Laboratory Exercise 4

FOUR-WHEEL TRACTOR OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

I. Introduction

The majority of the muscle required for today's high output agricultural companies is
provided by modern farm tractors. Compared to other pieces of equipment, tractors are more
prevalent on farms and are used to transport goods and equipment, pull tillage equipment and
wagons, and serve as remote power sources for other equipment.

Tractor accidents, sadly, tragically cause fatalities and severely crippling injuries every year.
Property damage, medical expenses, time away from work, decreased productivity, and insurance
costs all result in significant losses. Rollovers, falls, and collisions with tractor attachments are the
main reasons for tractor operator injuries and fatalities. Tractor designs are always being improved by
manufacturers to make them safer. However, they are not yet able to incorporate systems that can
detect dangerous situations. Tractor operators are better prepared to prevent a tractor accident if they
are familiar with their vehicle and aware of potential hazards.

II. Objectives

1. Identify the parts and components of a two and four-wheel tractor and its function;
2. Identify the function of the controls of the two and four-wheel tractor; and
3. Discuss the inspection, starting and driving procedures of a two and four-wheel tractor.

III. Materials and Methods

Two-wheel and four-wheel tractor

Procedures

A. Parts and Components of a Two-wheel Tractor and its Function

1. Take a picture of the two-wheel tractor in EIL Bay 2. Attach your picture in your
laboratory report as Figure 1.
2. Identify and label the parts and components of the two-wheel tractor.
3. Write and tabulate the importance of the function of each part in Table 1.

B. Parts and Components of a Four-wheel Tractor and its Function

1. Take a picture of the four-wheel tractor in EIL Bay 2. Attach your picture in your
laboratory report as Figure 2.
2. Identify and label the parts and components of the four-wheel tractor.
3. Write and tabulate the importance of the function of each part in Table 2.

C. Two-wheel Tractor Controls and its Function

1. Take a picture of the two-wheel tractor’s control in EIL Bay 2. Attach your picture in
your laboratory report as Figure 3.
2. Identify and label the controls of the two-wheel tractor.
3. Write the importance of the function of each control in Table 3.

D. Four-wheel Tractor Controls and its Function

1. Take a picture of the four-wheel tractor’s control in EIL Bay 2. Attach your picture in
your laboratory report as Figure 4.
2. Identify and label the controls of the four-wheel tractor.
3. Write the importance of the function of each control in Table 4.
 E. Two-wheel Tractor Inspection, Starting and Driving Procedure

1. Enumerate the basic steps/procedure in inspecting, starting and driving of a two-wheel

tractor.
2. Discuss the procedure.

F. Four-wheel Tractor Inspection, Starting and Driving Procedure

1. Enumerate the basic steps/procedure in inspecting, starting and driving of a four-wheel

tractor.
2. Discuss the procedure.

IV. Results and/or Discussion

A. Parts and Components of a Two-wheel Tractor (Rice Reaper) and its Function

With rice reapers, which cut and gather the panicles, rice is harvested. The machine
spreads out the cut panicles so they may be harvested. They have been introduced for usage
in lowland areas that get rain or irrigation. Reapers can be operated manually or when
mounted on tractors. Both in dry and in wet weather, they are simple to manage. There are
various models available. A power tiller can be equipped with reapers.
Figure 1. This figure shows the parts and components of a two-wheel tractor (rice reaper). Each
of the functions were labeled accordingly.

Table 1. Parts and components of a two-wheel tractor (rice reaper) and its function.

Tractor Component Function

Engine Transforms fuel into

mechanical energy

To transmit power from the engine to the rear wheels

Power Transmission Box
of the tractor

Where weights and ride comfort are a factor, such as on

Pneumatic Wheels
automobiles and aircraft manipulated by hand.

Engine Mounting Frame To keep them from moving around

Handle Objects that allow it to be grasped and manipulated by

hand.

Hitch Assembly To hook up a trailer to a vehicle

 Transmission Assembly To transfer the power from the engine to the drive haft

and the differential to let the wheels turn

Cutter Bar To cut reinforcing steel bars

Help in lifting, gathering and guiding the crop towards

Crop Row Dividers the

cutter bar

To intercept specific attacks, whether from close-ranged

Shield
weaponry pr projectiles such as arrows

For processing of soil and similar materials, to produce

Star wheels
graded substates such as screened top soil

For separating a track of harvested material from the

Crop Divider
adjacent, not yet harvested track.

Table 1. The 12 tractor parts are shown in table 1 along with their intended uses. Considering the
table, it demonstrates how each part of the two-wheel tractor functions in its proper manner.

B. Parts and Components of a Four-wheel Tractor and its Function

The majority of the power required by today's high productivity agricultural operations is
provided by modern farm tractors. Tractors are used to move materials and tools, pull wagons and
tillage tools, and supply power to other pieces of equipment from a distance. On farms, they are
more prevalent than elsewhere. These tractors can supply 50–55% of the rated power at the
drawbar and range in size from 4-180 kW. As the name implies, front drive tires are smaller than
rear tires even though they are bigger than two-wheel drive tractors. Only front-wheel drive
should be used when the tractor is in the field running. If not, efficiency will be reduced by at
least 10%.
Figure 2, 3, 4, and 5 respectively. These figure shows the parts and components of a four-wheel
tractor and its functions. Each of the functions were labeled accordingly.

Table 2. Parts and components of a four-wheel tractor and its function.

Tractor Component Function

Engine Provides power for all work of the tractor

To disengage the drive train from the engine and change

Clutch
gears

To transmit power from the engine to the rear wheels of

Transmission system
the tractor

To permit one of the rear wheels of the tractor to rotate

Differential unit
slower or faster than the other

To transmits the power finally to the rear axle and the

Final drive
wheels

Provides a proper weight distribution while the tractor

Rear wheels
pulls any weight

Front wheels Serves only as steering

To apply force to the steering system to enable the

Steering mechanism operator control accurately the direction of the tractor

under all operating condition

It is a mechanism in a tractor to raise, hold or lower the

Hydraulic control and hitch system mounted implement or semi-mounted equipment by

hydraulic means
 Brakes Used to stop or slow down the motion of the tractor

An efficient means of transferring mechanical power

Power take-off unit
between farm tractors and implements

Transmits power from the tractor to stationary machinery

Tractor pulley
by means of a belt

The interface panel between surface system and

Control panel
downhole tractor tool control cartridge

Table 2. This table shows the functions of each component of the four-wheel tractor. This
helps viewers understand the function of each tractor part and its nomenclature in order to
better understand how the tractor operates.

C. Two-wheel Tractor Controls and its Function

The majority of the muscle required for today's high-output farms is provided by modern
farm tractors agricultural businesses. Tractors are outfitted with controls and operating
systems for their mechanisms operated by drivers, which offer various types of tasks.

Figure 6. this figure shows the parts and components of a two-wheel tractor controls and its
functions. Each of the functions were labeled accordingly.

Table 3. Controls of a two-wheel tractor and its function.

Controls Function

Hand Grip Used in reducing hand-transmitted vibration

 Throttle Lever For increasing or decreasing the speed of the engine

Used to disengage the drive train from the

Main Clutch Lever
engine and change gears

Table 3. This table shows the functions of each component of a two-wheel tractor called a
rice reaper. This helps viewers understand the function of each tractor part and its name in
order to better understand how the tractor operates.

D. Four-wheel Tractor Controls and its Function

All four wheels of a 4 wheel drive tractor are powered, which increases versatility,
pulling force, and traction. They can accommodate a number of tiny tractor attachments,
making them perfect for a wide range of maintenance duties. Tractors with four-wheel drives
are typically utilized for tillage work. Each farmer had a smaller two-wheel drive tractor for
tasks that required less power, such planting seeds and cultivating row crops.

Figure 7. this figure shows the parts and components of a four-wheel tractor controls and its functions.
Each of the functions were labeled accordingly.

Table 4. Controls of a four-wheel tractor and its function.

 Controls Function

Engine Provides power for all work of the tractor

Used to engage and disengage the tractor engine from

Clutch
the transmission gears and drive wheels

Transmits and distributes power from the engine to the

Transmission system
different parts of the transmission system

Permits one of the rear wheels of the tractor to rotate

Differential unit
slower or faster than the other

Transmits the power finally to the rear axle and the

Final drive
wheels

Provides a proper weight distribution while the tractor

Rear wheels
pulls any weight

Reduces weight, decreases production costs, and

Front wheels
improves fuel economy

Steering mechanism To change the direction of a moving vehicle

To hook and control agricultural machines working

Hydraulic control and hitch system
position

Brakes Used to stop or slow down the motion of the tractor

Transfers power from the tractor to the PTO-driven

Power take-off unit
machine or implement

Transmit power from the tractor to stationary

Tractor pulley
machinery by means of a belt
 The interface panel between surface system
Control panel and downhole tractor tool/tractor control
cartridge

Table 3. This table shows the functions of each component of a two-wheel tractor
called a rice reaper. This helps viewers better understand the function of each tractor
component and its name in order to understand how the tractor operates.

E. Two-wheel Tractor Inspection, Starting and Driving Procedure

Inspection:
1. Check all fluid levels.

Engine oil
Coolant
Fuel
Hydraulic fluid
Other fluids
Check underneath the tractor. Do you see any leaks or puddles of fluid

that have accumulated? 2. Tires and wheels

Properly inflated. Check the operator’s manual.

Check tires for cuts or breaks in the tread or sidewalls.
Observe the lug nuts and see if they appear tight.

3. Batteries

securely held down

Connections are clean.
The electrolyte level is good.

4. General Condition

Cracked or broken parts

Leaking or damaged hoses
All shields are in place.
Loose parts, bolts, or nuts
The SMV emblem is in place, clean, and unfaded.
Steps are clean of any grease or mud.

Starting:
Adjust the throttle lever to a three-quarter position, with the idle position all
the way down and full speed all the way up. Open the fuel valve and set the choke
to full choke. Pull the recoil starter rope slowly until you feel resistance. Let the
rope retract slowly and pull out to the resistance point again, then give the rope a
short, firm hold once it fires. minutes of running before the engine is sufficiently
warm to turn the choke to the off position.
 Driving:
Position Lower the throttle to an idle speed and squeeze the wheels into first gear,
maintaining light pressure on the wheel speed. Select the rod in the selected
direction. Slowly release the clutch, release the clutch fully, and allow the tractor to
move forward. To test reverse, squeeze the clutch to stop, then engage the reverser
level and clutch with the shuttle type transmission. The reverse speed will always
match the forward speed, so it is very important to engage the wheels before
engaging the attachment. So, with the wheel still in first gear, engage the PTO using
the same procedure as engaging the wheels, release the clutch fully, move forward
a few feet, stop, and engage the reverser. The resistance is a safety mechanism that
prevents the tines from being used

F. Two-wheel Tractor Inspection, Starting and Driving Procedure

Inspection:
1. Check all fluid levels.

Engine oil
Coolant
Fuel
Hydraulic fluid
Other fluids
Check underneath the tractor. Do you see any leaks or puddles of fluid

that have accumulated? 2. Tires and wheels

Properly inflated. Check the operator’s manual.

Check tires for cuts or breaks in the tread or sidewalls.
Observe the lug nuts and see if they appear tight.

3. Batteries

securely held down

Connections are clean.
The electrolyte level is good.

4. General Condition

Cracked or broken parts

Leaking or damaged hoses
All shields are in place.
Loose parts, bolts, or nuts
The SMV emblem is in place, clean, and unfaded.
Steps are clean of any grease or mud.

Once in the operator seat:

Check the seatbelt to see if it is functioning.

After starting the tractor, observe the engine oil pressure gauge and make
sure there is oil pressure in the engine.
Turn on the lights and flashers. Walk around the tractor and see if all the
lights and flashers are functioning.

Starting:
1. Place the gearshift lever in neutral or park.
 2. Place all hydraulic controls in neutral.
3. Disengage the power-take-off
4. Put the key in the ignition.
5. Depress the clutch with your left foot, until it hits the floorboard.
6. With the clutch depressed with your foot, push in on the key and turn it
until the tractor begins to turn over.

Driving
1. release the tractor's parking brake.
2. Slowly lift your foot off the clutch.
3. to be slow and smooth as you let the clutch out. It's a lot easier since you
don't have to be actively pushing the gas.
4. Maintain a uniformly slow speed.

V. Conclusion

In conclusion, a tractor is an agricultural vehicle with big wheels and a strong motor.
Depending on the attachment that is attached to it, this is frequently used on farms for a variety of
purposes. This makes it possible. Thus, Tractors are becoming the most crucial piece of farm
equipment. Farmers are forced to perform all tasks manually without it. This will take days if you
have a larger piece of land because your workers will need to take breaks. While this may be
standard practice on some farms, it can also result in exhaustion, overexertion, and injuries.You
may easily simplify work using a tractor's many attachments and implements. As a result, you are
able to do more tasks in less time. Additionally, because the operator can remain in a closed
cabin, working is more comfortable. Some models even have air conditioning, enabling farmers
to toil in the heat for longer periods of time.

VI. Citation

Liljedahl, J. B., Turnquist, P. K., Smith, D. W., & Hoki, M. (1979). Tractors and their power units.
New York: Wiley.

VII. Appendices