BIE2016– BUILDING MAINTENANCE &

SERVICES

Basic Services System –

Mechanical 1 :
Mechanical
Transportation

Yasmin Mohd Adnan

 OUTLINE OF LECTURE

Installation can be used in buildings –

1. escalators
2. lifts (elevators)
3. paternosters & travelators.

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 MECHANICAL SYSTEMS FOR TRANSPORTATION

General information - Forms of mechanical transportation may be found

within, around and in general association with modern buildings and developments
• Movement for people and goods
• Planning and installation – spatial and functional requirements
for most economical use
• Four types of installation can be used in buildings –
1. escalators
2. lifts (elevators)
3. paternosters
4. travelators.
• Lifts – used to make vertical circulation quicker and easier
• Escalators – occupy considerable floors space, raised people
through a limited height but will deal with a large numbers
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MECHANICAL SYSTEMS FOR TRANSPORTATION

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1. Escalators
Escalator
 1. Escalator
An escalator is a moving staircase – a conveyor transport device for carrying
people between floors of a building. The device consists of a motor-driven chain
of individual, linked steps that move up or down on tracks, allowing the step
treads to remain horizontal.

Uses of Escalators
- to move pedestrian traffic in places where elevators would be impractical.
Principal areas of usage include department stores, shopping malls, airports,
hotels, stadium and public buildings.

Benefits
- capacity to move large numbers of people, and can be placed in the same
physical space as one might install a staircase, have no waiting interval (except
during very heavy traffic), can be used to guide people toward main exits or
special exhibits, and may be weatherproofed for outdoor use. When an escalator
is non functioning, becomes a normal staircase

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 1. Escalator
Escalators have three typical configuration options:

Parallel (up and down escalators "side by side or separated by a distance", seen
often in metro stations and multilevel motion picture theaters),

Crisscross (minimizes structural space requirements by "stacking" escalators

that go in one direction, frequently used in department stores or shopping
centers),

Multiple parallel (two or more escalators together that travel in one direction next
to one or two escalators in the same bank that travel in the other direction)

Escalators are required to have moving handrails that keep pace with the
movement of the steps. The direction of movement (up or down) can be
permanently the same, or be controlled by personnel according to the time of day,
or automatically be controlled by whoever arrives first, whether at the bottom or at
the top (the system is programmed so that the direction is not reversed while a
passenger is on the escalator).

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1. Escalator

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Escalator

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 1. Escalator
" Design and layout considerations

A number of factors affect escalator design:

1. Physical requirements – vertical and horizontal distance to be

spanned must be considered. These factors will determine the pitch of
the escalator and its actual length. The ability of the building
infrastructure to support the heavy components is also a critical physical
concern.

2. Location - is important because escalators should be situated where

they can be easily seen by the general public. In department stores,
customers should be able to view the merchandise easily. Furthermore,
up and down escalator traffic should be physically separated and should
not lead into confined spaces.

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 1. Escalator
" Design and layout considerations

3. Traffic patterns - In some buildings, the objective is simply to move

people from one floor to another, but in others there may be a more
specific requirement, such as funneling visitors towards a main exit or
exhibit.
The number of passengers is important because escalators are
designed to carry a certain maximum number of people. For example,
a single-width escalator traveling at about 1.5 feet (0.46 m) per
second can move an estimated 170 persons per five-minute period.

The carrying capacity of an escalator system must match the

expected peak traffic demand, presuming that passengers ride single
file. This is crucial for applications in which there are sudden increases
in the number of riders. For example, escalators at stations must be
designed to cater for the peak traffic flow discharged from a train,
without causing excessive bunching at the escalator entrance.
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 1. Escalator
" Design and layout considerations

4. Safety considerations - In this regard, escalators help in controlling

traffic flow of people. For example, an escalator to an exit effectively
discourages most people from using it as an entrance, and may reduce
security concerns. Similarly, escalators often are used as the exit of
airport security checkpoints. Such an egress point would generally be
staffed to prevent its use as an entrance, as well.

It is preferred that staircases be located adjacent to the escalator if the

escalator is the primary means of transport between floors. It may also be
necessary to provide an elevator lift adjacent to an escalator for
wheelchairs and disabled persons.

5. Aesthetic preferences - The architects and designers can choose

from a wide range of styles and colors for the handrails and balustrades.

Model sizes and other specifications

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 1. Escalator
Escalator step widths and energy usage

Width (between
Size Single-step capacity Applications Energy consumption
balustrade panels)

A rare historic design

One passenger, with feet
Very small 400 mm (16 in) found mostly in older 3.7 kW (5.0 hp)
together
department stores

Low-volume sites,
uppermost levels of
Small 600 mm (24 in) One passenger 3.7 kW (5.0 hp)
department stores, when
space is limited

One passenger + one Shopping malls,

Medium 800 mm (31 in) package or one piece of department stores, 7.5 kW (10.1 hp)
luggage smaller airports

Mainstay of metro
Two passengers – one systems, larger airports,
Large 1,000 mm (39 in) 7.5 kW (10.1 hp)
may walk past another train stations, some retail
usage

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 1. Escalator
Parts of escalator
1. Landing platforms
These two platforms house the curved sections of the tracks, as well as the gears
and motors that drive the stairs.

The top platform contains the motor assembly and the main drive gear, while the
bottom holds the step return idler sprockets.

These sections also anchor the ends of the escalator truss. In addition, the
platforms contain a floor plate and a comb plate. The floor plate provides a place for
the passengers to stand before they step onto the moving stairs. This plate is flush
with the finished floor and is either hinged or removable to allow easy access to the
machinery below.

The comb plate is the piece between the stationary floor plate and the moving step.
It is so named because its edge has a series of cleats that resemble the teeth of a
comb. These teeth mesh with matching cleats on the edges of the steps. This
design is necessary to minimize the gap between the stair and the landing, which
helps prevent objects from getting caught in the gap.
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 1. Escalator
Parts of escalator
2. Truss

The truss is a hollow metal structure that bridges the lower and upper landings. It is
composed of two side sections joined together with cross braces across the bottom
and just below the top. The ends of the truss are attached to the top and bottom
landing platforms via steel or concrete supports. The truss carries all the straight
track sections connecting the upper and lower sections.

3. Steps

The steps themselves are solid, one piece, die-cast aluminum or steel. Yellow
demarcation lines may be added to clearly indicate their edges..

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 1. Escalator
Parts of escalator

4. Handrail

The handrail provides a convenient handhold for passengers while they are
riding the escalator. In an escalator, the handrail is pulled along its track by
a chain that is connected to the main drive gear by a series of pulleys. It is
constructed of four distinct sections. At the center of the handrail is a
"slider", also known as a "glider ply", which is a layer of a cotton or synthetic
textile.

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 1. Escalator

An escalator being repaired at

Town Hall station in Sydney,
Australia

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2. Lifts (elevators)
A "car" or platform that moves within a
shaft or guides and is used for the vertical
hoisting and/or lowering of people or
material between two or more floors of a
structure.

An elevator is usually electrically powered,

although some short-distance elevators
(serving fewer than six or seven floors) are
powered hydraulically.
 2. Lift (Elevator)
Why are Lifts required?
• UBBL 1984 Part VI Cl 124
A non-residential building which exceeds 4 storeys must
have a lift

• Guide to Fire Protection in Malaysia

A building that is higher than 18.5m must have at least one
Firemen Lift

• EPU Guideline
Building functions - The owner must ensure comfort to
users and provide facility for the disabled
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 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

 Usage: Office/Hospitals/Hotels/High rise Residential

 Capacity & number of lifts: Depends on traffic analysis

& building size

 Lift speed: Depends on the traffic load and number of

floors

 Type/Categories: For usage & aesthetics

 Number of stops: Depends on height & type of

building
LIFT CONTROL – single automatic control

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LIFT CONTROL – down collective control
- full / directional collective

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 LIFT CONTROL – two and more cars

• coordinated by central system

• each car operates individually
• one car rest, another free car
will be stationed at mid point
• free car will answer any call
except main floor
• if the free car is occupied and
there is another call, the other
car will answer it.
• Similar approach for more
than 2 cars

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TYPES OF LIFTS
Has a motor room on top of building and uses electricity
and cables/wire rope to operate the lift system
 ELECTRIC LIFT INSTALLATION
• Size of lift shaft depends
on car capacity

• No pipes, vent duct or

cables other than those for
lift will be fitted within the
shaft

• Machine room at top of the

shaft

• Counterweight to balance
the car

• Buffer to absorb the shock

of an impact

• Doors ; landing doors and

car doors

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PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS:
 The cars, cables, elevator machine, control equipment, counterweights,
hoistway, rails, penthouse, and pit make up the principal parts of a traction
elevator installation.

Lift car:
 The car is a cage of some fire resistant material supported on a structural
frame, to the top member of which the lifting cables are fastened. Provided
with safety doors, operating-control equipment, floor-level indicators,
illumination, emergency exits, and ventilation.

Cables (ropes):
 The cables (ropes) that are connected to the cross-head (top-beam of the
elevator) and carry the weight of the car and its live load are made of a
groups of steel wires especially designed for this application. Four to eight
cables, depending on car speed and capacity, are placed in parallel.
Counterweight:
 Made up of cut steel plates stacked in a framed attached to the opposite ends
of the cable to which the car is fastened. It is guided in its travel up and down
the shaft by two guide rails typically installed on the back wall off the shaft.
 It serves several purposes: to provide adequate traction at the sheave for car
lifting, reduce the size of the traction machine, and reduce power demand
and energy cost.
 HYDRAULIC LIFTS

 Earliest lifts driven by hydraulic water power before replaced with

oil.

 Does not have a motor room but needs space to store the oil

 Theoretical maximum travel of 21 m.

 Advantages:
- capacity for very heavy loads
- accuracy in floor levelling
- smooth ride characteristics
- low level plant room
 CATEGORIES OF LIFTS

Passenger Lift

Capacity: 6 to 23 person (900 to 1600 kg)

Speed:1 m/s to 3.5 m/s

Door: Central opening

 CATEGORIES OF LIFTS

Beds / Passenger Lift

Capacity: 23 person (1600 kg)

Speed:1 m/s to 1.6 m/s

Door: Side opening

 CATEGORIES OF LIFTS

Goods Lift

Capacity: 900 kg onwards

Speed: 0.5 m/s to 3.5 m/s

Usage: For goods & workers only

 LIFT MOTOR ROOM

A Lift Motor Room has the following features:

A concrete machine base incorporating a vibration-isolated cork

slab to separate its upper and lower parts;

Motor & brake equipment bolted to the upper, vibration-isolated,

concrete slab;

Flexible armoured electrical cable connections to the motor;

The lift motor main isolator switch close to the plant room door;

An access hatch into the lift shaft

Lift Motor
Room

I-Beam
Other sources

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YKUSCznUDLs
3. Others
 Useful Websites on Maintenance:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=3wrR2I1SPk8

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=GFADRwx-psY

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=Iq9tsp4d_pE

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=FGVo4Axxa7U

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=1hGjAg-1EjY