1 . We denote this common value by
2
of the circle with diameter OA1 and the circle with center O and radius
rm .OA1 ). If r is sufficiently close to 1 (equivalently α sufficiently close to
zero), rm will be close to one and we can ensure that ∠A0 OA1 is small and
so the polygon satisfies all desired properties.
After construction of the polygon, consider two points O0 , O00 on the z-axis (on
different sides of the xy-plane) with OO0 = OO00 = OA0 = OAm . Then the
polyhedron with vertices O0 , O00 , A0 , A1 , . . . , Am (convex hull of these points)
have exactly n = 2m + 2 faces, and all are right-angled triangles. Indeed, it
has 2m faces of the form O0 Ai Ai+1 and O00 Ai Ai+1 which are all right-angled
according to the lemma and two faces O0 A0 O00 and O0 Am O00 that are isosceles
right triangles.
26 Intermediate Level
Advanced Level
27
Problems
Problem 3. Assume three circles mutually outside each other with the
property that every line separating two of them have intersection with the
interior of the third one. √Prove that the sum of pairwise distances between
their centers is at most 2 2 times the sum of their radii.
(A line separates two circles, whenever the circles do not have intersection
with the line and are on different sides of it.)
√
Note. Weaker results with 2 2 replaced √ by some other c may be awarded
points depending on the value of c > 2 2.
(→ p.35)
29
30 Advanced Level
the circumcircle of triangle T EZ and the circle with diameter F I are tangent.
(→ p.37)
Problem 5. Consider an acute-angled triangle ABC (AC > AB) with its
orthocenter H and circumcircle Γ. Points M and P are the midpoints of the
segments BC and AH, respectively. The line AM meets Γ again at X and
point N lies on the line BC so that N X is tangent to Γ. Points J and K
lie on the circle with diameter M P such that ∠AJP = ∠HN M (B and J
lie on the same side of AH) and circle ω1 , passing through K, H, and J,
and circle ω2 , passing through K, M , and N , are externally tangent to each
other. Prove that the common external tangents of ω1 and ω2 meet on the
line N H.
(→ p.43)
Solutions
P Q N
B E H F M C
If we prove that points K, H and Q are collinear, using parallel lines ,we get
that H is the midpoint of EF which is equivalent to the problem. Clearly, AM
passes through Q and H is the reflection of A with respect to N P . Therefore,
∠P QH = ∠AQP = ∠AM B. So it suffices to show that ∠P QK = ∠AM B.
Note that
1
∠N EC + ∠P F B = (∠AM B + ∠AM C) = 90◦ =⇒ ∠EKF = 90◦ .
2
31
32 Advanced Level
N
A
T
S
B M C
ST · SN = SA2 = SI 2 .
DM · DN = DB 2 = DI 2 .
34 Advanced Level
Problem 3. Assume three circles mutually outside each other with the
property that every line separating two of them have intersection with the
interior of the third one. √Prove that the sum of pairwise distances between
their centers is at most 2 2 times the sum of their radii.
(A line separates two circles, whenever the circles do not have intersection
with the line and are on different sides of it.)
√
Note. Weaker results with 2 2 replaced √ by some other c may be awarded
points depending on the value of c > 2 2.
Proposed by Morteza Saghafian
---------------------------------------------------
Solution. According to the figure, we denote the radii of the circles by
r1 , r2 , r3 and the distance Oi Oj by dij . Moreover, let l, l0 be two interior
common tangents of circles ω1 and ω2 . We denote the tangency points of l
and l0 as in the figure. Obviously d12 = rsin1 +r2
α (α is defined in the figure).
Withour loss of generality we assume that r1 ≤ r2 .
l0
l
B0
A r2
r1
α
A0
By assumption we can deduce that both lines l and l0 must intersect the third
circle (ω3 ). If the intersection point of l and ω3 lies outside between A and
B, we can find a line separating ω1 and ω2 so which does not intersect ω3 and
this is a contradiction with the assumptions. We have similar arguments for
l0 . So we can assume that the intersection of ω3 with l and l0 is below B and
A0 respectively. Therefore, r3 is at least the radius of the circle tangent to l
at B and also is tangent to l0 (why?). The radius of this circle is r2 cot2 α.
Hence
1 − sin2 α d212
2 r1 + r2
r3 ≥ r2 cot α = r2 ≥ −1 .
sin2 α 2 (r1 + r2 )2
36 Advanced Level
Consequently,
d212 ≤ (r1 + r2 )2 + 2r3 (r1 + r2 ), (∗)
We have similar equations for d13 and d23 . Summing these three together
with Cauchy-Shwarz Inequality gives the assertion. Indeed,
X 2 X X X X 2
dij ≤3 d2ij ≤ 6 ri2 + 18 ri rj ≤ 8 ri
Here the first and third inequality are coming from Cauchy-Shwarz Inequality
and the second inequality is the consequence of summing (∗) and two other
similar inequlities.
Remark. Using upper bound (r1 + r2 + r3 )2 for the right-hand side of (∗)
gives√d12 ≤ r1 + r2 + r3 . Summing these, gives a weaker result with 3 replaced
by 2 2.
Solutions 37
C
J
D M
K I
Y
X F A B
38 Advanced Level
So, we have to prove equation (2). Using Menelaus’s Theorem for triangle
4XF Y and line LN P , We have:
XN F L Y P F N =F L XN XP
· · =⇒ = .
F N Y L XP YL YP
From equation (2), we get:
XJ XN XP
= = .
YJ YL YP
Therefore we need to prove that JP is the exterior angle bisector of angle
∠XJY . Since JQ⊥JP , we need to prove that (XY, QP ) = −1.
NL
(XY, P Q) = F (XY, P Q) = (N L, P U ) = −1.
And since point U lies on EF (polar of P ), the last equation holds and we’re
done.
Proof. Using The Law of Sines and Ratio Lemma, one can simply get the
desired results.
J
C
L
D M
K
I
S
Y
X F A N B
Now, Let’s get back to the problem. First, we assume that two circles ω1 and
ω2 are tangent to each other. Let S be the foot of the perpendicular line to
F I passing through E. Using Casey’s Theorem for points X, F, Y and circle
ω2 , we have:
q q q
± XF PωY2 ± Y F
PωX2 ± XY PωF2 = 0
√ √ √
=⇒ ± XF Y K · Y M ± Y F XK · XM ± XY F S · F I = 0. (3)
Points X and Y lie on the radical axis of circles ω and ω2 . Therefore we have:
Y K · Y M = Y L2 , XK · XM = XN 2 .
α+β
Y L = F L ± F Y = F I · cos (F1 ) ± F Y = F I · cos ± F Y,
2
α+β
XN = F N ∓ XF = F I · cos (F2 ) ∓ XF = F I · cos ∓ XF.
2
40 Advanced Level
α+β
± XF · F I · cos ± FY
2
√
α+β
± Y F · F I · cos ∓ XF ± XY F S · F I = 0
2
√
α+β
=⇒ ± F I XF + Y F cos = ±XY F S · F I
2
√
XF + Y F α+β
=⇒F I cos = FS · FI
XY 2
r
α+β sin α + sin β FS
=⇒ cos · =
2 sin α + β FI
α−β FS
=⇒ cos2 = . (5)
2 FI
C
R
M
D L
V Q
K
I
Y β S
α
X F A N B
Also, we have:
α+β α−β
∠F RS = 90◦ − ⇒ ∠QV R = 90◦ −
2 2
α − β
⇒ ∠EIF = 90◦ − .
2
J ≡E Y
T
C
D
F X A B
FS
sin2 (EIF ) = > 1,
FI
this case will never happen.
Solutions 43
Problem 5. Consider an acute-angled triangle ABC (AC > AB) with its
orthocenter H and circumcircle Γ. Points M and P are the midpoints of the
segments BC and AH, respectively. The line AM meets Γ again at X and
point N lies on the line BC so that N X is tangent to Γ. Points J and K
lie on the circle with diameter M P such that ∠AJP = ∠HN M (B and J
lie on the same side of AH) and circle ω1 , passing through K, H, and J,
and circle ω2 , passing through K, M , and N , are externally tangent to each
other. Prove that the common external tangents of ω1 and ω2 meet on the
line N H.
Proposed by Alireza Dadgarnia
---------------------------------------------------
Solution 1. Let D be the intersection of AH and BC. Denote Ω by the
circle with diameter P M . It’s obvious that D lies on Ω. Also since ABC is
acute, H lies on the segment P D and so inside of Ω. N lies on the extension
of DM and so outside of Ω. We claim that there are at most two possible
cases for K. The following lemma proves our claim.
Lemma. Given a circle ω and four points A, B, C, and D, such that A and
B lie on the circle, C inside and D outside of the circle. There are exactly
two points like K on ω so that the circumcircles of triangles ACK and BDK
are tangent to each other.
Proof. Invert the whole diagram at center A with arbitrary radius, the images
of points and circle are denoted by primes. Since A lies on ω, ω 0 is a line,
passes through B 0 and K 0 . Notice that C 0 and D0 lie on the different sides of
ω 0 . Since the circumcircles of triangles ACK and BDK are tangent to each
other, we have C 0 K 0 is tangent to the circumcircle of triangle B 0 D0 K 0 . It
means ∠C 0 K 0 B 0 = ∠B 0 D0 K 0 . Let X and Y be two arbitrary points, lie on
ω 0 and the different sides of B 0 .
C0
B0 K0 ω0
Y −→ X
D0
44 Advanced Level
Γ
A A0
L Ω
P
H
J
B D M C N
AL0 · AM = AP · AD =⇒ AL0 · AE = AH · AD
therefore ∠HJD = 90◦ . From this we can conclude that the cirucmcircles
of triangles DHJ and DM N are tangent to each other and the common
external tangents of them are concurrent at H since the tangent line to the
circumcircle of triangle DHJ through H is parallel to DM N . So the problem
is proved for K ≡ D, now suppose that K 6= D. Since ∠AHL = ∠LN M
the circumcircles of triangles LHJ and LM N are tangent to each other. So
L ≡ K. Denote O1 and O2 by the circumcenters of triangles LHJ and LM N .
It’s obvious that O1 , L, and O2 are collinear so ∠O1 LH + ∠O2 LN = 90◦ . It
yields
therefore the direct homothety that sends (O1 ) to (O2 ), sends H to N and
the conclusion follows.
A J0 Γ
L Ω
P
F
H O
J
N0 B D M C N
X0 X
46 Advanced Level
∠M LN = ∠P LH =⇒ ∠HLN = ∠P LM = 90◦
therefore the direct homothety that sends (O1 ) to (O2 ), sends H to N and
the conclusion follows.
Solutions 47
This booklet is prepared by Elahe Zahiri, Mahdi Shavali, Amirmohammad Derakhshandeh and
Alireza Dadgarnia.
With special thanks to Hesam Rajabzade, Mahdi Etesamifard and Morteza Saghafian.
Participating Countries
List of participated nations at the 8th Iranian Geometry Olympiad:
Contributing Countries
The Organizing Committee and the Scientific Committee of the IGO 2021 thank the following
countries for contributing 100 problem proposals:
Czech Republic, Hong Kong, India, Iran, Mexico,
Poland, Russia, Slovakia, United Kingdom, Vietnam.
Scientific Committee
Patrik Bak Alireza Mahdi Boris Frenkin Radek Olšák Parsa Hosseini
(Slovakia) Dadgarnia Etesamifard (Russia) (Czech Nayyeri
(Iran) (chair - Iran) Republic) (Iran)
Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Intermediate Level 15
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Advanced Level 27
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Elementary Level
1
Problems
Problem 1. With putting the four shapes drawn in the following figure together make a shape
with at least two reflection symmetries.
(→ p.5)
Problem 2. Points K, L, M , N lie on the sides AB, BC, CD, DA of a square ABCD,
respectively, such that the area of KLM N is equal to one half of the area of ABCD. Prove that
some diagonal of KLM N is parallel to some side of ABCD.
(→ p.6)
Problem 3. As shown in the following figure, a heart is a shape consist of three semicircles with
diameters AB, BC and AC such that B is midpoint of the segment AC.
A heart ω is given. Call a pair (P, P ′ ) bisector if P and P ′ lie on ω and bisect its perimeter.
Let (P, P ′ ) and (Q, Q′ ) be bisector pairs. Tangents at points P , P ′ , Q, and Q′ to ω construct a
convex quadrilateral XY ZT . If the quadrilateral XY ZT is inscribed in a circle, find the angle
between lines P P ′ and QQ′ .
A C
B
(→ p.7)
3
4 Elementary Level
Problem 4. In isosceles trapezoid ABCD (AB ∥ CD) points E and F lie on the segment CD in
such a way that D, E, F and C are in that order and DE = CF . Let X and Y be the reflection
of E and C with respect to AD and AF . Prove that circumcircles of triangles ADF and BXY
are concentric.
(→ p.9)
Problem 5. Let A1 , A2 , . . . , A2021 be 2021 points on the plane, no three collinear and
in which by the angle ∠Ai−1 Ai Ai+1 we mean the one which is less than 180◦ (assume that A2022 =
A1 and A0 = A2021 ). Prove that some of these angles will add up to 90◦ .
(→ p.12)
Solutions
Problem 1. With putting the four shapes drawn in the following figure together make a shape
with at least two reflection symmetries.
5
6 Elementary Level
Problem 2. Points K, L, M , N lie on the sides AB, BC, CD, DA of a square ABCD,
respectively, such that the area of KLM N is equal to one half of the area of ABCD. Prove that
some diagonal of KLM N is parallel to some side of ABCD.
Proposed by Josef Tkadlec - Czech Republic
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution 1. Let [P ] denote the area of a polygon P . Suppose that LN ∦ AB and let N ′ ̸= N
be the point on AD such that LN ′ ∥ AB. Note that [KLM N ′ ] = 21 [ABCD]. Thus [KLM N ] =
[KLM N ′ ], hence [KM N ] = [KM N ′ ] implying that KM ∥ N N ′ = AD.
A K B
N′ L
D M C
1 1 1 1 1
wx + (1 − x)y + (1 − y)(1 − z) + z(1 − w) = a2
2 2 2 2 2
which can be modifier into (x − z)(w − y), and so x = z or y = w, which gives the desired
conclusion.
A x K B
y
w
L
D z C
M
Solutions 7
Problem 3. As shown in the following figure, a heart is a shape consist of three semicircles with
diameters AB, BC and AC such that B is midpoint of the segment AC.
A heart ω is given. Call a pair (P, P ′ ) bisector if P and P ′ lie on ω and bisect its perimeter.
Let (P, P ′ ) and (Q, Q′ ) be bisector pairs. Tangents at points P , P ′ , Q, and Q′ to ω construct a
convex quadrilateral XY ZT . If the quadrilateral XY ZT is inscribed in a circle, find the angle
between lines P P ′ and QQ′ .
A C
B
Proof. Without loss of generality suppose that P lies on the arc AC in such a way that the
intersection of P B with the arc AB is P ′′ . It’s clear that the length of the arc P ′′ A is equal to
2∠P ′′ BA
× (the perimeter of the semicircle with diameter AB)
180◦
and length of the arc P C is equal to
∠P BC
× (the perimeter of the semicircle with diameter AC)
180◦
We know that the perimeter of semicircle with diameter AB is π·AB
2
and the perimeter of semicircle
′′ BA
′′
with diameter AC is 2 thus the length of the arc P A is equal to 2∠P
π·AC
180◦
× π·AB
2
and the length
∠P BC π·AC ′′
of the arc P C is equal to 180◦ × 2 which are equal with each other. So (P, P ) is a bisector
pair. But there is exactly one point for each P like P ′ such that the pair (P, P ′ ) is bisector, so
P ′ ≡ P ′′ . Hence P P ′ passes through B.
P ′′
A C
B
P
8 Elementary Level
Without loss of generality suppose P and Q are on the arc AC. Now we consider these 2 cases:
Case 1. P and Q lie on the arc AC in such a way that P ′ and Q′ both lie on the arc AB.
Notice that ∠P BQ = 2∠XP Q = 2∠XQP and ∠P ′ BQ′ = ∠ZP ′ Q′ = ∠ZQ′ P ′ . Therefore
hence ∠P BQ = 60◦ .
Z Z ℓ
P′ Q′
T
P′ Q′ Y
A C A B
B C
P P
Q
X
Q Y
X
Case 1 Case 2
Case 2. P and Q lie on the arc AC in such a way that P ′ lies on the arc AB and Q′ lies on the
arc BC.
Let ℓ be the tangent line from B to the heart. Thus ∠P ′ Bℓ = ∠BP ′ Z and ∠Q′ Bℓ = ∠BQ′ Z. So
∠P ′ ZQ′ = 360◦ − 2∠P ′ BQ′ . Now it’s not hard to see that ∠P BQ = 2∠XP Q = 2∠XQP , hence
∠P XQ = 180◦ − ∠P BQ. Thus we must have
180◦ = ∠P XQ + ∠P ′ ZQ′ = (180◦ − ∠P BQ) + (360◦ − 2∠P ′ BQ′ ) = 540◦ − 3∠P BQ,
so ∠P BQ = 120◦ .
Hence in both cases the angle between the lines P P ′ and QQ′ is 60◦ .
Solutions 9
Problem 4. In isosceles trapezoid ABCD (AB ∥ CD) points E and F lie on the segment CD in
such a way that D, E, F and C are in that order and DE = CF . Let X and Y be the reflection
of E and C with respect to AD and AF . Prove that circumcircles of triangles ADF and BXY
are concentric.
Proposed by Iman Maghsoudi - Iran
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution 1. Consider point Z on AB in such a way that AZF D is an isosceles trapezoid hence
it is cyclic. Let O be the circumcenter of △AF D. Since X and Y are the reflections of E and C
with respect to AD and AF , and ZBCF is a parallelogram, then
ED = XD = CF = F Y = ZB
△OZB ∼
= △ODX ∼
= △OF Y =⇒ OB = OX = OY
A Z B
O
F
D C
E
H
Solution 2. Let ω be the circumcircle of AF D with center O and let this circle meets AB, XD,
and Y F at T , K, and L respectively. Clearly AX = AE, AC = AY and ABF E is an isosceles
trapezoid, since X and Y are reflections of E and C with respect to AD and AF , and DE = CF .
Then
These two equality with AX = AE show that △ABE ∼ = △AXK and it yields that AB = XK.
Similarly one can show that AB = Y L. Now notice that
PωB = BT · AB = OB 2 − OD2
PωX = XD · XK = OX 2 − OD2
PωY = Y F · Y L = OY 2 − OD2
A T B
X L
O
F
D C
E
K
Y
A
B
D C
Solutions 11
Let G be such a point on opposite ray AB such that AG = CF (which equals do ED). Clearly,
DEAG and F CAG are parallelograms. If we apply our lemma to them, we can conclude that
the perpendicular bisectors of line pairs (GX, AD) and (GY, AF ) coincidence, which gives that
triangles GXY and ADF have a common circumcenter O.
To finish the proof, we need to show that B lies on the circle GXY . Let H be the second
intersection point of circumcircle of △ADF and AB. Then AHF D is an isosceles trapezoid and
clearly HBCF is a parallelogram, and so AG = CF = BH. Then △OAG ∼ = △OHB, and so
OG = OB, therefore points X, Y, B, G are concyclic and we’re done.
G A H B
F
D C
E O
Y
12 Elementary Level
Problem 5. Let A1 , A2 , . . . , A2021 be 2021 points on the plane, no three collinear and
in which by the angle ∠Ai−1 Ai Ai+1 we mean the one which is less than 180◦ (assume that A2022 =
A1 and A0 = A2021 ). Prove that some of these angles will add up to 90◦ .
Proposed by Morteza Saghafian - Iran
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution. Let αi be the angle ∠Ai−1 Ai Ai+1 which is less than 180◦ .
Ai+1 Ai
αi
Ai−1
Starting from A1 , we walk on the perimeter of the (not necessarily simple) polygon A1 A2 . . . A2021 .
As we reach a vertex Ai , we turn by angle 180◦ − αi in clockwise or counterclockwise direction.
After walking one round and returning back to the edge A1 A2 , we have turned by a multiple of
360◦ in total. Therefore, the signed sum of turning angles is a multiple of 360◦ . More formally, if
we define C1 and C2 for the set of clockwise and counterclockwise angles, then for some integer
number k we have X X
360◦ k = (180◦ − αi ) − (180◦ − αj )
αi ∈C1 αj ∈C2
But the total number of angles we have is 2021 which is an odd number, so if we cancel numbers
180 as much as possible from the above expression, we can conclude that
X X
360◦ t + 180◦ = αi − αj
αi ∈C1 αj ∈C2
for
P some integer P number t. On the other hand, by the assumption of the
P problem, the sum
◦ ◦
P
αi ∈C1 αi + αj ∈C2 αj is equal to 360 . This implies that αi ∈C1 αi − αj ∈C2 αj = ±180 .
◦ ◦
Therefore, the two sums should be 90 and 270 .
Intermediate Level
13
Problems
Problem 1. Let ABC be a triangle with AB = AC. Let H be the orthocenter of ABC. Point
E is the midpoint of AC and point D lies on the side BC such that 3CD = BC. Prove that
BE ⊥ HD.
(→ p.17)
Problem 2. Let ABCD be a parallelogram. Points E, F lie on the sides AB, CD respectively,
such that ∠EDC = ∠F BC and ∠ECD = ∠F AD. Prove that AB ≥ 2BC.
(→ p.18)
Problem 3. Given a convex quadrilateral ABCD with AB = BC and ∠ABD = ∠BCD = 90◦ .
Let point E be the intersection of diagonals AC and BD. Point F lies on the side AD such that
AF CE
= . Circle ω with diameter DF and the circumcircle of triangle ABF intersect for the
FD EA
second time at point K. Point L is the second intersection of EF and ω. Prove that the line KL
passes through the midpoint of CE.
(→ p.21)
Problem 4. Let ABC be a scalene acute-angled triangle with its incenter I and circumcircle Γ.
Line AI intersects Γ for the second time at M . Let N be the midpoint of BC and T be the point
on Γ such that IN ⊥ M T . Finally, let P and Q be the intersection points of T B and T C,
respectively, with the line perpendicular to AI at I. Show that P B = CQ.
(→ p.22)
Problem 5. Consider a convex pentagon ABCDE and a variable point X on its side CD.
Suppose that points K, L lie on the segment AX such that AB = BK and AE = EL and that
the circumcircles of triangles CXK and DXL intersect for the second time at Y . As X varies,
prove that all such lines XY pass through a fixed point, or they are all parallel.
(→ p.24)
15
16 Intermediate Level
Solutions
Problem 1. Let ABC be a triangle with AB = AC. Let H be the orthocenter of ABC. Point
E is the midpoint of AC and point D lies on the side BC such that 3CD = BC. Prove that
BE ⊥ HD.
Proposed by Tran Quang Hung - Vietnam
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution. Let G be the centroid of triangle ABC. Notice that
CD 1 EG
= = ,
BC 3 EB
hence GD ∥ EC. Since H is orthocenter of ABC, BH ⊥ AC, we deduce that BH ⊥ GD.
Combining with GH ⊥ BC, we get that H is the orthocenter of triangle BGD, therefore DH ⊥
BE. This completes the proof.
B C
D
17
18 Intermediate Level
Problem 2. Let ABCD be a parallelogram. Points E, F lie on the sides AB, CD respectively,
such that ∠EDC = ∠F BC and ∠ECD = ∠F AD. Prove that AB ≥ 2BC.
Proposed by Pouria Mahmoudkhan Shirazi - Iran
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution 1. First we do some angle-chasing. It’s clear that ∠DAF = ∠ECB = ∠CEB and
∠EBC = ∠ADF . Hence △DAF ∼ △BEC and it yields that AD BE
= DF
BC
. Similarly we can show
CF BC
that AD = AE . Multiplying these two equality gives that
CF DF
= =⇒ EF ∥ AD ∥ BC.
BE AE
Let F ′ be the reflection of F in E. So BCEF ′ and ADEF ′ are parallelograms. Thus ∠BF ′ E =
∠BCE = ∠BAF and ∠AF ′ E = ∠ADE = ∠ABF . Summing up these two equality implies that
∠AF ′ B = 180◦ − ∠AF B. Therefore the quadrilateral AF ′ BF is cyclic. It means that
AE · EB = EF · EF ′ = EF 2 = BC 2 .
Finally, by AM-GM inequality we have
2 2
2 AE + EB AB
BC = AE · EB ≤ = =⇒ 2BC ≤ AB.
2 2
F′
A E
B
D C
F
Solution 2. Let CE and DE meet AD and BC at X and Y , respectively. It’s clear that the
quadrilaterals DY BF and CXAF are cyclic. The power of the points C and D with respect to
the circumcircles of these quadrilaterals gives that CF · CD = CB · CY and DF · CD = DA · DX.
Summing up these two equations implies that
(CF + DF ) · CD = CB · CY + DA · DX
=⇒ CD2 = CB · CY + CB · DX
=⇒ CD2 = (CY + DX) · CB (1)
Now let the line parallel to BC from E intersects CD at G. Then
DX CD CD · EG CD · BC
= =⇒ DX = =
EG CG CG CG
CY CD CD · EG CD · BC
= =⇒ CY = = .
EG DG DG DG
Solutions 19
E
A B
D C
F ≡G
Thus
1 1
DX + CY = CD · BC + .
CG DG
!
1 1 4
CD · BC · + ≥ CD · BC ·
CG DG CG + DG
4
= CD · BC ·
CD
= 4BC.
CD2
= DX + CY ≥ 4BC =⇒ CD2 ≥ 4BC 2
BC
=⇒ AB ≥ 2BC,
as required.
Remark. From the first solution we know that the points F and G are the same but in the
second solution we do not need to prove that.
Solution 3 (Proposed Solution from Slovakia).
As in the official solution, we prove that AD ∥ EF ∥ BC. Along the way, we have △EAD ∼
△BCF . Therefore:
AB AE + BE AE BE BC CF
= = + = + ≥2
AD AD AD AD CF BC
20 Intermediate Level
A E B
D C
F
A x E a−x B
b
b
D y a−y C
F
Solutions 21
Problem 3. Given a convex quadrilateral ABCD with AB = BC and ∠ABD = ∠BCD = 90◦ .
Let point E be the intersection of diagonals AC and BD. Point F lies on the side AD such that
AF CE
= . Circle ω with diameter DF and the circumcircle of triangle ABF intersect for the
FD EA
second time at point K. Point L is the second intersection of EF and ω. Prove that the line KL
passes through the midpoint of CE.
Proposed by Mahdi Etesamifard and Amir Parsa Hosseini - Iran
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution. Let K ′ be a point such that the triangles ABC and AK ′ D are spirally similar. We
claim that K and K ′ are the same point. Since EC
AE
= DF
FA
, the triangles F K ′ D and EBA are also
′ ◦
similar. Then ∠F K D = ∠ABE = 90 , so to prove the claim it suffices to show that A, B, F ,
and K ′ lie on a circle. From the other hand
hence DC = DE. Also since ABC and AK ′ D are spirally similar, we have △ABK ′ ∼ △ACD.
Therefore
(1)
∠ABK ′ = ∠ACD = ∠DEC = ∠AEB = ∠K ′ F D,
so ABK ′ F is cyclic and the claim is proved.
Now we are ready to prove the statement of problem. Let M be the midpoint of CE. Notice that
∠DM E = 90◦ , since DC = DE. It yields that the points E, L, D, and M lie on a circle. Then
A
E
M
C
L
K ≡ K′
F
D
22 Intermediate Level
Problem 4. Let ABC be a scalene acute-angled triangle with its incenter I and circumcircle Γ.
Line AI intersects Γ for the second time at M . Let N be the midpoint of BC and T be the point
on Γ such that IN ⊥ M T . Finally, let P and Q be the intersection points of T B and T C,
respectively, with the line perpendicular to AI at I. Show that P B = CQ.
Proposed by Patrik Bak - Slovakia
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution 1. Let S be the midpoint of arc BAC of Γ and let Q′ be the reflection of S in the per-
pendicular bisector of IC. We will prove that Q = Q′ , which would mean that SI = CQ.
Analogously, we would have SI = P B, and so the proof would be finished.
S
A
Q′
Γ
I
T
B N C
A
Q′
Γ
I T
N
B C
M
Solutions 23
∠M IN + ∠T M I = ∠M IN + ∠T M Q + ∠QM I
= ∠M P B + ∠T P Q + ∠IM P
= ∠M P I + ∠IM P = 90◦
A Q
I T
N
C
B
P
M
24 Intermediate Level
Problem 5. Consider a convex pentagon ABCDE and a variable point X on its side CD.
Suppose that points K, L lie on the segment AX such that AB = BK and AE = EL and that
the circumcircles of triangles CXK and DXL intersect for the second time at Y . As X varies,
prove that all such lines XY pass through a fixed point, or they are all parallel.
Proposed by Josef Tkadlec - Czech Republic
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution. Let ωb , ωe be the circles centered at B, E and passing through A (note that K ∈ ωb
and L ∈ ωe ). By (XY Z) we denote the circumcircle of triangle XY Z. Let ∠(p, q) denote the
directed angle between lines p, q.
First we show that all the circles (DXL) pass through a fixed point D′ on ωe . Motivated by the
limiting case X = D, let L′ = AD ∩ ωe and let D′ be the intersection of ωe and the circle through
L′ and D tangent to CD. Then D′ is the fixed point: Indeed, for any X and the corresponding
L we have
hence (XLD) passes through D′ . Similarly, all circles (CXK) pass through a fixed point C ′ on
ωb .
A ωe A ωe
ωb
B E C0 Y
K C
C0 Y D0
L0
L L X
C D
D0 D0
X X
D D
Now the problem can be conveniently rephrased with respect to a (fixed) quadrilateral C ′ CDD′ .
Note that the angle ∠(Y C ′ , Y D′ ) is fixed: Indeed,
1. Y ∈ C ′ D′ :
Since ∠(Y C ′ , Y X) = ∠(CC ′ , CX) is fixed, all lines XY form the same angle with line C ′ D′
and are thus parallel.
2. Y ̸∈ C ′ D′ :
Since ∠(Y C ′ , Y X) = ∠(CC ′ , CX) is fixed, lines XY all intersects (Y C ′ D′ ) at a fixed point.
Advanced Level
25
Problems
Problem 1. Acute-angled triangle ABC with circumcircle ω is given. Let D be the midpoint
of AC, E be the foot of altitude from A to BC, and F be the intersection point of AB and DE.
Point H lies on the arc BC of ω (the one that does not contain A) such that ∠BHE = ∠ABC.
Prove that ∠BHF = 90◦ .
(→ p.29)
Problem 2. Two circles Γ1 and Γ2 meet at two distinct points A and B. A line passing through
A meets Γ1 and Γ2 again at C and D respectively, such that A lies between C and D. The tangent
at A to Γ2 meets Γ1 again at E. Let F be a point on Γ2 such that F and A lie on different sides
of BD, and 2∠AF C = ∠ABC. Prove that the tangent at F to Γ2 , and lines BD and CE are
concurrent.
(→ p.30)
Problem 3. Consider a triangle ABC with altitudes AD, BE, and CF , and orthocenter H. Let
the perpendicular line from H to EF intersects EF , AB and AC at P , T and L, respectively.
Point K lies on the side BC such that BD = KC. Let ω be a circle that passes through H and
P , that is tangent to AH. Prove that circumcircle of triangle AT L and ω are tangent, and KH
passes through the tangency point.
(→ p.32)
Problem 4. 2021 points on the plane in the convex position, no three collinear and no four
concyclic, are given. Prove that there exist two of them such that every circle passing through
these two points contains at least 673 of the other points in its interior.
(A finite set of points on the plane are in convex position if the points are the vertices of a convex
polygon.)
(→ p.36)
Problem 5. Given a triangle ABC with incenter I. The incircle of triangle ABC is tangent to BC
at D. Let P and Q be points on the side BC such that ∠P AB = ∠BCA and ∠QAC = ∠ABC,
respectively. Let K and L be the incenter of triangles ABP and ACQ, respectively. Prove that
AD is the Euler line of triangle IKL.
(The Euler line of a triangle is the line going through the circumcenter and orthocenter of that
triangle.)
(→ p.37)
27
28 Advanced Level
Solutions
Problem 1. Acute-angled triangle ABC with circumcircle ω is given. Let D be the midpoint
of AC, E be the foot of altitude from A to BC, and F be the intersection point of AB and DE.
Point H lies on the arc BC of ω (the one that does not contain A) such that ∠BHE = ∠ABC.
Prove that ∠BHF = 90◦ .
Proposed by Harris Leung - Hong Kong
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution. Note that DC = DE = DA since ∠CEA = 90◦ . Thus
and
∠EHA = ∠BHE − ∠BHA = ∠B − ∠C = ∠EF A.
This implies A, E, H, F are concyclic. Therefore
A ω
B C
E
Remark.When AB > AC, F lies on the other side, so some of the arguments should be modified.
Though the result still holds.
29
30 Advanced Level
Problem 2. Two circles Γ1 and Γ2 meet at two distinct points A and B. A line passing through
A meets Γ1 and Γ2 again at C and D respectively, such that A lies between C and D. The tangent
at A to Γ2 meets Γ1 again at E. Let F be a point on Γ2 such that F and A lie on different sides
of BD, and 2∠AF C = ∠ABC. Prove that the tangent at F to Γ2 , and lines BD and CE are
concurrent.
Proposed by Tak Wing Ching - Hong Kong
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution 1.
D
Γ1
A
Γ2
C
E
B
F
Clearly, the point F is uniquely determined. We redefine the point F as follows. Let BD meet
CE at P , and let F be the contact point of the tangent from P to Γ2 that lies on different side
of BD as A. It suffices to prove that ∠AF C = 21 ∠ABC. By (XY Z) we denote the circumcircle
of triangle XY Z.
First, since ∠ECB = ∠EAB = ∠ADB, the line CP is tangent to (CBD). Therefore
√
P C = P B · P D = P F.
Then
∠F BC = ∠BF P + ∠F P C + ∠P CB
= ∠BDF + (180◦ − 2∠CF P ) + ∠CDB
= ∠CDF + 180◦ − 2∠CF P.
(Note that ∠F BC may refer to a reflex angle in some configurations.) It follows that
∠ABC = ∠F BC − ∠F BA
= (∠CDF + 180◦ − 2∠CF P ) − (180◦ − ∠ADF )
= 2∠CDF − 2∠CF P
= 2∠AF P − 2∠CF P
= 2∠AF C,
Solutions 31
Remark. the point P cannot be defined if Γ1 passes through the centre of Γ2 , since in that
case CE and BD are parallel. Indeed, in that case the three lines are parallel to each other, so
the assertion of this question should be changed to ’concurrent or parallel’.
32 Advanced Level
Problem 3. Consider a triangle ABC with altitudes AD, BE, and CF , and orthocenter H. Let
the perpendicular line from H to EF intersects EF , AB and AC at P , T and L, respectively.
Point K lies on the side BC such that BD = KC. Let ω be a circle that passes through H and
P , that is tangent to AH. Prove that circumcircle of triangle AT L and ω are tangent, and KH
passes through the tangency point.
Proposed by Mahdi Etesamifard - Iran
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution 1. Perform an inversion centered at H with radius −AH ·HD. The images of the points
are denoted by primes. It’s clear that F ′ ≡ C and E ′ ≡ B so P ′ lies on the circumcircle of triangle
HBC and ∠HCP ′ = 90◦ . Also T ′ and L′ lie on the line HP ′ such that ∠CT ′ H = ∠BL′ H = 90◦ ,
since circumcircle of triangles EHD and F HD passes through T ′ and L′ , respectively. Note that
ACP ′ B is a parallelogram, so by symmetry one can show that P ′ K ⊥ BC. Therefore P ′ K is the
image of ω under the inversion and it suffices to show that P ′ K touch the circumcircle of triangle
DT ′ L′ .
L
T E
P
ω F
H
N
L′
B K C
D M
T′
P′
It implies that DL′ ∥ AB. Also M N ⊥ AB so M N must be the perpendicular bisector of DL′ ,
since N L′ = N D. This means M L′ = M D. Similarly, one can show that M T ′ = M D. Also it
is clear that M D = M K, therefore the quadrilateral DL′ KT ′ is inscribed in a circle centered at
M . Now since ∠M KP ′ = 90◦ the result follows.
Solutions 33
∠AHS = ∠AF S = ∠T F S = ∠T P S
E
T
S P
C
B D
To prove the tangency of the circumcircles of ALT S and △SP H, we will show that the needed
condition is the equality of angles ∠ASH and ∠T P F , which in our situation is trivial (as they
are both right). The criterion for tangency is that ∠ASH equals to the sum of angle of arc (AS)
of the circumcircle of AT SL and the angle of arc (SH) of the circumcircle of △SP H. This sum
equals to:
∠ST F + ∠SP T = ∠ST F + ∠SF T = ∠T P F
Collinearity. First of all, we will redefine the tagency point S as the second intersection point
of KH and the circumcircle of AF HE. We will be finished when we prove ∠HSP = ∠AHP ,
which subsequently means that AH and the circumcircle of △SP H are tangent.
Let A′ be the point for which ABA′ C is a paralellogram. Then B, A′ , C, H are concyclic and lie
on the circle with a diameter A′ H.
Note that A′ , H, P are collinear. This is a simple angle chasing exercise, but can also be seen like
this: In triangle △HBC, HA′ is a line through the circumcenter, whereas in triangle △HEF
, HP is a line through the orthocenter. Since triangles △HBC and △HEF are isogonal, lines
HA′ and HP must be the same.
34 Advanced Level
E
S
P
F
H
K
B C
D
A′
HS · HK = HA · HD = HP · HA′
P
F
H
C
B
D
A′
36 Advanced Level
Problem 4. 2021 points on the plane in the convex position, no three collinear and no four
concyclic, are given. Prove that there exist two of them such that every circle passing through
these two points contains at least 673 of the other points in its interior.
(A finite set of points on the plane are in convex position if the points are the vertices of a convex
polygon.)
Proposed by Morteza Saghafian - Iran
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution. Call the points P1 , P2 , . . . , P2021 . We need two lemmas for the statement.
Lemma 1. Call a triangle good if its circumcircle covers all the other points. All the good
triangles form a triangulation of the 2021-gon P1 P2 . . . P2021 .
Proof. Note that on every side of this polygon we can construct exactly one good triangle by
simply selecting the smallest angle formed by some other vertex. Now start from a good triangle
say Pi Pj Pk and pick one of its sides say Pi Pj . Note that all the vertices on the same side of Pi Pj
as Pk subtend a larger angle with Pi and Pj as the endpoints, while all the vertices X on the
other side fulfill ∠Pi XPj + ∠Pi Pk Pj > 180◦ . Taking point Pl so that ∠Pi Pl Pj is minimal and
Pl , Pk are on the different sides of Pi Pj will also create Pi Pl Pj as a good triangle, because:
• For all points X on the same side of Pi Pj as Pl , ∠Pi XPj is larger than or equal to ∠Pi Pl Pj .
• Among all of angles ∠Pi XPj so that X and Pl are on different sides of Pi Pj , ∠Pi Pk Pj is
the smallest angle and hence ∠Pi XPj + ∠Pi Pl Pj > 180◦ .
Continuing this process we reach a triangulation of the 2021-gon and call it T . Also note that any
triangle from the triangulation uniquely determines the rest. Suppose now there exists a triangle
not belonging to the previous triangulation but still being good. Go ahead and apply the same
procedure as in the previous case and suppose we reach a triangulation T ′ . Fix a certain side of
the 2021-gon say the side P1 P2 . Note that this side is part of only one good triangle and hence
T, T ′ share a triangle however then we have T = T ′ and hence we are done.
Lemma 2. In the above triangulation T of P1 P2 . . . P2021 , there exists a drawn diagonal with at
least 673 points on each side.
Proof. Consider a regular 2021-gon Q1 Q2 . . . Q2021 and draw the diagonals between Qi s of similar
indices as in T . Obviously, we get a triangulation T ′ of Q1 Q2 . . . Q2021 . Now let O, the circum-
center of Q1 Q2 . . . Q2021 , be in the one of the triangles in T ′ . Then this triangle, say Qi Qj Qk is an
acute-angled triangle (because its circumcenter lies in its interior). Let Qi Qj be its longest side.
So the angle ∠Qi Qk Qj is acute and at least 60◦ and this means there are at least 673 of other
Ql s on each side of Qi Qj .
Now moving back to P1 P2 . . . P2021 , the diagonal Pi Pj has the desired property.
Finally notice that the two points Pi , Pj in Lemma 2 satisfy the statement of the problem since
every circle passing through these two points covers all the points on either one side of Pi Pj .
Solutions 37
Problem 5. Given a triangle ABC with incenter I. The incircle of triangle ABC is tangent to BC
at D. Let P and Q be points on the side BC such that ∠P AB = ∠BCA and ∠QAC = ∠ABC,
respectively. Let K and L be the incenter of triangles ABP and ACQ, respectively. Prove that
AD is the Euler line of triangle IKL.
(The Euler line of a triangle is the line going through the circumcenter and orthocenter of that
triangle.)
Proposed by Le Viet An - Vietnam
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution. Let Γ, O and H be the circumcircle, circumcenter and orthocenter of triangle IKL,
respectively.
Claim 1. A lies on OH.
Proof. Suppose that Γ meets HK, HL, OK, and OL at M , N , K ′ , and L′ , respectively. Also
M L′ intersects N K ′ at A′ . Applying Pascal’s theorem to the hexagon M KK ′ N LL′ implies that
the points H, O, and A′ are collinear.
It is easy to see that ∠AKI = ∠ABK+∠BAK
2
= ∠B+∠C
2
and
∠B + ∠C
∠IKN = ∠ILH = 90◦ − (180◦ − ∠BIC) = 90◦ − .
2
Hence ∠AKN = ∠AKI + ∠IKN = 90◦ . It yields that AK ∥ A′ K ′ . Similarly, one can show that
AL ∥ A′ L′ . Combining with KL ∥ K ′ L′ (by symmetry about center O), follows that two triangles
AKL and A′ K ′ L′ are homothetic. Therefore AA′ , KK ′ , and LL′ are concurrent and this proves
the claim.
H
I
L
K
B C
P Q
O
N
M
K′
′
L
A′
Proof. Let HK and HL intersect BC at E and F . Point A′ is the symmetric point to A with
respect to BI. Then
1 1
∠KA′ B = ∠KAB = ∠BAP = ∠C = ∠ICB.
2 2
It follows that KA′ ∥ CI, so ∠A′ KE = 90◦ . Now notice that ∠A′ IK = ∠AIK = 90◦ + ∠C 2
. On the
other hand, note that KE ⊥ CI so ∠A′ EK = 90◦ −∠ICE = 90◦ − ∠C 2
. Hence ∠A ′
IK +∠A ′
EK =
◦ ′
180 that implies quadrilateral A IKE is inscribed.
Let X be the midpoint of A′ E. Since ∠A′ IE = 90◦ , X is the circumcenter of triangle EKI. It
yields that
Similarly, if Y be the circumcenter of triangle ILF , one can show that Y lies on BC and ∠IY D =
∠B + ∠C. So the triangle IXY is isosceles at I. It yields that XE = XI = Y I = Y F . From
the other hand, ID ⊥ XY that implies D is the midpoint of XY and EF . Finally note that OX
and OY are perpendicular bisectors of IK and IL, so OX ∥ HF and OY ∥ HE. It implies that
triangles OXY and HF E are similar. Now note that DO and DH are medians of this triangles
so ∠HDE = ∠ODY and the conclusion follows.
H
I
L
K
A′
B E P X D Y Q F C
Note That this is the first version of the booklet prepared for the use of local
organizers of IGO. It should be kept confidential until the final version is posted
on the official website of IGO.
Contents
Elementary Level 3
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Intermediate Level 13
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Advanced Level 23
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Elementary Level
1
Problems
Problem 1. Find the angles of the pentagon ABCDE in the figure below.
B D
X Y
Z
A E
(→ p.5)
Problem 2. An isosceles trapezoid ABCD (AB ∥ CD) is given. Points E and F lie on the
sides BC and AD, and the points M and N lie on the segment EF such that DF = BE and
F M = N E. Let K and L be the foot of perpendicular lines from M and N to AB and CD,
respectively. Prove that EKF L is a parallelogram.
(→ p.6)
Problem 3. Let ABCDE be a convex pentagon such that AB = BC = CD and ∠BDE =
∠EAC = 30◦ . Find the possible values of ∠BEC.
(→ p.7)
Problem 4. Let AD be the internal angle bisector of triangle ABC. The incircles of triangles
ABC and ACD touch each other externally. Prove that ∠ABC > 120◦ . (Recall that the incircle
of a triangle is a circle inside the triangle that is tangent to its three sides.)
(→ p.8)
Problem 5. a) Do there exist four equilateral triangles in the plane such that each two have
exactly one vertex in common, and every point in the plane lies on the boundary of at most two
of them?
b) Do there exist four squares in the plane such that each two have exactly one vertex in common,
and every point in the plane lies on the boundary of at most two of them?
(Note that in both parts, there is no assumption on the intersection of interior of polygons.)
(→ p.9)
3
4 Elementary Level
Solutions
Problem 1. Find the angles of the pentagon ABCDE in the figure below.
C
B D
X Y
Z
A E
B D
X
Y
A E
It’s easy to see that the triangles △CBX, △CXY, △CY D, △ABX, △AXZ, △EDY, △EY Z are
all congruent. So 360◦ = ∠CXY + ∠CXB + ∠BXA + ∠AXZ + ∠Y XZ = 4∠CXY + 60◦ .
So ∠CXY = 75. So ∠ABC = ∠CDE = 150◦ and ∠BCD = 90◦ . So ∠BAE + ∠DEA =
540◦ − ∠ABC − ∠BCD − ∠CDE = 150◦ .Because ∠BAE and ∠DEA are equal, then they are
each 75◦
5
6 Elementary Level
Problem 2. An isosceles trapezoid ABCD (AB ∥ CD) is given. Points E and F lie on the
sides BC and AD, and the points M and N lie on the segment EF such that DF = BE and
F M = N E. Let K and L be the foot of perpendicular lines from M and N to AB and CD,
respectively. Prove that EKF L is a parallelogram.
Proposed by Mahdi Etesamifard - Iran
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution. Let the line at F parallel to BC intersect AB, CD in P and Q respectively.
Since BP ∥QC and P Q∥BC the quadrilateral P BCQ is a parallelogram.
We have F P = AF because ∡F P A = ∡F AP , hence F P = AF = EC
Letting O be the midpoint of M N :
in fact P F O ∼
= CEO. Now excluding the points A and D the figure is completely symmetric
with respect to O hence F K = EL, F K∥EL, therefore F KEL is a parallelogram.
P A K B
E
N
O
M
F
D Q L C
Solutions 7
B C
A 30 30 D
60
E′
Fix A, B, C, D such that AB = BC = CD and ABCD is convex. Note that the point E is
uniquely determined by the angle conditions.
Let E ′ be a point such that BCE ′ is equilateral (and A, E ′ , D all lie on the same side of BC).
By inscribed angles we have ∠BDE ′ = 21 ∠BCE ′ = 30◦ and likewise ∠E ′ AC = 30◦ . Hence
E ′ ≡ E and ∠BEC = ∠BE ′ C = 60◦ .
8 Elementary Level
Problem 4. Let AD be the internal angle bisector of triangle ABC. The incircles of triangles
ABC and ACD touch each other externally. Prove that ∠ABC > 120◦ . (Recall that the incircle
of a triangle is a circle inside the triangle that is tangent to its three sides.)
Proposed by Volodymyr Brayman - Ukraine
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution. Denote by ω(I, r) and ω1 (I1 , r1 ) the incircles of triangles ABC and ACD, respectively.
Let T be the point where ω1 touches AD. Point I1 lies on the segment CI, so the distance from
I1 to BC is less than the distance from I to BC. Hence r1 < r. Consider right triangle II1 T
(∠IT I1 = 90◦ ). Since II1 = r + r1 > 2r1 = 2I1 T , we have ∠T I1 I > 60◦ . On the other hand,
∠T I1 I + 90◦ = ∠AIC = 12 ∠ABC + 90◦ . Thus 12 ∠ABC > 60◦ , or ∠ABC > 120◦ .
ω1
I
I1
T
B D C
Remark. It can be shown that triangle ABC satisfies condition of the problem if and only if
2 cos B2 = 1 − sin C2 .
Solutions 9
Problem 5. a) Do there exist four equilateral triangles in the plane such that each two have
exactly one vertex in common, and every point in the plane lies on the boundary of at most two
of them?
b) Do there exist four squares in the plane such that each two have exactly one vertex in common,
and every point in the plane lies on the boundary of at most two of them?
(Note that in both parts, there is no assumption on the intersection of interior of polygons.)
Proposed by Hesam Rajabzadeh - Iran
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution. a) The answer is no. We begin with a lemma.
Lemma. Given two segments AB, CD of equal length, there is at most one point Z such that the
(clockwise or counter-clockwise) rotation of angle 60◦ with center Z maps AB to CD.
Proof. Consider Cartesian coordinate system on the plane and suppose that in this coordinate
−→
system the vector AB lies on x-axis and points to the right. Suppose that there is Z such that
the rotation of 60◦ with center Z maps exactly A to C and B to D (by symmetry, other cases
−→ −−→ −−→
are similar). Therefore, this rotation maps vector AB to CD. In particular, CD makes angle
60◦ with the positive direction of x-axis. We claim that such point Z is unique. Note that both
triangles ZAC, ZBD are equilateral, so Z lies on the perpendicular bisectors of AC, BD. This
intersection point is unique unless AC ∥ BD. In this case, Z is the intersection point of lines
AB, CD.
Now, if there is another point Z ′ such that the rotation of 60◦ with center Z ′ maps exactly A to
−−→
D and B to C, by similar arguments DC makes angle 60◦ with the positive direction of x-axis
−−→
which is a contradiction with the angle between CD and the positive direction of x-axis. The
proof of lemma is complete.
We return to the main problem. Assume to the contrary that there exist four equilateral triangles
△1 , △2 , △3 , △4 satisfying the conditions. The conditions imply that there are six points in the
plane; each is the vertex of exactly two of △i ’s.
First suppose that △i ’s are mutually non-congruent. Suppose that △1 = XAC and △2 = XBD,
and the labels of the vertices are so that the counter-clockwise rotation of 60◦ with center X
−→ −−→
maps A to C and B to D, respectively. So this rotation will map vector AB to CD (in particular
AB = CD).
Next, denote the common vertex of △3 , △4 by Y . We have several cases.
Y B = Y A = AB = CD = Y C = Y D.
• The remaining two triangles are △3 = Y AD, △4 = Y BC. In this case, either △Y BD ≡
△Y AC or △Y CD ≡ △Y BA. In the former case, we have AC = BD and so △1 ≡ △2 .
This leads to contradiction with the assumption of triangles not being congruent. In the
latter case, we get a rotation of angle 60◦ with center Y maps AB to CD. Note that the
point X has the same property so in view of lemma we must have X = Y . This leads to a
contradiction with the assumptions as X is a common vertex of all triangles.
Now suppose that two equilateral triangles △1 = XAC, △2 = XBD are congruent. This implies
that points A, B, C, D lie on the same circle with center X. So in particular, X lies on the
perpendicular bisectors of any pair from {A, B, C, D}. Assume that the labels of the points are
chosen so that the counter-clockwise rotation of 60◦ with center X maps A to C and B to D,
10 Elementary Level
respectively. By arguments similar to what we have done before, the angle between lines AB, CD
is 60◦ .
Denote the common vertex of the remaining two triangles by Y . We have several cases.
• The remaining two triangles are △3 = Y AB, △4 = Y CD. So, Y lies on the perpendicular
bisector of AB, CD. Since AB is not parallel to CD, their perpendicular bisectors meet at
the unique point X and so X = Y . This leads to contradiction as X = Y became a vertex
of all four triangles.
• The remaining two triangles are △3 = Y AD, △4 = Y BC. So, Y lies on the perpendicular
bisector of AD, BC. Now, if AD ̸∥ BC, similar to the previous item, we get X = Y ,
contradiction. But if AD ∥ BC, since ∠BY C = ∠DY A = 60◦ , Y should be the intersection
point of AC, BD and A, X, D are collinear. This also leads to a contradiction, as point X
is on the boundary of three triangles XBD, XAC, AY D.
A D Q3 Q3
O
Q1 Q1
Q4
B Q2 Q2
Note, if we denote the vertices of the squares by A, B, C, D (as in the left figure above) and the
center of Q3 by O, then right-angled triangles ABD and AOC are congruent. So, AC = AB and
Therefore, A, C, B are three vertices of a square, say Q4 . Then, Q1 , Q2 , Q3 , Q4 satisfy all required
conditions (see figure right above).
Intermediate Level
11
Problems
A X Y B
(→ p.15)
Problem 2. Two circles ω1 and ω2 with equal radius intersect at two points E and X. Arbitrary
points C, D lies on ω1 , ω2 . Parallel lines to XC, XD from E intersect ω2 , ω1 at A, B, respectively.
Suppose that CD intersect ω1 , ω2 again at P, Q, respectively. Prove that ABP Q is concyclic.
(→ p.16)
Problem 3. Let O be the circumcenter of triangle ABC. Arbitrary points M and N lie on
the sides AC and BC, respectively. Points P and Q lie in the same half-plane as point C with
respect to the line M N , and satisfy △CM N ∼ △P AN ∼ △QM B (in this exact order). Prove
that OP = OQ.
(→ p.17)
Problem 4. We call two simple polygons P , Q compatible if there exists a positive integer k such
that each of P, Q can be partitioned into k congruent polygons similar to the other one. Prove
that for every two even integers m, n ≥ 4, there are two compatible polygons with m and n sides.
(A simple polygon is a polygon that does not intersect itself.)
(→ p.18)
Problem 5. Let ABCD be a quadrilateral inscribed in a circle ω with center O. Let P be the
intersection of two diagonals AC and BD. Let Q be a point lying on the segment OP . Let E
and F be the orthogonal projections of Q on the lines AD and BC, respectively. The points M
and N lie on the circumcircle of triangle QEF such that QM ∥ AC and QN ∥ BD. Prove that
the two lines M E and N F meet on the perpendicular bisector of segment CD.
(→ p.19)
13
14 Intermediate Level
Solutions
A X Y B
A X Y B
D O
15
16 Intermediate Level
Problem 2. Two circles ω1 and ω2 with equal radius intersect at two points E and X. Arbitrary
points C, D lies on ω1 , ω2 . Parallel lines to XC, XD from E intersect ω2 , ω1 at A, B, respectively.
Suppose that CD intersect ω1 , ω2 again at P, Q, respectively. Prove that ABP Q is concyclic.
Proposed by Ali Zamani - Iran
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ->
------------
EX
Solution. Since two circles are equal and EA ∥ XC, we have ∠ECX = 2 = ∠EAX =
180◦ − ∠AXC, it shows that AX ∥ EC and AXCE is parallelogram. Similarly BEDX is
parallelogram. From these we get AE = XC, BE = XD, ∠AEB = ∠CXD, then two triangles
EAB, XCD are congruent and AB ∥ CD.
On the other hand
B A
ω1 ω2
E
Q
P C D
Solutions 17
Problem 3. Let O be the circumcenter of triangle ABC. Arbitrary points M and N lie on
the sides AC and BC, respectively. Points P and Q lie in the same half-plane as point C with
respect to the line M N , and satisfy △CM N ∼ △P AN ∼ △QM B (in this exact order). Prove
that OP = OQ.
Proposed by Medeubek Kungozhin - Kazakhstan
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution. From the statement we get quadrilaterals AN CP and BM CQ are concyclic, so
O P
B C
N
F Q
It shows that quadrilaterals AEP C, BQF C are isosceles trapezoids, then O lies on perpendicular
bisectors of EP, F Q(since O lies on perpendicular bisectors of AC, BC). Also we have
Therefore the quadrilateral EP QF is inscribed in a circle centered at O and this completes the
proof.
18 Intermediate Level
Problem 4. We call two simple polygons P , Q compatible if there exists a positive integer k such
that each of P, Q can be partitioned into k congruent polygons similar to the other one. Prove
that for every two even integers m, n ≥ 4, there are two compatible polygons with m and n sides.
(A simple polygon is a polygon that does not intersect itself.)
Proposed by Hesam Rajabzadeh - Iran
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution. We begin the solution with a lemma.
Proof. We only need to check transitivity, i.e. whenever a polygon Q is compatible to both
polygons P and R, then P is compatible with R. The other properties are trivial from the
definition.
Clearly, if P can be partitioned into m congruent polygons Q1 , . . . , Qm similar to Q, and Q can
be partitioned into n congruent polygons R1 , . . . , Rn similar to R, then one can partition each of
Qi ’s into n congruent polygons Ri,1 , . . . , Ri,n similar to R. Note that every pair of polygons of
the from Ri,j are congruent (because they have equal area), so {Ri,j : 1 ≤ i ≤ m, 1 ≤ j ≤ n} is a
partition of P into mn congruent polygons similar to R. Similarly, one can show that R can be
partitioned into mn congruent polygons similar to P and the proof is complete.
In view of above lemma, it suffices to introduce a polygon P such that for every even number d
there is simple d-gon compatible to P . We claim that one can take P to be a square.
For every k ≥ 1, consider the following staircase (2k + 2)-gon with two sides of length 2k and 2k
sides of length 2 and denote it by Pk .
2k
2
2k
Problem 5. Let ABCD be a quadrilateral inscribed in a circle ω with center O. Let P be the
intersection of two diagonals AC and BD. Let Q be a point lying on the segment OP . Let E
and F be the orthogonal projections of Q on the lines AD and BC, respectively. The points M
and N lie on the circumcircle of triangle QEF such that QM ∥ AC and QN ∥ BD. Prove that
the two lines M E and N F meet on the perpendicular bisector of segment CD.
Proposed by Tran Quang Hung - Vietnam
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution. We reformulate the problem into a triangle version as follows
Problem. Let ABC be a triangle. The circle (K) passing through B, C cuts the segments
CA, AB again at E, F , respectively. BE meets CF at H. Let P be a point lying on the segment
KH. The circle with diameter P A meets CA, AB again at M, N , respectively. Points S, T lie on
the circle with diameter P A such that P S ∥ BE, P T ∥ CF . Prove that M S and N T intersect
on the perpendicular bisector of BC.
A
G
E S
T F L
H M
N
P
B C
Two circumcircles of triangles AEF and ABC meet again at G. Easily seen AG ⊥ GK (from the
property of Miquel point) so G lies on the circle with diameter AP . Let GK meet the circumcircle
of triangle AEF again at L, then AL is the diameter of circumcircle of triangle AEF , therefore
AL ⊥ BC. Let M S meet N T at Q, we need to prove that KQ ⊥ BC. Indeed, we see that
P S ∥ BE and P M ⊥ AC, angles chasing give us
∠N M Q = ∠N M P + ∠M SP + ∠M P S
= 180◦ − ∠M P N + 90◦ − ∠BEC
= ∠BAC − ∠BEC + 90◦
= 90◦ − ∠EBA
= ∠F EK.
20 Intermediate Level
Similarly, ∠EF K = ∠M N Q. From these, triangles QM N and KEF are isosceles. Hence
△QM N ∼ △KEF . We have △GEF ∼ △GM N (since G is the center of spiral similarity which
transforms M N 7→ EF ), so △GF K ∼ △GN Q, this implies that △GF N ∼ △GKQ. Hence, we
have angle chasing again
21
Problems
Problem 1. Four points A, B, C, and D lie on a circle ω such that AB = BC = CD. The
tangent line to ω at point C intersects the tangent line to ω at point A and the line AD at points
K and L. The circle ω and the circumcircle of triangle KLA intersect again at M . Prove that
MA = ML
(→ p.25)
Problem 2. We are given an acute triangle ABC with AB ̸= AC. Let D be a point on BC
such that DA is tangent to the circumcircle of triangle ABC. Let E and F be the circumcenters
of triangles ABD and ACD, respectively, and let M be the midpoint of EF . Prove that the line
tangent to the circumcircle of AM D through D is also tangent to the circumcircle of ABC.
(→ p.26)
Problem 3. In triangle ABC (∠A ̸= 90◦ ), let O, H be the circumcenter and the foot of the
altitude from A respectively. Suppose M, N are midpoints of BC, AH respectively. Let D be
the intersection of AO and BC and let H ′ be the reflection of H about M . Suppose that the
circumcircle of OH ′ D intersects the circumcircle of BOC at E. Prove that N O and AE are
concurrent on the circumcircle of BOC.
(→ p.28)
Problem 4. Let ABCD be a trapezoid with AB ∥ CD. Its diagonals intersect at a point P . The
line passing through P parallel to AB intersects AD and BC at Q and R, respectively. Exterior
angle bisectors of angles DBA, DCA intersect at X. Let S be the foot of X onto BC. Prove
that if quadrilaterals ABP Q, CDQP are circumscribed, then P R = P S.
(→ p.31)
Problem 5. Let ABC be an acute triangle inscribed in a circle ω with center O. Points E, F
lie on its sides AC, AB, respectively, such that O lies on EF and BCEF is cyclic. Let R, S be
the intersections of EF with the shorter arcs AB, AC of ω, respectively. Suppose K, L are the
reflection of R about C and the reflection of S about B, respectively. Suppose that points P and
Q lie on the lines BS and RC, respectively, such that P K and QL are perpendicular to BC.
Prove that the circle with center P and radius P K is tangent to the circumcircle of RCE if and
only if the circle with center Q and radius QL is tangent to the circumcircle of BF S.
(→ p.33)
23
24 Advanced Level
Solutions
Problem 1. Four points A, B, C, and D lie on a circle ω such that AB = BC = CD. The
tangent line to ω at point C intersects the tangent line to ω at point A and the line AD at points
K and L. The circle ω and the circumcircle of triangle KLA intersect again at M . Prove that
MA = ML
Proposed by Mahdi Etesamifard - Iran
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution. Observe that BC∥AD, an easy angle chase gives :
> >
BC AB
∡KM A = ∡KLA = ∡KCB = = = ∡BM A
2 2
thus points K, B and M are collinear. But the two triangles KBC and KBA are congruent
hence ∡AKB = ∡CKB which implies that M A = M L as desired.
B C
A L
D
25
26 Advanced Level
Problem 2. We are given an acute triangle ABC with AB ̸= AC. Let D be a point on BC
such that DA is tangent to the circumcircle of triangle ABC. Let E and F be the circumcenters
of triangles ABD and ACD, respectively, and let M be the midpoint of EF . Prove that the line
tangent to the circumcircle of AM D through D is also tangent to the circumcircle of ABC.
Proposed by Patrik Bak - Slovakia
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution. Without loss of generality assume AB < AC. This means that B lies between D and
C. Triangle DBA is obtuse with the obtuse angle at B. Therefore, E lies in the half-plane DBC
containing A. Similarly, angle DAC, equal to 180◦ − ∠CBA, is obtuse, therefore F lies in the
opposite half-plane. Simple angle chasing gives
1
∠CDE = ∠BDE = 90◦ − ∠DEB = 90◦ − ∠DAB = 90◦ − ∠ACB
2
and
1
∠F DC = ∠F DB = 90◦ − ∠DF C
2
= 90◦ − (180◦ − ∠DAC)
= ∠DAC − 90◦
= ∠DAB + ∠BAC − 90◦
= ∠ACB + ∠BAC − 90◦
= 90◦ − ∠CBA
E
A
O
D
M
B C
Denote by O the circumcenter of triangle ABC. Since F O is the perpendicular bisector of AC,
we have F O ⊥ AC, therefore DE ∥ F O. Analogously, EO is the perpendicular bisector of AB,
Solutions 27
Problem 3. In triangle ABC (∠A ̸= 90◦ ), let O, H be the circumcenter and the foot of the
altitude from A respectively. Suppose M, N are midpoints of BC, AH respectively. Let D be
the intersection of AO and BC and let H ′ be the reflection of H about M . Suppose that the
circumcircle of OH ′ D intersects the circumcircle of BOC at E. Prove that N O and AE are
concurrent on the circumcircle of BOC.
Proposed by Mehran Talaei - Iran
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution 1. Let the line OH intersect the circumcircle BOC in F
Claim 1. F, D, E are collinear
Proof. Since OM ⊥ BC and M H = M H ′ we have ∡OHH ′ = ∡OH ′ H. But OH ′ ED is cyclic
and ∡OH ′ D = ∡OED. The claim is easily proven considering the fact that OB = OC
Now let A′ be the A − antipode in the circumcircle ABC.It’s easy to see that
OH.OF = OB 2 = OC 2 = OA2
since F H is the bisector of ∡BF C, so OA is tangent to the circumcircle AHF , thus
∡HAO = ∡HF A or
∡A′ AF = ∡OAF = ∡OHA (1)
D lies on the radical axis of the two circumcircles ABC and BOC :
DF.DE = DB.DC = DA′ .DA (2)
by (2) the quadrilateral AEA′ F is cyclic :
∡A′ EF = ∡A′ AF (3)
letting OM intersect the circumcircle BOC in P we have OP ∥AH
∡P OF = ∡OHA (4)
Combining (1) , (3) , (4) points E, A′ , P are collinear
A
O
E
B C
H M DH ′
A′
P
Solutions 29
−1 = (∞N, AH) = (P X, KF )
where X is the intersection point of N O and the circumcircle BOC. Taking a look at claim (2)
and projecting from E
−1 = (AA′ , DK) = (Y P, F K)
Where Y is the intersection point of AE and the circumcircle BOC Considering the last two
projections X ≡ Y .
Solution 2. Let OD and OH ′ intersect the circumcircle BOC in K and L respectively.
Easy to see that ∡OKL = ∡OH ′ D = ∡OHD.
Define P = KL ∩ BC. Then the quadrilateral HP OK is cyclic.
E
B M D H′ C P
H
Apply the inversion about the circumcircle ABC. The following problem is the figure after
mapping :
Problem 1. In triangle ABC the line AO intersects side BC and circumcircle BOC in D, K
respectively. H is the foot of the A − altitude. The line BC intersects the circumcircle OHK in
P and Q is the second intersection of this line with the circumcircle AOP . Prove that OQ bisects
AH.
30 Advanced Level
B P
H D Q C
A′
Proof.
Let A′ be the A − antipode in the circumcircle ABC.
D is the radical center of the three circumcircles OHK, ABC, BOC, hence
Problem 4. Let ABCD be a trapezoid with AB ∥ CD. Its diagonals intersect at a point P . The
line passing through P parallel to AB intersects AD and BC at Q and R, respectively. Exterior
angle bisectors of angles DBA, DCA intersect at X. Let S be the foot of X onto BC. Prove
that if quadrilaterals ABP Q, CDQP are circumscribed, then P R = P S.
Proposed by Dominik Burek - Poland
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution. We start with the following simple lemma.
Lemma 1. Let KLM N be a circumscribed trapezoid with KL ∥ M N . Suppose that rays
−−→ −−→
KN , LM , intersect at O. Let K ′ be the projection of K onto M N . Then KO = OM + K ′ M .
Proof. Let X, Y, Z, T be the points of tangency of the incircle with KL, LM, M N, N K, respec-
tively. Then
KO = KT + T O = KX + Y O = K ′ Z + OM + M Y = K ′ Z + OM + M Z = K ′ M + OM
K′ N Z M
T Y
K X L
Let A′ , D′ be the feet of A, D onto P Q. Applying lemma for circumscribed trapezoids ABP Q
and DCP Q we obtain DP + A′ P = AD = AP + D′ P .
Without loss of generality assume that ∠BAD ≤ 90◦ . Denote the foot of D onto AB by D′′ .
Then AD′′ = A′ D′ = A′ P − D′ P = AP − DP .
Choose D′′′ on AP such that P D′′′ = P D. Then AD′′′ = AP − D′′′ P = AP − DP = AD′′ . Hence
internal angle bisectors of D′′ AD′′′ and DP D′′′ coincide with perpendicular bisectors of D′′ D′′′
and DD′′′ . It follows that the circumcenter X ′ of DD′′ D′′′ coincides with the A-excenter of ABP .
But it lies on perpendicular bisector of DD′′ as well, which is the line parallel to AB and CD
equidistant from them. It follows that the A-excircle ω of ABP is tangent to CD. It is easy
to see now that X ′ lies on the exterior angle bisectors of DBA and DCA, hence X ′ = X. Let
K, L, M, N be the points of tangency of ω with AB, CD, AC, BD, respectively. Let X∞ be the
point at infinity of lines AB, CD, P R. Brianchon theorem for quadrilateral BX∞ CP shows that
M K and N L intersect at R.
32 Advanced Level
D C L
A′ Q ω
P R
D′ X′ ≡ X
S
N
D ′′′
A D ′′ B K
Problem 5. Let ABC be an acute triangle inscribed in a circle ω with center O. Points E, F
lie on its sides AC, AB, respectively, such that O lies on EF and BCEF is cyclic. Let R, S be
the intersections of EF with the shorter arcs AB, AC of ω, respectively. Suppose K, L are the
reflection of R about C and the reflection of S about B, respectively. Suppose that points P and
Q lie on the lines BS and RC, respectively, such that P K and QL are perpendicular to BC.
Prove that the circle with center P and radius P K is tangent to the circumcircle of RCE if and
only if the circle with center Q and radius QL is tangent to the circumcircle of BF S.
Proposed by Mehran Talaei - Iran
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution. Let ω1 , ω2 be the circumcircles of RCE and SBF and let Ω1 , Ω2 be the circles with
centers P, Q and radius P K, QL respectively. Notice that AO ⊥ EF because ∠OAE = 90◦ −
> >
∠ABC and ∠OEA = ∠ABC. So AR = AS = 90◦
P
A
45
R O E
F
B C
G K
T
135
Ω1
ω1 C
K
We prove the problem by performing an inversion centered at R with radius RK.RT and then
reflecting about the angle bisector of K ′ RT ′ . The following is the resulted problem: (The images
of the points are denoted by primes)
K′ T′
O
Ω1 ′
C′ Z
45
H
Solutions 35
E K′ T′
C′ Z
45
H
>′
>′
>′
>′
Let α be the angle ∠RZC ′ . It’s easy to see that 45◦ = ∠K ′ EH = T H−2 K H and T H+2 K H =
>′ ′ > >
180◦ − K2T = 180◦ − α. So T ′ H = 225◦ − α and K ′ H = 135◦ − α. Now we split the problem into
two the cases α > 45◦ and α < 45◦ .
Case 1. α > 45◦
With easy angle chasing we conclude that ∠K ′ C ′ E > ∠K ′ RT ′ . Therefor K ′ E > K ′ T ′ . So
′ ′
( HK
HT ′
)2 = EK
ET ′
> 12 . Thus:
◦
sin( 1352 −α ) 1
225◦ −α >
√
sin( 2 ) 2
◦ √ √ √
So if θ = 1352 −α , then 2 sin θ > sin(θ + 45) = 22 sin θ + 22 cos θ, so sin θ > cos θ hence θ > 45◦
therefor α < 45◦ , which is a contradiction.
Case 2. α < 45◦
It’s similar to the first case.
As shown above both cases cause a contradiction so α must be equal to 45◦ , as requested.