.

How do OrganismsReproduce?
Objective Answer
Q. 1. Questions numbers 1(a) to 1(d) are basedon protein rich food can help to reduce symptoms of
table given below. Study the table in which the thyroid imbalance.
levels of Thyroid StimulatingHormone (TSH) in (b) Women are at greater risk for
women are given and answer the questions that developing abnormal TSH levels
follow on the basis of understanding of the during menstruation, when giving
following paragraph and the related studied birth and after going through
concepts. menopause.
Age Range Normal (mU/L) Low (mU/L) 18 – 29 years (c) Low TSH levels indicate
0.4 – 2.34 mU/L < 0.4 mU/L hyperthyroidism. This is also known
30 – 49 years 0.4 – 4.0 mU/L < 0.4 mU/L as anoveractive thyroid.
50 – 79 years 0.46 – 4.68 mU/L < 0.46 mU/L Symptoms of hyperthyroidism include:

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Women are at greater risk for developing
abnormal TSH levels during menstruation,
while giving birth and after going through
menopause. Around5% of women in the United
States have some kind of thyroid problem
LA
compared to 3% of men. Despite claimsthat high
TSH increases your risk for heart disease, a 2013
study found no linkbetween high TSH and heart
diseases. But a 2017 study showed that older
women are especially at risk for deve loping fatigue, weakness or hair loss.
thyroid cancer if they have high TSH levels along
with thyroid nodules.
(a) A 35 year old woman has TSH level
A
(i) An irregular or rapid heartbeat.
(ii) Weight loss, eye or vision
changes.
(iii) Palpitations, rapid heartbeat,
shakiness, sweating, feeling
‘hot’.
(iv) Diarrhoea, stomach and bowel
abnormalities or anxiety.
(v) Insomnia (trouble sleeping),
(d) Iodine is the most well-known
mineral for thyroid health. It is
essential for the thyroid to build T4

6.03 mU/L. What change should she bring in her and T3 hormones.
diet to control this level?
Q. 2. The growing size of the human population
(b) When do women face a greater risk
is a cause of concern for all people. The rate of
of abnormal TSH level?
birth and death in a given population will
B

(c) State the consequence of low TSH determine its size. Reproduction is the process
level. by which organisms increase their population.
(d) Name the mineral that is responsible The process of sexual maturation for
for synthesis of hormone secreted by reproduction is gradual and takes place while
thyroid gland. general body growth is still going on. Some
[CBSE OD, Set 1, 2020] degree of sexual maturation does not necessarily
Ans. (a) Maintaining the level of omega-3 mean
to that the mind or body is ready for sexual
omega-6 fatty acids in the diet could help healthy acts or for having and bringing up children.
neurological functions and reduce inflammation. Various contraceptive devices are being used by
Wild fish such as mackerel, salmon and sardines human beings to control thesize of population.
are among the best sources of omega-3s to develop (a) List two common signs of sexual
an improved immune system. Diet with maturation in boys and girls.
(b) What is the result of reckless female
foeticide?
.

Which contraceptive method changesthe hormonal
balance of the body?
(c) Write two factors that determine the
size of a population.
[CBSE Delhi, Set 1, 2020]
Ans. (a) Common signs of sexual maturation in
boys and girls are:
(i) Thick hair growing in new parts
ofthe body such as armpits and
thegenital area between the
thighs. Thinner hair can also
appear on legs and arms, as well
as on the face.
(ii) The skin frequently becomes oily
and might begin to develop
pimples.
(b) Due to reckless female foeticides,
child sex ratio is declining at an
alarming rate in some sections of the
society.
(c) Contraceptive pills changes the
hormonal balance of the body.
(d) Birth rate and Death rates are the
factors which determines the size of
the population.

Very Short Answer

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Q. 1. When a cell reproduces, what happens to copies are identical to those in the parent DNA.
its DNA? However, some changes can occur either due to
[CBSE OD, Term 2, Set 1, 2017] mutation or due to minor errors during replication
Ans. During the process of reproduction, process. Thus, the newly formed DNA copies may
transmission of DNA from parents to offspring not be identical at times.
takes place. Before reproduction, DNA is Q. 4. Name the method by which Spirogyra
LA
replicated, which means two copies of DNA are reproduces under favourable conditi-ons. Is
produced. When the cell divides, the two copies are this method sexual or asexual?[CBSE Delhi,
distributedequally between the two daughter cells Term 2, Set 1, 2017]
so that similar amount and type of DNA is
Ans. Under favourable conditions, Spirogyra
transferred from the parent cell to the daughter
reproduces by fragmentation. This is an asexual
cells. It maintains the consistency in the amount
method of reproduction.
and type of DNA in the living organism of a
Q. 5. A student while observing an embryo of a
A

particular species.
gram seed listed various parts of the embryo as
Q. 2. To perform an experiment to identify the listed below:
different parts of an embryo of a dicot seed, first
of all you require a dicot seed.Select dicot seeds Testa, Micropyle, Cotyledon, Tegmen, Plumule,
B

from the followinggroup. Radicle. On examining the list the teacher

Wheat, Gram, Maize, Pea, Barley, commented that only three parts are correct.
Ground-nut
(a) Wheat, Gram and Pea
(b) Gram, Pea and Ground-nut
(c) Maize, Pea and Barley
(d) Gram, Maize and Ground-nut
[CBSE OD, Term 2, Set 1, 2017]
Ans. (b) Gram, Pea and Ground-nut
Select these threecorrect parts:
(a) Cotyledon, Testa, Plumule
(b) Cotyledon, Plumule, Radicle
(c) Cotyledon, Tegmen, Radicle
(d) Cotyledon, Micropyle, Plumule
[CBSE Delhi, Term 2, Set 1, 2017]
Ans. (b) Cotyledon, Plumule, Radicle.

Q. 3. Newly formed DNA copies may notbe Q. 6. How does Plasmodium reproduce. Isthis
identical at times. Give one reason.[CBSE OD,method sexual or asexual?
Term 2, Set 2, 2017] [CBSE Delhi, Term 2, Set 3, 2017]

Ans. During the process of replication of DNA, Ans. Plasmodium reproduces by a process
most of the base sequences in the new known as multiple fission. Multiple
.

fission is a type of asexual reproduction in which Q. 11. List two functions of ovary of human
a single parent cell divides into several daughterfemale reproductive system.
individuals. In this process, the parent nucleus [CBSE OD, Term 2, Set 3, 2016]
divides several times into a number of daughter Ans. (i) To produce female gamete.
nuclei. Later the cytoplasm divides into as many (ii) To secrete female sex hormones.
pieces as the number of nuclei and each piece
Q. 12. Name the part of Bryophyllum where the
surrounds each nucleus. Each uninucleated piece
buds are produced for vegetative propagation.
develops an outer membrane and finally the [CBSE Delhi, Term 2, Set 1, 2016]
parent cell divides into several uninucleate
individuals. Ans. In Bryophyllum the buds are produced in leaf
notches.
Q. 7 How does Planaria reproduce? Is this
method sexual or asexual? Q. 13. A student has to perform the experiment
[CBSE Delhi, Term 2, Set 2, 2017] “To identify the different parts of an embryo of
a dicot seed.” Select from the following an
Ans. Planaria reproduces by the process of
appropriate group of seeds:
regeneration. It is a type of asexual reproduction (a) Pea, gram, wheat
in which Planaria is cut intoany number of pieces (b) Red kidney bean, maize, gram

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each piece grows into a new organism. (c) Maize, wheat, red kidney bean
Q. 8. What happens when a mature Spirogyra (d) Red kidney bean, pea, gram
filament attains considerable length? [CBSE [CBSE Delhi, Term 2, Set 1, 2016]
OD, Term 2, Set 1, 2016] Ans. (d) Red kidney bean, pea, gram
Ans. Filament of Spirogyra breaks into smaller
Q. 14. What happens when a Planaria gets cut
fragments when it matures and each filament
LA
into two pieces?
grows into a new filament orindividual. [CBSE Delhi, Term 2, Set 3, 2016]
Q. 9. A student while observing an embryo of a Ans. Each piece regenerates into a new Planaria.
pea seed in the laboratory listed various parts of
the embryo as given below: Q. 15. Name of the life process of an organism
that helps in the growth of its population.[CBSE
Testa, Tegmen, Radicle, Plumule,
OD, Term 2, Set 1, 2015]
Micropyle, Cotyledon.
Ans. Reproduction
On examining the list the teacher remarked that
A

only three parts are correct.
Select three correct parts from the abovelist:
(a) Testa, Radicle, Cotyledon
(b) Tegmen, Radicle, Micropyle
B
Q. 16. A student was asked to observe and
identify the various parts of an embryo of a red
kidney bean seed. He identified the parts and
listed them as under:

I. Tegmen II. Testa

(c) Cotyledon, Plumule, Testa
III. Cotyledon IV. Radicle
(d) Radicle, Cotyledon, Plumule
V. Plumule
[CBSE OD, Term 2, Set 1, 2016]
The correctly identified parts amongthese are
Ans. (d) Radicle, Cotyledon, Plumule (a) I, II and III (b) II, III and IV
Q. 10. What are those organisms called which (c) III, IV and V (d) I, III, IV and V
bear both the sex organs in the same individual. [CBSE OD, Term 2, Set 1, 2015]
Give one example of such organism. Ans. (c) III, IV and V
[CBSE OD, Term 2, Set 2, 2016] Q. 17. Where is DNA found in a cell?
Ans. Those organisms which bear both the sex [CBSE OD, Term 2, Set 2, 2015]
organs in the same individual are called bisexual Ans. DNA is found inside the nucleus in a cell.
organisms. Example: Hydra.
Q. 18. Name two simple organisms having the
ability of regeneration.
[CBSE OD, Term 2, Set 3, 2015]
Ans. Planaria and Hydra
.

Q. 19. A student identified the various partsof an Ans. (b) II, III, IV
embryo of a gram seed and listed them as given
Q. 20. List two functions performed by thetestis
below:
(I) Testa (II) Plumule in human beings.
[CBSE Delhi, Term 2, Set 1, 2015]
(III) Radicle (IV) Cotyledon
(V) Tegman Ans. (i) To produce sperms
Out of these the actual parts of theembryo are: (ii) To produce male sex hormone,
(a) I, II, III (b) II, III, IV testosterone
(c) III, IV, V (d) II, IV, V
[CBSE Delhi, Term 2, Set 1, 2015]
Short Answer
Q. 1. After examining a prepared slide under the Q. 4. A student is viewing under a micro- scope a
high power of a compound micro- scope, a permanent slide showing various stages of
student concludes that the given slide shows the asexual reproduction by budding in yeast. Draw
various stages of binary fission in a unicellular diagram of what he observes in proper sequence.

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organism.Write two observations on the basis of [CBSE, 2018]
which such a conclusion may be drawn.
[CBSE OD, Set 1, 2019] Ans.
Ans. (i) The nucleus of mature cell seems Nucleus Daughter
Bud Daughter
elongated and a grove is formed in the cell which yeast
LA
divides the nucleus.
(ii) A single parent divides to form two daughter
Parentyeast
cells. Constriction appears due to the division of
the cytoplasm. Budding in Yeast
nuclei

Q. 2. Draw a labelled diagram in proper Vacuole

Q. 5. Draw in sequence (showing the four stages),
A

sequence to show budding in hydra.

[CBSE Delhi, Set 1, 2019] the process of binary fission in Amoeba.
[CBSE OD, Term 2, Set 1, 2017]
Ans.
Ans. Binary Fission in Amoeba is asexual type of
B

Nucleus
reproduction in which thelengthens
organism splits directly
Nucleus divides
two parts
into

into two equal-sized offsprings, each with a copy

of the parent’s genetic material.
Q. 3. Name the process by which an Amoeba (b)

reproduces. Draw the various stages of its (c)

reproduction in a proper sequence.

[CBSE, 2018]
Formation oftwodaughter
Ans. Amoeba reproduces by binary fission. It cells

results in division of nucleus followed bydivision (e)

of cytoplasm.
Fully grown
Amoeba Nucleus

(a) Cytoplasm
Cytoplasmdivides

(d)
.

Q. 6. Name the type of asexual reproduction in Q. 9. Students were asked to observe the
which two individuals are formed from a single permanent slides showing different stages of
parent and the parental identity islost. Write the
budding in yeast under high power of a
first step from where sucha type of reproductionmicroscope.
begins. Draw first two stages of this (a) Which adjustment screw (coarse/
reproduction.
[CBSE Delhi, Term 2, Set 1, 2017] fine) were you asked to move to
focus the slides?
Ans. Binary fission is the type of asexual (b) Draw three diagrams in correct
reproduction in which two individuals are sequence showing budding in yeast.
formed from a single parent and the parental
[CBSE OD, Term 2, Set 1, 2015]
identity is lost. This reproduction starts from
division of nucleus i.e. karyokinesis. Ans. (a) Fine
(b)

Nucleus Dividing

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nucleus

Pseudopodium Q. 10. Name the type of asexual

reproduction in which two individuals are
Daughtercells Binary fission in Amoeba formed from a single parent and the parental
identity
final is lost.
stages Draw
of this the
type ofinitial and the State
reproduction.
Q. 7. A student is observing a permanent Constriction slidethe event with which this repro- duction starts.
LA
showing sequentially the different stages of a [CBSE Delhi, Term 2, Set 1, 2015]
sexual reproduction taking place in yeast. Name
this process and draw diagrams, of what he Ans. Binary fission
observes, in a proper sequence.
[CBSE OD, Term 2, Set 1, 2016]
Ans.
A

Amoeba (Parent cell) Daughter cells

Yeast cell Developing bud New bud Chain of buds
Q. 11. Write two differences between binary
B

Q. 8. Draw a labelled diagram to show that fission and multiple fission in a tabular form.
particular stage of binary fission in amoeba in [CBSE Delhi, Term 2, Set 2, 2015]
which its nucleus elongates and divides into two S.
Ans.
and a constriction appears in its cell membrane. No. Binary fission Multiple fission
[CBSE Delhi, Term 2, Set 1, 2016] 1. Parent nucleus Parent nucleus
Daughter cells
Ans. divides into two divides into multiple
and moves to two daughter nuclei, each
daughter cells. surrounded by
cytoplasm.
2. No protective A protective cyst is
covering is formed. formed.

Constriction
.
Short Answer
Q. 1. Define the term pollination. Differentiate
between self pollination and cross pollination.
What is the significance of pollination? [CBSE
Delhi, Set 1, 2020]
Ans. Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains
from anther of a stamen to the stigma of a carpel.
Pollination is a significant process as it helps in
fertilisation by bringing the male gamete (male
pronucleus) closer to the female (egg) and
allowing their fusion.It helps in the production of
seeds and fruits and thereby help in reproduction
as the seeds formed helps in generation of new
offsprings. Cross-pollination helps
in the introduction of new variations inplants.
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S. Self-pollination Cross-pollination
No
1. In self-pollination, In cross-pollination,
the pollen grains the pollen grains are
are transferred transferred from
LA
from anther to anther to stigma of
stigma of the same another flower
flower or different present on a different
flower present on plant.
the same plant.
2. In self-pollination, In cross-pollination,
only one plant is two different plants
involved. are involved.
A
3. It is a sure met- It is not a sure method
hod of pollination of pollination (pol-
(pollination rarely lination may fail).
B
fails).
Q. 2. (a) List in tabular form two differences
between binary fission and multiplefission.
(b) What happens when a mature Spirogyra
filament attains considerable length. [CBSE
Delhi, Set 2, 2020]
Ans. (a) The difference between binary fissionand
multiple fission is as follows:
Binary Fission Multiple Fission
1. Binary fission re- Multiple fission re-
sults in formation sults in formation
of two individuals of many cells from a
from the single single parent.
parent.
2. It occurs in most ofIt occurs in few or-
bacterium relay ganisms and not only
from binary fis-for reproduction but
sion for reproduc- also to tide over unfa-
tion. For example; vourable condition.
Amoeba reproduc- For example : When a
es through binary spirogyra filament
fission in which attains considerable
two daughter nu- length, the filament
clei are formed breaks down into
from a single par- smaller pieces which
ent. grow up to a mature
spirogyra. This pro-
cess is called frag-
mentation.
Q. 3. What is carpel? Write the function of its
various parts. [CBSE OD, Set 1, 2019]
Ans. The flask-shaped organ in the centre of a
flower is called carpel. It is also called as female
reproductive organ of the plant.
It is made up of three parts:
(i) Stigma (ii) Style (iii) Ovary.
(i) Stigma is the top part of carpel and is
sticky. So, it receives the pollen from
the anther of stamen.
(ii) Style connects stigma to ovary and
acts as the passage for the growth of
pollen tube.
(iii) Ovary contains female gametes of the
plant and helps in reproduction. It is
the site of fertilization.
Q. 4. Distinguish between pollination and
fertilisation. Mention the site and the product of
fertilisation in a flower.
[CBSE OD, Set 2, 2019]
Ans. (i) The transfer of pollen grains from antherof
a stamen to the stigma of a carpel is called
pollination whereas fertilisation is the fusion of
male and female gameteto form a zygote.
(ii) Pollination is an external mechanism whereas
fertilisation is an internal mechanism which takes
place inside the flower.
Site of fertilisation in flower is ovary. Product of
fertilisation in flower is zygote.
Q. 5. (a) Budding, fragmentation and
regeneration, all are considered as asexual mode
of reproduction. Why?
(b) With the help of neat diagrams, explain the
process of regeneration in Planaria. [CBSE OD,
Set 3, 2019]
.

Ans. (a) Budding, fragmentation and The process of getting back a full organism from
regeneration are considered as asexual mode of its body parts is called regeneration. Planaria
reproduction because only one parent is involved reproduces by this method in which if the body of
no sex cells areinvolved. Planaria somehow gets cut into a number of
(b) Regeneration in Planaria. pieces, then eachbody piece can regenerate into a

completePlanaria by growing all the missing

Regeneration in Planaria parts.

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Q. 6. Write one main difference between asexual
and sexual mode of reproduction. Which species
is likely to have comparatively better chances of
survival—the one reproducing asexually or the
one reproducing sexually? Give reasons to
justify your answer.
LA
[CBSE, 2018]
A
B
.

Ans. Asexual reproduction involves only one Two disadvantages of vegetative propagation
parent and the offsprings produced are clone and are:
similar copies of their parents whereas sexual (i) As there is no genetic variation,
reproduction involves two parents and the thereis no chance of development of
offsprings produced are different from their new and better varieties.
parents. Offsprings produced by sexual (ii) The vegetatively propagated plants
reproduction have better chances of survival. are more prone to diseases that are
Sexual reproduction leads to variation because it specific to the species.
leads to the formation of offspring by the Q. 9. List three techniques that have been
combination of DNA from both the parents, so the developed to prevent pregnancy. Which one of
species will have better adaptability and better these techniques is not meant for males? How
survival rate. does the use of these techniques have a direct
Q. 7. Reproduction is one of the most impor-impact on the health and prosperity of a family?
tant characteristics of living beings. Givethree [CBSE OD, Term 2, Set 1, 2017]
reasons in support of the statement.[CBSE OD, Ans. Three techniques that have been developed
Term 2, Set 1, 2017] to prevent pregnancy are:

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Ans. Reproduction is an energy consuming (i) Mechanical Methods: Include
process which is not essential for the sur- vival of condoms, diaphragm, IUCDs, etc.
an individual. But it is highly essential for all the (ii) Chemical Methods: Include oral
living beings becauseof the following reasons: contraceptive pills, spermicide.
(i) Reproduction helps in increasing the (iii) Surgical Method: Includes
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number of members of a population. vasectomy and tubectomy.
(ii) By replacing the dead members with The chemical methods are not meant for males.
the new ones, it minimises the risk
The use of such contraceptive methods have
ofextinction of a species.
various benefits, such as:
(iii) It brings about variations in species,
(i) Large size of families have a
thus, leading to their evolution.
negativeimpact on the economic
Q. 8. What is vegetative propagation? State two status of the family.
A

advantages and two disadvantages of this (ii) Having pregnancies at quick succes-
method. sions reduces mother’s health and
[CBSE OD, Term 2, Set 1, 2017] vitality. Use of contraceptive devices
Ans. Vegetative propagation is a mode of asexual thus, effects the maternal health
status.
B

reproduction in which new plants are obtained

from vegetative parts of the plants such as shoots (iii) Some contraceptive devices (such as
condoms) are also helpful in preven-
or stem for the propagation of new plants.
ting sexually transmitted diseases.
Two advantages of vegetativepropagation are:
Q. 10. Describe reproduction by spores in
(i) Plants which do not produce seeds
Rhizopus.
are propagated by this method.
[CBSE OD, Term 2, Set 2, 2017]
(ii) Vegetative propagation is a cheaper,
easier and rapid method of Ans. Rhizopus is a fungus that reproduces by
propagation in plants than growing spore formation. The fungal hyphae gives rise to a
plants from their seeds. Plants grow globular structure known as sporangium. The
very slowly and take 4 to 7 years to sporangium gives rise to several spores by
develop flowers when grown with repetitive divi- sion of its nucleus. Each nucleus
their seeds. gets sur-rounded by a part of cytoplasm and thus
develops into a spore. These spores then mature
inside the sporangium. Once they
.

are fully mature, the sporangium bursts to release
these spores in the environment. Since the spores
disperse through air, they can land on various
sites. These sites may be favourable or
unfavourable. During unfavourable conditions,
these spores are protected by a tough coat. Once
favourable conditions return, they germinate and
grow into new hyphae.
Sporangium
Spores
Hyphae
Ans. The basic requirements for sexual repro-
duction to take place is the involvement of two
parents and fusion of their haploidgametes. In the
sexual reproduction, a new individual is formed
which is diploid in nature, the gametes, one from
the maleparent and other from the female parent.
Since the new individual formed is diploid in
nature, the gametes must be formed bymeiosis, so
that chromosome number can be reduced to half.
When fusion of gam- etes occurs, the nuclei of
these two gam- etes fuse and the chromosome
number is then restored to normal. The zygote,
thus,formed is diploid in nature.
Importance of sexual reproduction:
(i) Sexual reproduction involves fusion
of male and female gametes from

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boththe parents, thus results in
geneticvariations in the offsprings.
(ii) Sexual reproduction promotes
diversity of characters in offsprings
by providing genetic variations.
LA
Spore formation in Rhizopus (iii) These genetic variations, thus leadto
evolution of species as well as allow
Q. 11. What happens when:
the organisms to become better
(a) Accidently, Planaria gets cut into adapted in the changing
many pieces? environment.
(b) Bryophyllum leaf falls on the wet soil?
(c) On maturation sporangia of Rhizo- Q. 13. State the changes that take place in the
pus bursts? uterus when:
[CBSE Delhi, Term 2, Set 1, 2017] (a) Implantation of embryo has occurred.
A

Ans. (a) When Planaria gets cut into many pieces, (b) Female gamete/egg is not fertilised.
it will undergo a process known as regeneration [CBSE Delhi, Term 2, Set 1, 2017]
due to which each piece will grow into a new
Ans. (a) When implantation has occured in uterus
B

Planaria organism.
(b) When Bryophyllum leaf falls on the of the mother, the inner lining of the uterus
wet soil, the buds that are produced in thickens and is richly supplied with the blood
the notches along the leaf will develop vessels to provide nourishment to the growing
into new plants by the process known embryo.
as vegetative propagation. (b) If the egg is not fertilised, it lives for about one
(c) When the sporangia of Rhizopus day. Since, the thickened uterus lining is no more
bursts on maturation, the spores required, it will slowly breakdown and comes out
present inside it spread in the open through the vagina as blood and mucous known as
environment. Then, with the help of menstruation which lasts for about two to eight
different agents, they are carried to days.
different places and when they land Q. 14. Mention the total number of
on a favourable surface, they start chromosomes along with the sex chromosomes
growing and produce new organism. that are present in a human female and a human
Q. 12. State the basic requirement for sexual male. Explain how in sexually
reproduction. Write the importance of such
reproduction in nature.
[CBSE Delhi, Term 2, Set 1, 2017]
.

producing organisms the number of of the population of a particular species. Moreover,

chromosomes in the progeny remains the same as the natural cycle of life and death also removes the
that of the parents. sections of the population.
[CBSE Delhi, Term 2, Set 2, 2017]
Q. 17. Explain the term ‘’Regeneration’’ as usedin
Ans. The total number of chromosomespresent inrelation to reproduction of organisms. Describe
both human male and female is 46. Out of these, briefly how regeneration is carried out in
two chromosomes are the sex chromosomes. In multicellular organisms like Hydra. [CBSE OD,
human males, the two sex chromosomes presentTerm 2, Set 1, 2016]
are X and Y, while in human female, both sex
Ans. Regeneration is the ability of an organism to
chromosomes are X. During sexual reproduction,
give rise to a new organism or individ- ual from
the new individual is formed by the fusion of
their body parts.
gametes from both the parents. These gametes are
haploid in nature i.e., they contain only one set of If the body of Hydra is cut into pieces, then each
the chromosomes. During the process of meiosis body piece of Hydra can grow into a complete
the number becomes half. When these haploid Hydra i.e., on cutting intopieces, the cells of the cut
gametes fuse during fertilisation the nuclei of parts divide rapidly to make ‘ball of cells’. The

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these two gametes fuse and the chromosome cells present in the ‘ball of cells’ move to their
number is then restored to normal. Hence the proper places within the ball where they have to
progeny formed has the same number of form various organs and body parts of the
chromosomes as that of the parents. organisms.
Q. 18. List the two types of reproduction. Which
Q. 15. List any four steps involved in sexual
one of the two is responsible for bringing in
reproduction and write its two advantages?[CBSE
LA
more variations in its pro- geny and how?
Delhi, Term 2, Set 3, 2017]
[CBSE OD, Term 2, Set 3, 2017]
Ans. The steps involved in sexual
reproductionare as follows: Ans. Reproduction methods are of two types:
(i) Formation of gametes through Sexual and Asexual. Out of these, sexual
meiosis. reproduction brings more variation in
(ii) Transfer of male gametes into the organisms. In sexual reproduction fusion of male
female body. and female gametes from different organisms
A

(iii) Fertilisation (fusion of male and occurs. Sincethe fusion of gametes come from two
female gametes). different individuals, the offsprings exhibit more
(iv) Post fertilisation changes. diversity of characters. Also during gamete
Advantages of sexual reproduction: formation, meiosis occurs which brings new
B

combinations of genes. Both these factors lead to

(i) It is a source of genetic variationmore variationsin the progeny.
among individuals of a population.
Q. 19. In the context of reproduction of species
(ii) It gives rise to individuals that are state the main difference between fission and
more adapted to the environment. fragmentation. Also give one example of each.
Q. 16. Define reproduction. How does it help in [CBSE OD, Term 2, Set 2, 2016]
providing stability to the population of species?
Ans. Fission is the method of asexual repro-
[CBSE OD, Term 2, Set 1, 2016]
duction in unicellular form of life. In this process
Ans. Reproduction is a biological process in which the parent organism splits to form two or more
new individuals of same species are produced by daughter cells. Example: Plasmodium and Amoeba.
the existing species. Every species has to While in frag- mentation, the filament of
constantly struggle for its survival. Natural multicellular organisms break into many pieces
predators and vagaries of nature keep on removing which
a large section
.

grows individually to a new individual. Example: (b)

Spirogyra.
Q. 20. Name the parts A, B and C shown in the
following diagram and state one function of
each.

AB

(i) Name the part marked ‘A’ in the

[CBSE Delhi, Term 2, Set 1, 2016]Ans. A – Anther diagram.
(ii) How does ‘A’ reaches part ‘B’?
– It produces pollen grains.
(iii) State the importance of the part ‘C’.
B – Style – It provides the path through which the (iv) What happens to the part marked

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pollen tube grows and reaches the ovary. ‘D’ after fertilisation is over?
C – Ovary – It contains ovules and each ovule has an [CBSE OD, Term 2, Set 1, 2016]
egg cell. It develops into fruitafter fertilisation. Ans. (a) Variation is seen among progeny formed
by sexual reproduction because.
Q. 21. Suggest three contraceptive methods to
(i) Involvement of two different
control the size of human population which is
LA
individuals.
essential for the health and prosperity of a
(ii) Creation of new combination of
country. State the basic principle involved in
variants.
each. (b) (i) A = Pollen grains
[CBSE Delhi, Term 2, Set 1, 2016]
(ii) B = Pollen grain reaches Stigma
Ans. The methods of contraception are: by pollination
(i) Barrier method or mechanical (iii) C =Pollen tube helps male
method: Prevents the meeting of gameteto reach the egg (ovule)
A

sperms and ova. (iv) After fertilisation it converts into

(ii) Chemical method (Oral pills): embryo.
Changes the hormonal balance of the Q. 23. What are the functions of testis in the
female partner so that the eggs are human male reproductive system? Why are
B

not released. these located outside the abdominalcavity? Who

(iii) Surgical method: The vas deferens in is responsible for bringing about changes in
male is blocked (vasectomy) or the appearance seen in boys at the time of puberty?
fallopian tube (oviduct) in females [CBSE Delhi, Term 2, Set 2, 2016]
(tubectomy) is blocked to prevent Ans. Functions of testis are:
thetransfer of sperms or eggs and (i) Produces sperms.
henceno fertilisation takes place. (ii) Produces male hormone; testoster-
(iv) IUCD’s, Loop or the copper T: Itis one.
placed in the uterus to prevent Testis are located outside the human body, as
pregnancy. sperms need lower temperature than the normal
body temperature to mature.
. Q. 22. (a) List two reasons for the appearance of
variations among the progeny formed by sexual
reproduction
.

Testosterone is responsible for bringing change atthe
time of puberty in boys.
Q. 24. What is multiple fission? How does it
occur in an organism? Explain briefly. Name one
organism which exhibits this type of
reproduction.
[CBSE Delhi, Term 2, Set 2, 2016]
Ans. Multiple fission is the process of reproduction
in which many individuals are formedor produced
from the parent cell. In this process, the nucleus
divides repeatedly to pro- duce large number of
nuclei. Each nucleus gathers a bit of cytoplasm
around itself and develops a membrane around
each structure. Many daughter cells develop
which on liberation grows into adult organism.
Plasmodium exhibits this type of fission.
Ans. Chromosomes are thread like structures
made up of DNA found in the nucleus.
The original number of chromosomesbecomes half
during gamete formation. Hence, when the
gametes combine, theoriginal number of
chromosomes getsrestored in the progeny.
Q. 28. List four points of significance of
reproductive health in a society. Name any two
areas related to reproductive health which have
improved over the past 50 years in our country.
[CBSE OD, Term 2, Set 1,2, 2015]
Ans. Significance of reproductive health in a
society are:
(i) Prevents STD’s.
(ii) Advantages of small family.
(iii) Less mortality among new borns.

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Q. 25. What is meant by pollination? Name and (iv) Reduces the cases of maternal
differentiate between the two modes of mortality.
pollination in flowering plants. Areas improved in our country over aperiod of
[CBSE Delhi, Term 2, Set 3, 2016] years are:
Ans. Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains (i) Family planning
from the anther to the stigma. (ii) Decrease in STD cases.
LA
Two types of pollination are: Q. 29. List three distinguish features between
(i) Self Pollination: When the pollen sexual and asexual types of reproduction, in
grain from the stamens of a flower tabular form.
falls on the stigma of the same [CBSE OD, Term 2, Set 2, 2015]
flower,then self pollination occurs. Ans.
(ii) Cross Pollination: When pollen S. Asexual Sexual
grains from the stamens of a flower No. Reproduction Reproduction
A

falls on the stigma of another flower, No gametes Male and female

1.
of the same plant or different plant,
formation gametes are formed
then cross pollination occurs.
2. Uniparental Biparental
Q. 26. List six specific characteristics of sexual
reproduction. 3. Fusion of gametes No fusion of gametes
B

[CBSE OD, Term 2, Set 1, 2015]

Q. 30. List four categories of contraceptive
Ans. Characteristics of sexual reproduction are:
(i) Two parents are involved. methods. State in brief two advantagesof
adopting such preventive methods.[CBSE OD,
(ii) Two dissimilar gametes are formed
Term 2, Set 3, 2015]
by meiosis.
(iii) Variations are produced. Ans. Four categories of contraceptive methods:
(iv) Occurs in all the higher and in some (i) Barrier method
of the lower organisms. (ii) Surgical method (Vasectomy or
(v) Fertilisation leads to formation of tubectomy)
zygote. (iii) Withdrawal method
(vi) Slow process. (iv) IUCD or Copper T
Q. 27. What are chromosomes? Explain how inTwo advantages of such preventive mea-sures
sexually reproducing organisms the number of are:
chromosomes in the progenyis maintained. (i) Helps in maintaining health of
[CBSE OD, Term 2, Set 1, 2015] women.
(ii) Helps in birth control.
.

Q. 31. Explain budding in hydra with the help of the structures released from the‘blobs’ in
of labelled diagrams only. Rhizopus.
[CBSE Delhi, Term 2, Set 1, 2015] [CBSE Delhi, Term 2, Set 3, 2015]
Ans. Ans. (a) (i) Hyphae or mycelium
Tiny bump appears (ii)Name
Parent bud grows bud breaks off to Q. 35. Sporangia
the parts A, B and C shown in the
on parenthydra hydra become diagram
develops independent (b) Thesewrite
and their functions.
structures are protected bythick walls.
Q. 32. List any four bud methods of contraceptions
hydra [CBSE
Functions: They2,germinate
Delhi, Term Set 3, 2015]
into newindividuals
used by humans. How does their use have a under favourable conditions.
direct effect on the health and prosperity of a
family.
[CBSE Delhi, Term 2, Set 1, 2015]
Ans. (i) Four Methods of contraceptions:
(a) Barrier method
(b) Oral pills
(c) Use of loop or copper T
(d) Surgical method

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(ii) Effect on health and prosperity:
Ans. A  Stigma – Receives Pollen grains.
(a) Health of women is maintained.
B  Pollen tube – Carries male gametes.
(b) Parents can give more attention to
children. C  Female germ cell or egg – Forms thezygote.
(c) More resources can be made Q. 36. Identify A, B and C in the given diagram
available. and write one function of each.
LA
[CBSE OD, Term 2, Set 3, 2015]
Q. 33. What are sexually transmitted diseases.
List two example of each diseases caused due to
(i) bacterial infection and (ii) viral infection.
Which device or devices may be used to prevent
the spread of such diseases?
[CBSE Delhi, Term 2, Set 2, 2015]
Ans. Diseases which are transmitted from an
A

infected person to a healthy person are called

Sexually Transmitted Diseases.
Two examples of STDs are:
(i) Bacterial diseases: Gonorrhoea and
B

syphilis
(ii) Viral diseases: Warts and AIDS
Q. 34. (a) Name the following:
(i) Thread like non-reproductive
structures present in Rhizopus.
(ii) ‘Blobs’ that develop at the tips of
the non-reproductive threads in
Rhizopus. Ans. A = Stigma
(b) Explain how these structures protect
themselves and what is the function
.
B = Pollen tube C =
Ovule
(A) Stigma: It plays role in reproduction
by trapping pollen grains.
Long Answer
Q. 1. (a) Draw a diagram showing germination of
pollen on stigma of a flower and mark on it the
following organs/parts :
(i) Pollen Grain
(ii) Pollen tube
(iii) Stigma
(iv) Female germ cell
(b) State the significance of pollen tube. make major demands on the bodyand the mind of
(c) Name the parts of flower thatthe woman, and if sheis not ready for it, her health
develop after fertilization into
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(i) Seed (ii) Fruit
[CBSE OD, Set 1, 2020]
Ans. (a)
LA
A
(b) The pollen tube of most seed plants
acts as a passage way. It transports
B
sperm cells from the pollen grain,
from the stigma (in flowering plants)
to the ovules at the base of the pistil.
(c) After fertilisation, the zygote divides
several times to form an embryo
within the ovule.
(i) The ovule develops a tough coat
and is gradually converted into a
seed.
(ii) The ovary grows rapidly and
ripens to form a fruit.
Q. 2. (a) ‘‘Use of a condom is beneficial for both
the sexes involved in a sexual act.’’ Justify this
statement givingtwo reasons.
(b) How do oral contraceptive help in
avoiding pregnancies?
(B) Pollen tube: It transfers pollen grains
from male gamete cells to ovules.
(C) Ovule: It acts as the site of
fertilisation and develops into the
seed.
(c) What is sex selective abortion? How
does it affect a healthy society? (State
any one consequence)
[CBSE OD, Set 1, 2020]
Ans. (a) Using condom for the penis during sex
helps to prevent transmission of many of infections
to some extent. The sexual act always has the
potential to lead to pregnancy. Pregnancy will
will be adversely affected. Therefore, many ways
have been devised to avoid pregnancy. Condoms
on the penis or similar coverings worn in the
vagina can serve this purpose. Another category of
contraceptives acts by changing the hormonal
balance of the body so that eggs are not released
and fertilisation cannot occur. These drugs
commonly need to be taken orally as pills.
However, since they change hormonal balances,
they can cause side-effects too. Contraception to
avoid pregnancy can be achieved by the use of
condoms. Thus, use of condoms is beneficial for
both the sexes involved in a sexual act.
(b) Oral contraceptives act by changing
the hormonal balance of the body so
that eggs are not released and
fertilisation cannot occur. Thus, in
this way they help in avoiding the
pregnancies.
(c) Sex-selective abortion of female
foetuses involves surgical removal of
unwanted pregnancies with female
foetus. These may be misused by
people who do not want a particular
child. For a healthy society, the female-
male sex ratio must be maintained due
to the reckless female foeticides, child
sex ratio is declining at an alarming
rate in some sections of our society,
although prenatal sex determination
has been prohibited by law in order to
protect the abortion of the female
foetus.
.

Q. 3. (a) Suggest any two categories of
contraceptive methods to control the size of
human population which is essential for the
prosperity of a country. Also explain about each
method briefly.
(b) Name two bacterial and two viral
infections each that can get sexually
transmitted.
(c) List two advantages of using con-
dom during sexual act.
[CBSE OD, Set 3, 2020]
Ans. (a) Contraception is an artificial methods or
other techniques mainly used to prevent
pregnancy as a consequence of sexual intercourse.
Methods of Contraception can be:
(i) Barrier Method: This method
involves putting up a barrier
between the male and the female
barrier so that sperm does not reach the egg and
are also effectiveagainst unintended pregnancy.
Q. 4. (a) Draw a diagram to show spore
formation in Rhizopus.
(b) With the help of an example
differentiate between the process of
Budding and Fragmentation.
(c) Why is vegetative propagation
practiced for growing some type of
plants? [CBSE OD, Set 3, 2020]
Ans. (a)

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sex cells (sperms and ova). It blocks
the sperms from reaching the
ovary, thus preventing fertilisation.
The barrier method can be used by
both men and women.
Women could use items like the contraceptive
LA
sponge, diaphragm,cervical shield or cervical cap
to prevent the sperm from reaching the egg. The (b) Organisms such as Hydra use
barrier method in males involves the use of male regenerative cells for reproduction in
condoms. the process of budding. In Hydra, a
(ii) Hormonal Method: The hormonal bud develops as an outgrowth due to
method of birth control interferes repeated cell division at one specific
with the hormonal balance in a site. These buds develop into tiny
woman’s body in order to hamper individuals and when fully mature,
fertilisation, ovulation or fertilised detach from the parent body and
A

egg implantation. It could be done become new independent

with the help of contraceptive individuals. This process is known as
pills, estrogen and progestin- budding. Bud formation is a result of
releasing patches or vaginal rings. cell division. Then this bud enlarges
B

Birth control injections are also and receives a nucleus from the
available
now-a-days. parent. While attached to the parent,
becomesthisa budnew individual
becomes matured. which
Later is
it
(b) Bacterial infections such are:
as genetically identical to its parent. In some
(c) Two advantages of using condom detaches from the parent cell and
gonorrhoea and syphilis, and viral organisms,
develops. these
This buds can
resulting remain
chain attached
ofbuds is to
(i) Condom
infections for the
such penis during
as warts sex
and HIV- the parent
known cell for a long time until a chain of
as pseudomycelium.
AIDS can be sexually transmitted. of
helps to prevent transmission
buds
many infections to some extent
and it is highly effective against
the most dangerous sexually
transmitted infections—HIV, the
virus that causes AIDS.
(ii) The sexual act always has the
potential to lead to pregnancy.
Budding in Hydra
Condoms provide a mechanical
.

In multi-cellular organisms with relatively simple of vegetative propagation is that all plants
body organisation for example Spirogyra, simple produced are genetically similar enough to the
reproductive methods can work. The body simply parent plant to have all its characteristics.
breaks up into smaller pieces upon maturation.Q. 5. What is sexual reproduction? Explain how
These pieces or fragments grow into new this mode of reproduction gives rise to more
individuals. This process is known as viable variations that asexual reproduction. How
fragmentation. Fragmentation is a type of asexual does this affect the evolution? [CBSE OD,
reproduction which occurs in multicellular Set 3, 2019]
organisms. These individuals are genetically Ans. The production of new organisms from two
identical toeach other and to parent. Fragmentation parents by making use of their sex cells is called
is commonly seen in flatworms, marine worms, sexual reproduction.
algae, jellyfish, starfish, fungi and other In sexual reproduction more viable variations are
echinodermata. observed than asexual reproduction as two parent
are involved.In case of asexual reproduction single
parent organism gives rise to offsprings which are
genetically identical to theirparents. This limits the
scope of variation in characters of offsprings. Due

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to sexualreproduction the extent of variation is
much large and therefore choices of evolution is
also high. The variations in the characters of the
obtained offsprings from sexual reproduction
enable them toadopt according to the environment
and struggle for their existence.
LA
Over a period of time the characters accumulate
within the species and theformed species gives rise
Fragmentation is the simplest method of to new species and this process goes on.
reproduction in fungi. Small fragments of the
Q. 6. Define pollination. Explain the different
fungal thallus can be separated from the mother types of pollination. List two agents of
thallus and grow into new fungal thalli. pollination? How does suitable pollination lead
Fragmentation produces clones of the original to fertilization?
organism. Hence, it is a common type of [CBSE Delhi, Set 1, 2019]
vegetative propagation method in plants Ans. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the
A

(c) There are many plants in which parts like the anther of the stamen to the stigma of the pistil with
root, stem and leaves develop into new plants the help of air, water and insects.
under appropriate conditions. Vegetative Types of pollination:
propagation is used in methods such as layering or (i) Self pollination: Transfer of pollen
B

grafting to grow many plants like sugarcane,
roses, or grapes for agricultural purposes. Plants
raised by vegetative propagation can bear flowers
and fruits earlier than those produced from seeds.
Such methods also make possible the propagation
of plants such as banana, orange, roseand jasmine
that have lost the capacity to produce seeds. Two agents of pollination are air, water, insects,
Another advantage
grain from the anther to the stigma of
the same flower.
(ii) Cross pollination: Transfer of pollen
grain from the anther of one flower
tothe stigma of other flower of the
samespecies.
winds etc.
When correct species of pollen grain lands on the
stigma it results in some chemical response from
the ovary that causes the growth of pollen tube
from pollen grain. The pollen grain slides down the
pollen tube and enters the ovary where it meets
.

the egg. This process is called as fertilisation and (i) It makes the people more aware
leads to the formation of zygote. about the concept of family planning
Q. 7. (a) Identify the given diagram. Name keeping population under control.
the parts 1 to 5. (ii) It educates the people about Sexually
Transmitted Diseases and ways to
avoid it.
(iii) It helps the female to space children.
(iv) It reduces the risk of unwanted
pregnancies.
Q. 8. (a) Draw a diagram of human female
reproductive system and label thepart:
(i) which produce an egg.
(ii) where fertilization takes place.
(iii) List two bacterial diseases which are
(b) What is contraception? List three advantages transmitted sexually.
of adopting contracep-tive measures. (iv)What are contraceptive devices? Give
[CBSE Delhi, Set 1, 2019] two reasons for adopting contraceptive
devices in humans.

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Ans. The parts of the female reproductive sys-
(v) [CBSE, 2019]
tem are as follows:
1. Fallopian tube or Oviduct (vi)Q. 9. (a) Write the function of following
2. Ovary 3. Uterus parts in human female reproductive
4. Cervix 5. Vagina system:
i. (i) Ovary (ii) Oviduct
Contraception is the method by which a female (vii) Uterus
LA
inhibits fertilisation and hence prevents (b) Describe in brief the structure andfunction
pregnancy. of placenta. [CBSE, 2018]
The three advantages of contraception are: [CBSE Delhi, Term 2, Set 1, 2016]
A
B
.

Ans. (a) (i) Ovary: It produces egg for fertilisation. It secretes estrogen and progesterone. Estro- gen
regulates secondary sexual characters and progesterone controls the thickness ofthe lining of uterus.
(ii) Oviduct: It is the site of fertilisation and carries egg or fertilised ovum (zygote) to the

Topper’s Answers

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LA
A
B
.

uterus. (b) Placenta is the connecting link between the

(iii) Uterus: It helps to nourish the mother’s body and the baby. It is a disc embedded
fertilised ovum that will develop in the uterine wall. This special tissue con- tains
into foetus. It holds the baby till villi on the embryo’s side of the tissue. The
itis ready for birth. mother’s end of placenta has blood spaces, which
(b) Placenta is a disc shaped structure on uterine surrounds the villi. Placenta functions as a site of
wall before implantation of embyro. It provides exchange of materials between the blood of
oxygen and nutrients to the foetus. mother to the baby. The
Umbilical cordChorionic plate Chorionic villi developing embryo generates cer- tain waste
substances that are also removed through placenta.
Thus,the placenta serves as the nutritive, respiratory
and excretory organ ofthe foetus.

Q. 11. (a) Name the organ that produces sperms as

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Maternal blood vessels
well as secretes a hormone in human males. Name
thefemale
hormone it secretes and
reproductive writewhere
system its functions.
fertilisation
Intervillous space
It helps to remove waste also. The pla- centa is(b) Name the parts of the human
occurs.
composed of both material tissues and tissue
derived from the embryo. The chorion is the (c) Explain how the developing embryo
embryonic derived portion of the placenta. It is gets nourishment inside the
LA
composed of fetal blood vessels and trophoblasts mother’s body.
which are organised into finger-like structures [CBSE Delhi, Term 2, Set 1, 2017]Ans. (a)
called chorionic villi. The organ that produces sperms as well as
Q. 10. (a) Write the functions of each of the secretes male hormones is
following parts in a human female testis. The hormone secreted by it is testosterone.
reproductive system: Its important functions are as follows:
(i) Ovary (ii) Uterus (iii) Fallopian (i) It stimulates sperm production.
tube (ii) It stimulates the development of
A

(b)Write the structure and functions ofplacenta secondary sexual characters in

in a human female. males like growth of facial hairs,
[CBSE OD, Term 2, Set 1, 2017] low pitch voice, etc.
Ans. (a) (i) Functions of the Ovary: (iii) It involves the development,
B

1. It produces female gametes maturation and functioning of

(ova).
2. It secretes female
hormones.
(ii) Functions of Uterus:
1. It supports and nourishes the
developing foetus.
2. It expands according to the
growth of the baby.
(iii) Functions of Fallopian tubes:
1. They carry eggs from the
ovaryto the uterus.
2. They act as the site for
fertilisation.
male accessory sex organs like
sex vas deferens and seminal
vesicles.
(b) In human females reproductive
system, the process of fertilisation
takes place in one of the fallopian
tubes.
(c) The embryo gets nutrition from the
mother’s blood with the help of a
special tissue called placenta. Placenta
is a vascular membranous organ that
connects the developing foetus to the
uterine wall of the mother. It contains
villi on the embryo’s side of the tissue.
.

This provides a large surface area for glucose and (b) Name the parts of the human female
oxygen to pass from mother to the embryo. The reproductive system where
placenta draws nourishment and oxygen, which it (i) fertilisation takes place,
supplies to the foetus, from the maternal
(ii) implantation of the fertilised
circulation. In turn, the placenta receives carbon egg occurs.
dioxide and wastes of fetal metabolism and
discharges them into the maternal circulation for Explain how the embryo gets nourishment inside
disposal. the mother’s body.
Q. 12. What is placenta? Describe its structure. [CBSE OD, Term 2, Set 1, 2015]
State its functions in case of a pregnant human Ans. (a) Testis produces sperms and male
female. hormone testosterone. Testosterone helps in
[CBSE OD, Term 2, Set 1, 2016] formation of sperms and development of
Ans. Placenta: It is physical barrier connect- ing secondary sexualcharacters.
the embryo from the mother womb to the uterine (b) (i) Fallopian tube
wall to allow nutrient uptake,waste removal etc.
(ii) Uterus.
Structure : In human placenta is 22 cm inlength, 2-

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2.5 cm in thickness, weighs 500 Embryo in the mother is attached by a disc like
g. It has a dark reddish-blue or crimson colour. It tissue called placenta. It pro- vides large surface
is discoidal in shape. area for glucose and oxygen to pass from the
Umbilical cord Chorionic villi
Chorionic plate
mother’s bloodthe
Q. 14. Write to the foetus. of the following in
functions
human female reproductive system: Ovary, oviduct,
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uterus
How does the embryo get nourishment inside the
mother’s body? Explain in brief. [CBSE Delhi, Term
2, Set 1, 2015]
Ans. Functions of the following human female
reproductives parts:
Maternal blood vessels Intervillous space 1. Ovary: Production of female hor-
A

Structure of Placenta
Functions: This provides a large surface area for glucose and oxygen to pass from the mother to the
embryo, and the developing embryo will also generate waste substances which can be removed by
transferring them into the mothers blood through the placenta. Thus it provides nourishment to the
B

embryo, helps in the excretion and providesimmunity to the foetus.

Q. 13. (a) Name the human male reproductive organ that produces sperms and also secretes a
hormone. Write the functions of the secreted hormone.
.
mones; oestrogen and progesterone and production of female gametes.
2. Oviduct: Transfer of female gametes from the ovary to the site of fertilisation.
3. Uterus: Implantation of zygote and nourishment of developing embryo.
Placenta is a disc like tissue embedded in the mother’s uterine wall. It is con- nected to the foetus by
umbilical cord. Through placenta glucose, oxygen etc. are passed from mother’s blood to the foetus.

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LA
A
B