IMPORTANCE OF BILL OF RIGHTS

• A bill of rights is a constitutional enumeration of

rights and privileges guaranteed by the State to all
persons within its territory.
• It is the statement of individual liberties which
citizens, residents, and sojourners in the country
enjoy abuses against the exercise of government
power. In short, it is the people’s shield against
government abuse.
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS
According to Source
a. Natural/Moral Rights – God-given rights
acknowledged by everybody to be morally good.
These rights are unwritten but by prevail as norms of
society. They are accepted based on the conscience
of mankind. (e.g. right to life, dignity, and self
development)
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b. Legal Rights
1. Constitutional Rights are those rights
guaranteed in the constitution (Art III Bill of
Rights of the 1987 constitution) such as the
right to life, freedom of speech, freedom of
the press and assembly, freedom of religion,
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right to privacy right to private correspondence, right
of abode and travel, right to own and inherit, equal
protection of the law, right to remain silent, right to
peaceful assembly, right to meet a witness face to
face, right to due process of law (a law that hears
before it condemns), the right to know your rights
(Miranda Doctrine)and the right against degrading
and cruel treatment.
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2. Statutory Rights are those

promulgated and passed by the
legislative body According to Aspect
of Life
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a. Civil rights are those granted by the state for the

promotion of the common welfare of individual
citizens. These guarantee the people from abuses of
agents of the state in the exercise of the inherent
power of the state. Example: right to life, to own
property, to marry, to enter into any contracts, to
seek justice in the courts.
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Power of Taxation - the right of the state to
require the citizens to share their property to the
government by asking them to pay taxes.

Power of Eminent Domain- the right of the state

to take private property for the welfare of the
people but upon just compensation to the owner.
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b. Political Rights - Rights conferred by the state to
the people so that they may participate in
government. These rights are guarantees against state
abuse. They are referred to as justiciable rights
because they can be immediately enforced once
violated. Examples: right to life, to own property, to
marry, to enter into any contracts, to seek justice in
the courts
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c. Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights -

those rights of the people to self-
determination, and to pursue economic, social,
and cultural development and financial
security. These rights ensure a life of dignity
for people.
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Social Rights - in relation to ones

dealing with other people like to
contract marriage, right to obtain an
education, right to rest and leisure,
and etc.
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Economic Rights - the right to earn a living,

right to operate a business, right to form
unions, and free choice of employment.

Cultural Rights -rights with respect to one'

ethnic origin, belief, customs and practices
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Absolute or non-derogable are rights cannot be
suspended, restricted, limited, or taken away even in
emergency situations. They are as follows: right to life,
right against torture and cruel, inhuman, or degrading
treatment, right to be recognized as a person before the
law, freedom against slavery and servitude, right not to
be imprisoned due to nonpayment of debt due to poverty,
freedom from religion, right against ex post facto laws.
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Non-absolute or derogable rights can be

suspended or taken and may be limited due to
public morality, welfare, and security. The
right to move freely could be limited through
the imposition of curfews.
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According to Recipient

Individual Rights are those rights being accorded to

individuals

Collective Rights (also called "The Peoples Rights"

or Solidarity Rights) are of the society, those that can
be enjoyed only in company with others.
 HUMAN RIGHTS PRINCIPLES

Accountability. The primary responsibility in

promoting and protecting human rights resides in
the government. Article XI, Section 1: "Public
office is a public trust; Public officers and
employees must all times be accountable to the
people, serve them with utmost responsibility,
loyalty and efficiency, act with patriotism, justice,
and lead modest lives."
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Good Governance. It refers to the proper way

of handling the management of the
government which involving of people
concerned. It promotes the best interests and
welfare of the governed. It can be called as
“People and God-oriented governance”
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Equity. One has to be fair, just and impartial in
ensuring respect, protection and promotion of
fundamental rights and freedom Equality and Non-
discrimination. All people are entitled to and should
enjoy human rights on equal basis. All men are co-
equals regardless of religion or creed, ethnic origin,
sexual orientation, sex, age and social status. No one
is above the law.
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Empowerment. Sovereignty is the

power to act for and on their own behalf
to claim their rights. It represents the real
essence of democracy.
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Legislative Capacity. The legislature must

formulate laws that promote and protect the
inherent dignity of every human being.
Lawmakers should not enact derogatory
rights and laws must not be retroactive in
order to protect the rights of the people.
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Interdependence and Interrelatedness.

Human rights are interlinked with one
another. The right to life is the most
fundamental right of man. A person could
not enjoy his other rights if this basic right
is not respected and fulfilled.
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Indivisibility. A person cannot be deprived or denied of his
other rights in exchange of to guarantee the enjoyment of one
specific right.
Attention to vulnerable groups. Special attention and
importance must be given to the promotion and protection of
human rights of those belonging to vulnerable groups or
marginalized sectors of society namely: women, elderly,
prisoners, persons with disabilities children, youth and
indigenous peoples.
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Transparency. The paramount aspect of good

governance is transparency which is mirrored
in well-informed constituents. This gives the
people the opportunity to see and understand
the activities of the government. It includes the
right of citizens to information on matters of
public concern.
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Universality. Human rights are endowed to every
human being without distinction regardless of race
and nationality. Although laws are times distinct in
other countries the most basic human rights of every
human being are recognized everywhere. To be
human means to have inherent right to be respected
and protected regardless of physical, economic,
social and political affiliation.
To be continued . . .

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