MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

6.4.2 Variation of Flow Properties with Friction

a) Velocity
Using the definition of Mach number as V2 = M2a2 = M2kRT and by logarithmic differentiation
dV 2 dM 2 dT
ln V  ln M  ln(kR )  lnT
2 2
  
V2 M2 T
Dividing the momentum equation by p and noting that p/ = RT = a2/k

4 f V 2 dp 4f  V 2  dp kM 2 4f kM 2 dV 2
 dx  dp  V dV   dx  V dV   dx 
D 2 p D p 2 p p 2 D 2 V2

dV 2 d and dT + k  1 M 2 dV  0 equation of state

2
Recalling continuity and energy equations as   0
2V 2  T 2 V2
becomes
dp d dT dp dV 2 k  1 2 dV 2 dp dV 2
     M   [1  (k  1)M 2 ] 2
p  T p 2V 2 2 V2 p V

dV 2 kM 2 dx
 4f
V 2
1 M 2
D
b) Pressure
Recalling
dp dV 2
 [1  (k  1)M 2 ] 2
p V
dp kM 2 [1  (k  1)M 2 ] dx
  4f
dV 2 kM 2 dx p 2(1  M 2 ) D
 4f
V 2
1 M 2
D

ME 411 GAS DYNAMICS 6. ADIABATIC FLOWS LECTURE 25 – 1/10

 MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

c) Temperature
Recalling energy equation and velocity relation

dT k  1 2 dV 2
+ M 0
T 2 V2 dT k (k  1)M 4 dx
  4f
dV 2 kM 2 dx T 2(1  M )
2
D
 4f
V 2
1 M 2
D
d) Mach Number
Using the definition of Mach number, velocity relation and temperature relation

dV 2 dM 2 dT
 
V2 M2 T
dV 2 kM 2 dx dM 2 kM 2 [1  0.5(k  1)M 2 ] dx
 4f   4f
V 2
1 M 2
D M2 1 M 2 D
dT k (k  1)M 4 dx
 4f
T 2(1  M )
2
D
e) Density
Using the equation of state , pressure relation and temperature relation
dp d dT
 
p  T
dp dV 2 d kM 2 dx
 [1  (k  1)M 2 ] 2   4f
p V  2(1  M )
2
D
dT k (k  1)M 4
dx
 4f
T 2(1  M )2
D

ME 411 GAS DYNAMICS 6. ADIABATIC FLOWS LECTURE 25 – 2/10

 MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

f) Stagnation Pressure
Logarithmically differentaing the isentropic pressure ratio
k
 k  1 2  k 1 k  k 1 2  dp0 dp 0.5kM 2 dM 2
p0  p  1+ M   ln p0  ln p  ln  1+ M   
 2  k 1  2  p0 p  k  1 2  M2
 1+ M 
Using the Mach number and pressure relations  2 

dM 2 kM 2 [1  0.5(k  1)M 2 ] dx dp dV 2
  4f and  [1  (k  1)M 2 ] 2
M2 1 M 2 D p V
one can obtain

dp0 kM 2 dx
 4f
p0 2 D

g) Impulse Function

Logarithmically differentiating the impulse function

dI dp kM 2 dM 2
I  pA(1  kM )
2
 ln I  ln p  ln A  ln(1  kM )
2
 
I p 1  kM 2 M 2
Using the Mach number and pressure relations

dM 2 kM 2 [1  0.5(k  1)M 2 ] dx dp 2 dV
2
 4f and  [1  (k  1)M ] 2
M2 1 M 2 D p V
one can obtain

dI kM 2 dx
 4f
I 2(1  kM )
2
D

ME 411 GAS DYNAMICS 6. ADIABATIC FLOWS LECTURE 25 – 3/10

 MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

h) Entropy
Using the Gibbs relation
dp
Tds  dh 

For a perfect gas p = RT and cp = kR/(k – 1)

ds dT k  1 dp
 
cp T k p
Using the pressure and temperature relations

dp dV 2 dT k (k  1)M 4 dx
 [1  (k  1)M 2 ] 2 and  4f
p V T 2(1  M )
2
D

one can obtain

ds (k  1)M 2 dx
 4f
cp 2 D

6.4.3 Summary of Frictional Effects

The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy should increase for adiabatic flows with
friction.
By convention dx is always positive.
Therefore, the friction factor is always positive and the term 4fdx/D is always positive.

ME 411 GAS DYNAMICS 6. ADIABATIC FLOWS LECTURE 25 – 4/10

 MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

dM 2 kM 2 [1  0.5(k  1)M 2 ] dx
 4f
M2 1 M 2 D

dp kM 2 [1  (k  1)M 2 ] dx
 4f
p 2(1  M 2 ) D

dT k (k  1)M 4 dx Subsonic Supersonic

 4f
T 2(1  M )
2
D Mach number, M increases decreases

d kM 2 dx Pressure, p decreases increases

 4f
 2(1  M )
2
D Temperature, T decreases increases
Density,  decreases increases
2 2
dV kM dx
 4f Velocity, V increases decreases
V 2
1 M 2
D
Stagnation pressure, p0 decreases decreases
2
dp0 kM dx
 4f Impulse function, I decreases decreases
p0 2 D
Entropy increases increases
2
dI kM dx
 4f
I 2(1  kM )
2
D

ds (k  1)M 2 dx
 4f
cp 2 D

ME 411 GAS DYNAMICS 6. ADIABATIC FLOWS LECTURE 25 - 5/10

 MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

6.5 RELATIONS FOR THE FLOW OF A PERFECT GAS ON THE FANNO LINE
6.5.1 Nondimensional Friction Factor
Hypothetical
x duct extension
1 2 *
1 Lmax
f 
Lmax 
0
fd x

M1 < 1
or M2 M* = 1 L  (Lmax )1  (Lmax )2
M1 > 1

4fL  4fLmax   4fLmax 

   
L (Lmax)2 D  D 1  D  2
(Lmax)1

Recalling Mach number relation and separating the variables

dM 2 kM 2 [1  0.5(k  1)M 2 ] dx dx 1 M 2
 4f  4f  dM 2
M2 1 M 2 D D kM [1  0.5(k  1)M ]
4 2

Integrating from the inlet to the section where the flow is sonic
Lmax dx 1 1 M 2
  M 2 kM 4 [1  0.5(k  1)M 2 ] dM
2
4f
0 D

4fLmax 1  M 2 k  1 (k  1)M 2
  ln
D kM 2 2k  k 1 2
2  1 M 
 2 

ME 411 GAS DYNAMICS 6. ADIABATIC FLOWS LECTURE 25 - 6/10

 MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

6.5.2 Nondimensional Temperature

T T T0
*

T T0 T *
For an isentropic process
T0 k 1 2 T0 k  1
 1 M and 
T 2 T* 2
T k 1

T*  k 1 2
2  1 M 
 2 

6.5.3 Nondimensional Velocity

Using the definition of Mach number
V M kRT T
*
 M
V kRT *
T*
V k 1
M
V*  k 1 2
2  1 M 
 2 

6.5.4 Nondimensional Density

From continuity equation
V   *V *
Hence
 k 1 2
2  1 M 
 1  2 

 *
M k 1

ME 411 GAS DYNAMICS 6. ADIABATIC FLOWS LECTURE 25 - 7/10

 MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

6.5.5 Nondimensional Pressure

Using equation of state
p  RT  T
 *  * *
p *
 RT *
 T
Hence
p 1 k 1

p *
M  k 1 2
2  1 M 
 2 

6.5.6 Nondimensional Stagnation Pressure

p0 p0 p p *

p0* p p * p0*

For an isentropic process

k k
p0  k 1 2 k 1 p0  k  1  k 1
  1 M  and  
p  2  p*  2 

Hence
k 1
  k  1 2   2( k 1)
2  1  M 
p0 1  2 
 
*
p0 M  k 1 
 

ME 411 GAS DYNAMICS 6. ADIABATIC FLOWS LECTURE 25 - 8/10

 MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

5.5.7 Nondimensional Impulse Function

From the definition of the impulse function as I = pA(1 + kM2) for constant area ducts

I p 1  kM 2

I * p* 1 k
Hence
I 1  kM 2

I*  k 1 2
M 2(k  1)  1  M 
 2 

5.5.8 Nondimensional Entropy

The entropy change between any state and the reference state is given by
T p
s  s *  c p ln  R ln
T* p*
For a perfect gas cp = kR/(k – 1)
k
 T  k 1
ss*  
 ln 
T *
R p
Hence p*

 k 1

ss*   2   k  1 2   2( k 1) 
 ln  M     1 M  
R    k  1   2 


ME 411 GAS DYNAMICS 6. ADIABATIC FLOWS LECTURE 25 - 9/10

 MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

p 1 k 1

p *
M  k 1 2
2  1 M 
 2 
T k 1

T*  k 1 2
2  1 M 
 2 
 k 1 2
2  1 M 
 1  2 

 *
M k 1

V k 1
M
V*  k 1 2
2  1 M 
 2 
k 1
  k  1 2   2( k 1)
 2  1 M 
p0

1
  2 
p0* M  k 1 
 
I 1  kM 2

I*  k 1 2
M 2(k  1)  1  M 
 2 
 k 1

ss*   2   k  1 2   2( k 1) 
 ln  M     1 M  
R    k  1   2 

4fLmax 1  M 2 k  1 (k  1)M 2
  ln
D kM 2 2k  k 1 2
2  1 M 
 2 

ME 411 GAS DYNAMICS 6. ADIABATIC FLOWS LECTURE 25 - 10/10