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53 1 o

RiCAL DRAWING
COLLECTION or PUTtS
FOR PRACTICAL USE IN
ELEMENTARY
MECHANICAL DRAW!

o
F. Schraidt.
o o
Class ^i^ tl^i-^

Book O S _.

Copyright}^"

COPYRIGHT DEPOSIR
GEOMETRICAL DRAWING
A Collection of Plates for Practical Use in

ELEMENTARY MECHANICAL DRAWING

BY
F. SCHRAIDT, M. A.
Head of the Department of Drawing, Oakland High School
OAKLAND, CALIFORNIA

19 15
PUBLISHERS
WHITAKER AND RAY-WIGGIN CO.
San Francisco
 Copyrighted 1915 by

WHITAKER & RAY-WIGGIN CO.

AiJG 2j 1915

/^./^
 CONTENTS

Introduction . . V
List of Drawing Equipment . . . VI
Explanatory Notes . . VII

PrATFS . . . 1-65

Geometrical Data . . 66
 INTRODUCTION
Geometrical Drawing (Elementarj' Mechanical Drawing) as a school subject comprises a
two-fold purpose: a pedagogical and a purely practical one. A pedagogical benefit lies in the

training in regard to the pupil's accuracy and definiteness. The object is not merely to rep-
resent geometrical figures by a set of lines, but these lines must be closely observed, accurately
measured and definitely placed. This feature of discipline must always be kept in mind. The
plate of Geometrical Drawing is also to develop an active sense for symmetry and harmony; the
different figures and problems should be placed so as to balance the whole outline. The general
impression of the finished drawing should be one of neatness, expressed in line-work and letter-
ing, and of cleanliness.

While this is alwaj's evident. Geometrical Drawing is particu-

purely pedagogical benefit
larly valuable asElementary Mechanical Drawing for vocational work, be it for mechanical
or structural or architectural engineering. Not only that Geometry and the "French" Curve
as such form a necessary schooling for the professional draftsman and engineer, but the student
becomes acquainted in this work with his mechanical appliances, as scale, T-square, triangles,
compass, ruling pen, brush, and learns their proper use. With this knowledge he is prepared
etc.

to handle more difficult problems of drawing since he has previously acquired a critical eye and
a trained hand.
Here it should be remembered, that the nature of this preparatory drawing in regard to the
choice of its problems is not so important as the exactness in the line-work itself. A student, who
has acquired a sense for accuracy and habitual neatness is well prepared for his professional
work because he has learned the one important prerequisite, namely : how to make any drawing
intelligent and reliable.
 .

VI

LIST OF DRAWING EQUIPMENT

(A SUGGESTION)

1. One Drawing Board, about 16" x 22". 7. Two Sheets of Cream colored Drawing
Paper, 27" x 40".
2. One 24" T-Square, maple blade, walnut
This size of paper will furnish 4 plates
fixed head,
each. If good quality ("Duplex" or
or Transparent Edges. "Corona") is selected, it will take ink
well, while its cream color does not
3. One 30° Triangle, about 10", Transparent.
strain the eye as much as the glaring
4. One 45° Triangle, about 8", Transparent. white.
8. One A. W. Faber Drawing Pencil, 3H.
5. One Triangular Boxwood Architect Scale,
9. One Pencil Eraser, E. Faber No. Ill,
12".
green One Sponge Eraser.
;

6. One Set of Instruments, consisting of 10. Two Bottles Waterproof Drawing Ink,
One 6" Compass with Pen and Pencil black and red.

Attachment.
11. One Dozen thin edge Thumbtacks, }4>"

diam. or less.
One 6" Dividers.
12. One Penholder with Pens : Esterbrook &
One Sy." Pen Bow. Co. Interstate, No. 815.
One 5" Ruling Pen. 13. One Transparent "French Curve."
—
Note. 'It is suggested, that no Ink Eraser or Knife be used for corrections in ink. The
green Pencil Eraser with the application of a little powdered Pumice will do neater work.
Equipment not available in local stores can be ordered from the publishers.
 VII

EXPLANATORY NOTES
The following sixty-five pages represent a set of sixty practical plates for Geometrical or Ele-
mentary Mechanical Drawing for Secondary and Primary Schools. From these the instructor or

student is to select a number of plates according to requirement or taste. A set of twenty-five

plates is suggested as equivalent to a school year's work with one daily period or forty-five minutes,

or to half a j'ear's work with double periods daily. The consecutive number of each chosen plate
may be inserted in the space provided for.

The size of each plate which the student is to make from the small sample drawing, is

assumed to be 12" x 17", and good cream colored or white drawing paper should be used; the

margin, represented by a heavy line, allows a space of one inch on each side. Each sample
plate in this book has been furnished with dimensions measuring from the margin line, which
will place the problems well on the sheet. The student observes, how a drawing might prop-
erly be provided with dimensions ;
yet, he is asked to omit the same from his plate, since this is a

feature of Mechanical Drawing proper and not included in the present course.

The sample plates are drawn "to scale," but at a reduced size; therefore the student will find
it impossible, simpl)' to measure off from the sample any dimension with the dividers. In case
a dimension should not readily be found on the plate, the student will have to compute or to

calculate by proportion the desired length.

A possible objection, that the student is merely "copying" a plate is not justified; he is repro-

ducing a drawing of his own, using a good and correct sample, and since "Mechanical" Drawing
requires a number of mechanical tools and skill in using them, it might well be said, that in
VIII

the elementary work of this sort emphasis be laid on the acquaintance with these tools and with
their possibilities. The process of making a Mechanical Drawing in regard to forming a habit
of good line work must become an unconscious, a mechanical one by repeated practice, before the
student can pay all attention to advanced problems of design and construction.
Neat lettering should receive special attention, and each plate should be valued in regard

to careful lettering as well as to its line work; special "lettering plates," a practice in Free-
hand printing, should be made from time to time.
It is essential for the development of carefulness and skill to use ink after the plate has
been completed in pencil ; waterproof black ink is recommended for the heavy lines, and red ink
for the fine construction lines. If a variety of colored inks is preferred, there should be a uni-
form system carried on throughout the whole course.
Individual taste can well be taken into consideration, and changes on the suggested plates
be made accordingly.
Explanation of signs: R=Radius; Z-^Angle; ||^Parallel; _|_==Vertical.

Pages 1, 2, 3, and 4 offer exercises in simple line work with the T-square and both triangles.

Page 5 condenses the practice of several previous pages into one plate.

Pages 6 and 7 contain simple straight line designs, which might also be used for practice in
flat tinting. ;

Page 8 shows block letters, filled in with black ink ; but any water color could be used instead.
Pages 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17 introduce the use of the compass, circles alone or in
connection with straight lines.

Pages 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, and 23 deal with problems of Geometry.
 IX

Page 18: Each Radius (R) on this page is arbitrary in length. Line A-B of the fourth prob-
lem drawn at any angle and of any length beginning at A, seven equal parts of any size
is ;

are measured off on this line the last point is connected with C, and parallel lines to this
;

drawn through each point towards A.

Page 19 : In order to solve the sixth problem, A-B is bisected in C, an arc is drawn to E with
R^C-D, and another arc with R=D-E to find F. D-F is equal to one side of the Pen-
tagon.
Page 21 : In the first problem bisect P-C in A; draw a circle with A as center and a Radius^
A-C and mark the points of intersection with the given circle. Connecting P with these
points will furnish the tangents.
In the second problem bisect A-B in C ; the arc with A-C as Radius intersects the arcs
with Radius of B plus or minus Radius of A in point D. A parallel line to A-D at a dis-

tance equal to Radius of A will locate the two points of tangency.

In the third problem draw arcs around A with a Radius^R of A plus R of C and
around B with a Radius^ R of B plus R of C, and find center for C at intersection.
Problems four and five are Eolved by adding to or subtracting from line P-C the Radius
of B. The bisecting perpendicular of P-B will meet the production of P-C in D, the cen-
ter for the required circle.

In the sixth problem draw arcs with R=A-C as shown, connect D with C, which inter-
sects the perpendicular of A-C in E measure off
; the distance of A-C, beginning in E,
three times and find H. H-B is equal to one-half of the circumference.
Page 24 contains simple circle designs, applying problem four on page 18 and problem six on page
19.
Pages 25, 26, 27, and 28 show different designs for flat tinting in one or in different colors.
Only first-class water colors and good brushes should be used. The sections of Standard
Profile Steel on page 28 are taken from the catalog of Jones & Laughlin, Steel Company,
Pittsburg. The pounds (fb) indicated, refer to weight of steel per foot.
Page 29 includes compass curves and an exercise in "French" curves.
Pages 30 and 31, showing the Spiral, Involute, and Volute, are drawn with the compass. The
Spiral on the right side of page 30, however, is also drawn with the "French" curve. The In-
volute is obtained by drawing arcs with Radii from 1, 2, 3, 4, etc., on the circumference
of the given circle, to the tangent of each corresponding point. The Involute is applied in
Gearing; the Volute is an architectural ornament.
Pages 32, 33, and 34, showing curves formed by straight lines, are suggested as introduction to
the curves proper.

Page 35 presents methods to obtain a Parabola and a Hyperbola.

Pages 36, ZT and 38 are devoted
, to the Ellipse. The "Trammel," cut out from paper, on page
36 moves with itstwo given points on C-D and A-B respectively, thus outlining at its outer
end the Ellipse. The "Focus" of the Ellipse on page 38 is found by an arc with a Radius;^
one-half of the Major Axis. With one Focus as center and any Radius larger than the
distance from the Focus to the nearest end of the Major Axis (in this case 1" has been

chosen) draw an arc; with the other Focus as center and a Radius=Major Axis minus
the chosen Radius of the first arc (1") draw another arc; both arcs will interect and lo-
cate two points for the Ellipse; repeat this process any number of times with new dimen-
sions. The second problem on page 38 is suggested as an example for drawing a Circle
 XI

in Isometric Projection, where it becomes an Ellipse. Draw Square within Circle first,
then 30° line with divisions as shown. The distance marked X
is obtained with the divider

from the circle construction and measured down from the 30° line for the Ellipse.
Pages 39, 40, and 41 contain the three Conic Sections, which will produce the Hyperbola, the
Parabola, and the Ellipse. The angles of 45° and 60° have been chosen for the sake of
convenience and do not necessarily have to be of this size.
Pages 42, 43, 44, and 45 show examples of the Cycloid, the Epicycloid, and the Hypocycloid.
These curves are traces of a point on a circle rolhng on a straight line or on another circle.
The equal distances marked 1, 2, 3, 4, etc., on the given circle, which is drawn first, are
measured off from both sides of its center line on the straight line or the circle, on which
the first circle is to roll.
C}xloids are frequently used in Gearing.
Page 46 represents the Helix, a curve, which resembles the path of a point uniformly moving
around on the circumference of a cylinder and at the same time on the surface of the
cylinder along a line parallel to its axis. The vertical distance, which is the point has
moved along this line, is called the "Pitch"; Pitch and circumference of the Cylinder must
always be drawn first to determine the points of construction for the Helix, and both are
divided into the same number of equal parts. In order to save space, only one-half of the cir-
cumference of the Cylinder is shown in each case.
Pages 47 and 48 give examples of the Helix as a curve of different screw-threads. The very
ends at the turn of each curve are best drawn with a compass, being too small for the
"French" curves.
Page 49 shows a symmetrical arrangement of "French" curves.
Page 50 gives the construction of a truly Egg shaped Oval.
XII

Pages 51 and 52 submit a practical application of the Ellipse with a Major Axis of 29 and a
Minor Axis of 18 feet. This Ellipse should be constructed first followed bjf the 23" divisions,
beginning at each end of the curve towards the middle, and tangent to an arc drawn at each
division point with a Radius of 24" is drawn the second and outer Ellipse. The slanting
- — between
lines- these —
two curves 'are drawn from the point of tangency to the division
point on the inner Ellipse. Note the use of a Scale: ^"^1 foot, which will be found on
each triangular Architect's Scale.
Pages 53 and 54 are dealing with problems to locate the path of motion of a point, which will
be found to travel on an irregular curve, returning to its starting point.

Page 55 shows examples in Shading. Note that with a darker tone of shadow the shading lines
become narrower and heavier.
Page 56 contains in outlines three important cases of Projection. Since this topic is treated
largely in the second part of this work called "Descriptive Geometry," no further details
or applications are given here.
Pages 57, 58, 59, 60, 61 and 62 give three samples of Gothic design. The sheets showing the
construction method in each ease, will furnish sufficient explanation.
Page 63 shows a Balustrade with an application of plain surface shading. Note the Scale:
lyi"^! Foot, found on the triangular Architect's Scale. •

Pages 64 and 65 suggest an alphabet of shaded letters. Instead of the black shadow each letter

might receive a light coat of water-color and the shaded part of it be painted in a darker
tone of the same color.
Page 66 contains some geometrical data, which might be convenient when computing various
dimensions for geometrical figures.
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/Vote- Om/J d/merrs/ons, buf prof/de consfrc/ct/on /n //ne reef //nesj nc/mera/s erne/ pr/r? fin q
/n b/ac A .
A/ofe; Om/'f (y/mens/ons, iiuf prov/o/e consf-rucf/on in fine red iines, ncz/Tiera/s a/7cf pr/nf/ng
/n b/ack
PLATE

A/o/e Om/f cf/mens/ons, baf pro^/c^e cor?sfruc//on /n //ne red // nes

PLAT£L 1
36
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Vote Orn/t cf/mens/onSj

: i>ut pror/de consfrc/cfion /n //ne reef //n es and pr/nf/ng /n b/ack ink
A/o/^e : Omrf d/'mer?s/ons buf
, prot^/de co/7sfrucf/on /n J7r?e reef //nes^ nc/m ero/s in t/ack ink.
PLA T£\ I
38

"ii^ f/Z/pse C/rc/e and E/1 ipse

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Nofe . Omif d/mens/ons, bc/f prov/'c/e consfrccf/on /r? //ne red f/nes; numera/^ /'n i>/acf( /nk
PLATE

/Vote: Or?^/f c//r?7er7SJo/^s baf prov/d e con strucf/ort

, /'n fine red //nes.
PLATE

/\/ote : Omff c///ne ns/ons, t>(/f proi^/c/e con 5trc/cf/on /n f/ne red fines.
PLATE \ 1 41

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 .

PLATE dl 42
C yc/ o / d.

///usfrafion of a Cyc/o/c/

Nofe : Orn'f cf'nner7s/or?s J but proy/de consfri/cf/or? of cyc/o/d /n JY/7e rec/. //nes and n</mefah
/r? £>/acA /n^!- Of77/t coji s/ruct/on on ///(/straf/on o/ cyc/o/d.
PLATE VLD 43

Epicyc/oid.
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A/ofe Om/t dimensions^ t>L/f /oroy/c/e cor?str(/cfior) >n fine rec/ /ines ancf numera/s /rj b/ack inA.
PLA T£ I
44
Hyp o cy c/o /c/

Racf/r of /ar^e crrjc/ Radius o/ sma/f

smo// ivhee/s in no g/t^pn preport/on w/iee/ = ^ rad/us of
fo each other /argre whee/.

A/o/e: Omif c/irnens/ons but pro^/c/e construction

, in fine red fines.
PL A TE\ 45

EfD/' - anc^ Hy/^•30- Cyc/o/c/.

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/Vote: Om/t c//rr?ens/on3, bet protf/cfe con strucfion in fine reef /r'nes
PLATE 'CH

Note : Om/f d/mens/onsj i3i/f proy/de consfrucf/on /n /me red //nes^ nt/mercr/s ir7 b/ack /n
/^i/17'^ri 47

He//x

J
/Mofe : Om/'f c^/>T7er7s/ons^ but proif/cfe constrccfion in fine red //nes ancf numera/s /n i>/acf( infs.
PLA TE I I
48

5yc/are Screir Threaa

A/ofe- Om/f cf/mens/ons , tyc/f prov/'cfe construcffon m fine red /I'nes one/ numera/s in i>/ack
I
PLATE \I3

A/o/e : Om/t d/mens/ons , t/ut prof/cfe cor/struct ion /n f/ne red //nes For con^struc t/or?
e//y/c/e rcrc//'us /n/^o Z arye/ c frcarr?/ere'r7ce //-?fo ZZ e<yc/a/ parfs.
Note: Om/f d/mens/on^ i'uf proi^/i/e pr/rrf/rrff
PLAT£\

Pracf'i'c a/ App//ca ^/on of /he ^///pse

( cor73/^rc>cf/on)

A/o/ff -•
On-7/f d/'mens/ons ana/ cor? street ion //neSj see /o//oyv/ng pcrye.
Use Jca/e § "= / Fbtff.
Note : // c/es/ree/, g/i^e br/dge cr //a f f/r?/ o/ //ph^ ^roy co/or
A/o/e : Om/f c/imen s/ onSj i>cf ^roi^/de consfrccf/on /n reef /ines
PLATEX

Pof/i of mof/or? of po/nt D during one reyo/uti on of S oracinc/ centre C.

/^o/nf A n^oyes r/'^hf crn of /ef/ on cf strcr/ghf iine.

/Vo/e : Omi'f d/nnef-js/ons, but pro k'/aie con/sfrucf/'on /n //ne reef //nes.
PLATE

A/o/'e Or?^ / /- cZ/m ^/7 3 /or? s 5hacy/ng //ries /n b/ack /'nk

PLATEHIl 56

Project /on s.

Ho/Zoyy Cube.
2" S^cfare, tver//s ^" fh/cJc.

on fa I f^rojecfior ffca view)

lltrl/t<7/ f^rojeclrorj /"Jron^ v/et*}

Oi'/igc/e Pro/ecf/'on /somefr/c Projecf/on

On Z of J Axes -hor/zonfcrf On a// three A-^e3 - or? e ^fer/ica/
C7r7d vef'f/ c Gr/~ df'rTnenstons the other fivo at 30° to the hori-
are rfneasurecf fo// s/'zej zon tat tin e — a// (/imens/ons
or} fhe ffi/rc/ ox/s ~-4S "— crre rrt e a surety fott Size.
the c//rrje ns forfs are hcjff Orttio ctrapti/c Projection
size. Atl yi'etrs of/tie' otject
are proJeete</ yerti'cc/tty
from one I'nto the other
Oi'rnens/ons crre mecrsi/rect
J'ott Size.

A/o/'e- Proy/We a// exp/crrycrfory pr/n^/rtgr

PLATE\

Vote Om/f d/mensfo ns ar7c/ con sfrucf^/o n fines- see /o//oiv/rtq page
PLAT£\

A/o/e : // c/es/rea', //>?/ ^/oss pcrrf /n //gfhf b/ue, wood in i>rotvn co/or.
PLATE \ 1
— 59

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PLAT£:{
4
PLATE\

Note: Om/t c//nnens/ ons Cfr7ct cor7strucf-/or? //rresj see /o// o tvi ng page
PLA TE EH

A/ofe // des/red^ /'/nf g/assparf /n /I'^hf^ b/ue , i/vooc/ /n bro/yn co/or.

PLATE\ I
63

-2Z-
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Cross Sec/-/ on ofA-B.

Note Om/f dim e/is/or> s ;

: proi'/c/e cross secf/or? /ines cfs s/iowr?. Use sca/e: /J"= /Foot.
 64
yOL/i/rnn

A/o/^e : Omif c//men5/ons ana/ corjsfracf/ on //nes ; sef fp/Zoiv/ng paffe.

PLATE \

HIJKLHN
OPOi
A/o/e .
¥W
// des/recf ^/><? /e/^ers a //a/ f/nf, //ye blacM part a e/ar/rer /one
 66

Ceome/r/ca/ Oafa
Po/ygo/i an a C/rcle C/rcu/-r7/ere/7ce a/nc/ Areas o/C/rc/es
0/art7 of Lengfh o/ J I'cfe O/a/m. of To find C/rcumference m(y/ffp/y O/arrt.by 3./4/6
mo/ /nscritieei
Ctrc/e Po/rgon C/rc/e
»/ To find Area mv/tip/y s^fc/are 0/ O/am.by .7gS4
Po/y- S/de D/ Ota m
of Area Oicrrn 0/
9on CircumJC r. c/r-curyns'cr
Tai)/e 0/ Dscima/ E-gu/ya/en/s 0/ ff" //[£"& ^".
t:

C/rc/e /^o/ygon C/rc/e

3 0.8 6 60 /./ S47 >> 0.4 330 z. =.93 7S ji =.96S7S i^ =.<a4J75

8/hs.
^ 0. 707 . /.4/4Z ^' \ /.4/4Z a =.3/3SZS
'5
32tK/s. 6^/hs
o % 0.S878 ^ /.70/3 \/. 7 205 Z/.Z36/ i = IZS '.54 6873

6 v, sooo \Z.OOOO ^ Z S98I %./. / S47 J =.2S i, =.031 ZS- ^=.0/S6SJ =.S78/Z3
7 \ Z.30ZR % 3. 6 339 t/./
0.438/ \ 039 jz =09373- --.046875 .609373
6 ^ Z. 6/37 \ 4.8Za4 \
0.i827 5 824 /. 4 =.so f. =./S6ZS .078/23 ,640623
£> \0.3 4Z0 12. S 233 I 6. / 8/8 ^/ 0S4Z .%=.62S .2/87S =./ 09373 \=.6 7/873
/O \ 3 OSO ^ 3.Z36/ < 7 694Z \ / OS/ JS =.Z8/ZS ,
il- .7.03/Z5
^.z-f-oezs 64-

// \o.z&/ a \3.S4ss \ g.36S6 C 04 2Z /. i = .87S

? V, =,3437S
/2 "^ Z S88 \ 3 8 637 '^/r IS62 %> / 033-3 .
=.406Z5r M=.2 03/Z5 ?# =765625
/6//15.
/3 \ 0Z333 i4. /786 > /J / 8S6 \./ 0Z9 9 -.4 687S =234373 -.796875

/4 » ZZZS \4.^340 -^I5.334S \ /.02s = 828/25

/J I O.Z 079 \ 4. 6 097 ^/7 64 24 \ /. 02 23 if .859375
H =.S937S 64
/6 Q 0. / 9S/ \S. / ZS6 Izo. / 094 Z / 96 /.
h =-3'zs =.SS6ZS =.S9 6ZS
/7 10/8 38 'ks. 44ZZ ''22.73 SS -^/.0/73 .437S -.7/873- --.3SS37S

/d 'i. 0/73 6 \S. 7S88 Xzsszoa ^ /. /S4 ,fi

^.S6ZS J5 =.73/ ZS #5 =390623 J:^
=.953/25
/J? S: 1 6 46 \6. 7SS >,284 6 SZ ^ /.O / 38 fi
-68 7S fi -.8437^ S =.984375
20 ^ /S64 ^ 6.39ZS ^3/.S688 ^ /.O/ Z3 if =433/23
Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process.
Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide
Treatment Date: Oct. 2003

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