EXTRACTING CELLULOSE FROM

AGARWOOD BAGASSE
Add 50g of
Pour in 40ml of Stir the mixture in
agarwood bagasse
acetic/nitric a magnetic stirrer
powder into a
reagant at 400 rpm
100ml beaker

Discard the
Filter the solution
suspension every 5
and dry the
minutes until only a
residue
white residue is left
 ETHERIFICATION OF CELLULOSE INTO
CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE (CMC)
While stirring the mixture at
Dissolve the cellulose
400rpm, pour in Sodium
obtained in 40ml of
Hydroxide, NaOH solution
ethanol in a 100ml
10ml gradually until it
beaker
reaches 20ml

Pour in chloroacetic
Stir it for 3 hours, sieve acid 10ml gradually until
and then dry it reaches 20ml
 SYNTHESIS OF BISMUTH FERRITE

Dissolve Bismuth nitrate

Heat the product
pentahydrate and
overnight and calcine
iron(III) nonahydrate
at 550°C for 2 hours
with the ratio 2:1 into
to form BiFeO₃
25ml of distilled water

Adjust the
Mix 10ml of the
mixture to pH 10
mixture with
under constant
40ml of 1 wt%
stirring for 2
carrageenan
hours
MAKING THE BISMUTH FERRITE
CARBON FILM

Dissolve 1.5g of CMC Add 0.15g

powder SLOWLY into of BiFeO₃
citric acid solution slowly into
while stirring on a the
magnetic stirrer mixture

Transfer
Continue the
the
stirring for 2 hours
mixture
until the mixture is
into a petri
homogenous
dish
 MAKING THE BISMUTH FERRITE
CARBON FILM

Dry the petri dish in an oven Cure the BFC film at 120°C
for 48 hours at 40°C for 12 minutes in an oven
THE BISMUTH FERRITE CARBON FILM
 TESTING OF THE DEGRADATION
OF METHYL RED
20ml of Methyl Red
The petri dish was
with concentration
left for 1 hour under
100ppm was poured into
direct sunlight
the petri dish
THE RESULTS FROM THE TESTING OF THE
DEGRADATION OF METHYL RED

BEFORE AFTER 1 HOUR

COLOUR COMPARISON
Left: Original colour of methyl red
Right: Colour of methyl red after being degraded
 DEGRADATION OF METHYL RED
UNDER ACIDIC CONDITIONS
15ml of Methyl Red with 5ml of 0.01M of The petri dish was
concentration 100ppm hydrochloric acid, HCl left for 1 hour under
was poured into the was also added into the direct sunlight
petri dish petri dish
RESULTS OF THE DEGRADATION OF METHYL
RED UNDER ACIDIC CONDITIONS

BEFORE AFTER 1 HOUR

COLOUR COMPARISON
Left: Original colour of methyl red
Right: Colour of methyl red after being degraded
 REUSABILITY OF THE BFC EITHER
WASHED OR UNWASHED
20ml of Methyl Red
with concentration The petri dishes was One of the BFC film
100ppm was poured left for 1 hour under was washed using
into 2 petri dishes direct sunlight distilled water
containing BFC

Repeat the steps for

another 3 cycles
RESULTS ON THE REUSABILITY OF THE
BFC EITHER WASHED OR UNWASHED

UV spectrophotometer
(can help to determine the
concentration of the dye solution)

Cf is the final concentration of the dye (ppm)

Co is the initial concentration of the dye (ppm)
SEM Scanning Image