Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Inventive Computation Technologies (ICICT-2020)
IEEE Xplore Part Number:CFP20F70-ART; ISBN:978-1-7281-4685-0
Comparison Study of Sentiment Analysis of Tweets
using Various Machine Learning Algorithms
Suvarna G Kanakaraddi
School of Computer Science and Engineering
KLE Technological University
Hubli, Karnataka, India
Suvarna_gk@kletech.ac.in
Karuna C. Gull
Computer Science and Engineering
KLE Institute of Technology
Hubli, Karnataka, India
karunagull74@gmail.co m
Abstract— Today’s advancement in the design of web
technology, has made enormous data available for internet
operators and also the numerous data is being created. Web
technology networking sites like Twitter, Facebook, Google+ has
become a platform for sharing and exchanging the knowledge,
for discussing and expressing their views about different themes
with, unlike groups. The proposed system emphasizes largely on
opinion investigation of twitter facts that support the
investigation of the data in the tweets that show ideas are
extremely unstructured, varied and in some instances positive or
negative, and also emotions are taken into account for the
sentiment analysis. The proposed system provides a performance
analysis of machine learning algorithms such as S upport Vector
Machine, Navie Bayes, Max Entropy, LS TM, CNN, Random
forest. Among all these techniques S VM provides an accuracy of
79.90%.
Keywords—SVM (Support Vector Machine), Long Short-
Term Memory (LSTM), Convolution Neural Networks
(CNN), Application Program Interface (API), Natural
Language Processing (NLP)
I. INT RODUCT ION
Sentiment analysis is a set of concentration, thought, or
decision provoked by inclination. It deliberates individuals’
sentiments towards precise elements. Web technology is a
creative spot for such sentiment data. Each individual or as a
client can post their views and have a discussion through
different internet-based activities such as discussions, small
scale websites, or online social organizing destinations. From
the viewpoint of scientist’s, numerous internet-based life
destinations discharge can be made like, their application
programming interfaces (APIs), provoking information
gathering and Investigation from scientists as well as
designers. For example, Twitter at present comprises of three
distinctive adaptations of accessible APIs [1] , Specifically the
Streaming API, the REST API, the Search API. The Search
API allows designers to query explicit twitter data. In the
REST API, designers can accumulate standing evidence and
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Ashok K Chikaraddi
Dept.of MCA
KLE Technological University
Hubli, Karnataka, India
chikaraddi@kletech.ac.in
P S Hiremath
Dept. of MCA
KLE Technological university
Hubli,Karnataka, Inia
pshiremath@kletech.ac.in
Consumer information; the, and the Streaming API can gather
Twitter data constantly. Also, engineers are able to merge
these different APIs to brand self-owned applications. Hence,
notion investigation seems to have a solid fundament with the
backing of monstrous online information [2].
It was also mentioned [3] that the Social Networking Sites
stand as the backbone to provide access to associates and
share messages. Messages may be in the form of matter or
substance in posts, shares, comments. The extraction and
analysis of the matter inside, are the challenging issues in
Social Media as the data is vibrant and the format of data will
vary from site to site. Their work gives the steps in sequence
to extract the content from a twitter account and help us to
come up with new innovative ideas in developing better
applications by using the dynamic data.
This research discusses the development of various
machine learning algorithms to classify the tweets of different
company cell phone users. Google Samsung, Mi, Apple and
other cell phone company data set is considered and the
Twitter API is used to collect the Tweets of the users of these
cell phones.
People have come across several developments in the
earlier span of time in the utilization of online networking
assets and microblogging sites like Twitter, Facebook and
YouTube. These developed rich assets have become
marketing information for many organizations and
associations. Most of the organizations conducted meeting and
reviews to increase the response and also to know the quality
of the products. But such conventional techniques were time-
intensive, costly, and not returned the outcomes the
organizations were searching for because of eco-friendly
issues and ill-structured studies. Hence today valuable
feedback on products and services are received through
marketing strategies that are particularly relying on sentiment
analysis and natural language processing. Today huge amount
of client’s sentiment data is uploaded on internet each day and
this data is more of unstructured content and its troublesome
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 Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Inventive Computation Technologies (ICICT-2020)
IEEE Xplore Part Number:CFP20F70-ART; ISBN:978-1-7281-4685-0
to gain the meaning for computers. In previous times it was
impractical to understand a lot of ill-shaped information,
however at this point with computational power after the
estimation of Moore's law (Moore, 1965) and dispersed
systems of PCs utilizing structures, for example, Hadoop,
enormous data files can be presently understood with greater
ease. Lot of assumption is used in this field of research, for
example, Watson and Googles ongoing procurement of deep
learning technology and IBMs rigorous research into their
Natural Language Processing supercomputer. Hence with
extended interest and studies into this field Complex devices
will be gaining a comprehended idea from the content that will
incredibly enhance data analytics and search engines.
II. LIT ERAT URE SURVEY
Authors have [4] developed a framework for
understanding the sentiments of bikers from the twitter data.
Hashtags for the eight-year data were obtained. This research
has provided the techniques for performing text extraction and
opinion analysis for the unstructured text data. Observation
shows the biking data which is related to seasonal and weather
changes. Common sentiments on biking were positive.
Though the negative opinions are related to crime, ill weather
and other circumstances. In recent year’s dichotomy score
shows more positiveness compare to previous years. This
framework helps planners and decision-makers for biking.
Authors have carried out work on the k-means algorithm
[5]. This algorithm works correctly if the initial seed is
selected perfectly. Locating objects to the cluster is checked as
per the requirements and max E/I value. In the beginning, if
the better initial seed is chosen then excellent result with
higher E/I ratio and appropriate cluster designs should be
obtained.
This research [6] focuses on developing a model which can
analyze the contents of a microblog and analyses the customer
feedback. This application helps the organization to know the
customer's perceptions of a product. Authors have used fuzzy
logic for converting the linguistic variables into membership
functions that elaborate the variables in a fuzzy system. A
linguistic variable and a fuzzy set that is related to a specific
parameter are represented by every membership function. If
then rules are designed to describe the interaction of the fuzzy
set. The entire hypothesis collaborates into the final fuzzy set.
This set produces a fuzzy value that is transformed into a firm
value using suitable approaches.
According to the authors [7] a technique was built by them
to detect and summarize an overall sentiment. The
methodology suggested by the works with sentiments on
Twitter data contextually. They concentrated on Sentiment
Analysis as a major feature and they carried out with Natural
Language Processing (NLP). In their work, they carried out a
fine pre-processing on the data extracted from Twitter using
Twitter API. They used Part-Of-Speech (POS) tagger,
SentiWordNet, WordNet and NLP to assign weights to words
in the tweets. The analysis of the data modified is done using
various algorithms available in the WEKA tool. Then they
compared the results with and without lexical/NLP method.
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Authors have proposed a process to determine the
sentiment of the tweet and categorized the tweets into positive
and negative tweets [8]. An ensemble classifier method is
proposed here where a single classifier is formed by joining
the base learning classifier. The objective of this research is to
improve the performance and accuracy of the sentiment
differentiation method. Data preliminary-processing and
feature depiction in sentiment differentiation are also
inspected. Model is developed in python. To represent the
classification, similarity measure and evaluation purpose
Scikit-learn is used. To pre-process the data Natural Language
Toolkit (NLTK) is used to stem and remove the stopping term.
To handle the data set Padas is utilized. Multidimensional
arrays are handled by using NumPy.
According to the authors [9] opinions can be collected
from movie reviews sites, e-commerce sites and social media
sites. These opinions usually facilitate by giving suggestion on
how to launch a particular product or how to improve the
provision of service etc. Some sites are capable to analyse the
huge data statistically available on sites to give the statistical
report and even those sites tried to provide users with a visual
insight into what people feel about a certain product and other
kinds of stuff. Authors detail the process of analysis of the
classification algorithm and discuss various validation
methods. They have worked with real samples. Authors
worked on different thresholds that limit feature sets. Results
showed in graphical form exposed the performance of the
classifier used. They mentioned future opinion mining systems
need better insight into natural language opinions so that it can
fill a gap that has raised
Authors have proposed a novel approach of utilizing
lexicons that are based on semantic likeliness between text
terms and lexicon word stock [10]. The proposal considers an
opinion inspection which uses lexicon-based semantic
likeliness as a characteristic and embedding based
representation. The experiment is conducted on seven public
data sets and four sentiment lexicons. Evaluation of the feature
extraction is performed through several statistical methods.
The main goal of this research is to semantic feature extraction
is to be integrated with embedding based representation.
This research uses nine years of data set of microblog
messages. Relationship between sentiments extracted from the
global financial market is analysed. Here user subgroups are
considered for sentiment metrics. Sentiment measures
captured financial growth in the main economic area [1].
Author [11] has used the Twitter report of XL Axiata
92XL123), Telkomsel (@telkomsel) and indosat (@
indosatmania), extracted opinion and processed the sentiments
with three classifier algorithms such as SVM, Navie Bays and
Decision tree. Designed a real-time dashboard. Most of the
keywords that people discuss are summarized on the
dashboard.
This research proposes an algorithm based on emotion
score learning for sentiment classification [12]. This algorithm
is scalable as it does not require the manual score. The
experiment is conducted on 1000 tweets. The proposed
algorithm has detected the sentences as positive and negative
sentences.
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IEEE Xplore Part Number:CFP20F70-ART; ISBN:978-1-7281-4685-0

In this research interests of the target, the user is analyzed

for a particular brand and categories of interests of the
customer's activities in social networking s ite such as
Facebook is considered [13]. Fuzzy clustering approach is
proposed. The approach experiments on the real-time samples.
Authors have proposed methods to perform the prediction
of the stock market of different companies using sentiment
analysis[14] [15]. Also developed SVM and linear regression
model to predict the accuracy of the result. Fig. 2. Physical view of System

III. PROPOSED SYST EM The preprocessed data collected from the real time twitter
The Proposed system makes use of the Twitter API to data set using twitter API and sent to the following algorithms
download the tweets of Google, Samsung, Mi, Apple and Naive Bayes, CNN, SVM, LSTM, Decision Tree, XGBoost
many more from twitter. Twitter data- real-time data is and Random Forest.
collected and pre-processed. One of the preprocessing steps is
the replacement of the special characters (@, hashtag,:-),:-()
with USER MENTION, HASHTAG, EMO POS, EMO NEG
respectively. Then the required features are extracted and sent
to various machine learning algorithms – the classifiers for the
training. Now, the dataset is properly arranged in the fo rmat.
The data set in the proper format is tested with the help of test
data. The final step is predicting the sentiment as the output:

Fig. 1. Proposed System

To accomplish the objective of proposed work, system
characterizes the architecture model shown in Fig. 2. The
architecture speaks to the principle segments of the system.
Every segment comprises the working of system and together
gives the usefulness of the framework. System configuration
will be viewed as the utilizations of framework hypothesis to
product improvement. It depicts how the system functions and
overall architecture.
The Architecture Diagram shows the flow of methods
followed from the real raw twitter data set to the predicted
value. Twitter data set has been taken with the help of twitter
API, the dataset is separated as training and testing data set.
The training data set is pre-processed and the required features
are extracted and sent to train various machine learning
algorithms – the different classifiers. If the output is zero(0), it
is a negative tweet, if the output is 1, it is the positive tweet.
The data set in the proper format is tested with the help of test
data which is the final step in predicting the sentiment as the
output.
A flow diagram is shown in Fig. 3 maps out the flow of
information for any process or System.
Fig. 3. Flow diagram
The output from these algorithms is predicted which cell
phone has more positive tweets and negative m tweets. Then
model inspection is done for the right results and then the
majority vote for the particular cell is seen. The output is seen
as which cell has the highest positive and highest negative
emotional among other 5 cell phone brands.
IV. DEVELOPMENT
This section discusses the development of the software
process. The Methodology gives the total examination of each
procedure associated with Fig.3.
Data Set: In this work, the data set considered is in the
form of comma-separated values files with tweets. The
training data set is of the type CSV file, it has tweet id, tweet
and tweet hashtag. Here tweet id is a unique integer which is
used to identify the tweets. Were the tweets are the mixture of
words, symbols, emotions and URLs. Words contribute to
predicting the sentiment. Training data set considered here is
6000 tweets and testing data set considered as 2000 tweets
respectively.
Pre-Processing: In social media raw tweets used by the
people results in noisy data, as it is the nature of people’s

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 Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Inventive Computation Technologies (ICICT-2020)
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usage. These tweets will have dissimilar characteristics like
retweets, emotions etc., which are to be extracted, To create
user-friendly data, twitter data has to be normalized.
In this work, various processing methods are used to
standardize the data set. Initially, the general preprocessing
approach is applied on tweets which are as follows :
i. Convert the tweet to lowercase
ii. Replace two or more dots(.) with space
iii. Strip spaces and quotes(“and’) from the ends of the tweet
iv. Replace two or more spaces with a single space
The special twitter features are handled as follows:
Emotion – Operators use numerous emotions in a different
way and is not possible to match all these emotions on social
media. As the numbers increases in large scale, however,
some of the commonly used emotions are matched which are
frequently used. Here matched emotions are replaced with
either EMO POS or EMO NEG depending on whether it is
conveying a positive or negative emotion.
Hashtag- are the unspaced phrases prefixed by the hash
symbol (), which is frequently used by users to mention a
trending topic on twitter. Then replace all these hash tags with
the words with the hash symbol. Like, hellooo is replaced by
hello. The regular expression used to match hashtags is (§+).
Classifiers: This subsection discusses various classifier
used in this work such as Naïve Bayes, SVM, CNN, Decision
tree and Random Forest
A. Naive Bayes
It is a simple model which can be used for text
classification. Here, the class c^ is assigned to a tweet t. This
algorithm learns the probability of an object with certain
features belonging to a particular group or class. This
algorithm is also called “Naïve” because it makes the
assumption that the occurrence of a certain feature is
independent of the occurrence of the other features. So it
provides a method to compute the conditional probability, i.e.,
the probability of an event based on the previous knowledge
which is available on the events .
Following are the Bayes Theorem equations :
P(A/B) = P(B/A)P(A)/P(B)
The components of this equation are,
 P(A/B) - Conditional probability of occurrence of event
A given the event B is true.
 P(A) and P(B) – the probability of occurrence of event
A and B respectively.
 P(B/A) – probability of occurrence of event B given the
event A is true.
B. SVM
SVM is a Support Vector Machine. It is a non probabilistic
binary linear classifier. For a training set of points(xi,yi),
where x is a feature vector and y is the class. To determine the
maximum margin hyperplane that divides the points with xi =
1 and yi = 1. The equation of the hyperplane is; w • x b = 0.
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For a data set consisting of features set and labels set, an SVM
classifier builds a model to predict the classes for the new
examples. It assigns a new example or data points to one of
the classes.
Algorithm:
i. Define an optimal hyperplane
ii. Extend step I for nonlinearly separable problems
iii. Map data to high dimensional space where it is easy
to classify with linear decision surfaces.
C. Convolution Neural Networks
Convolution Neural Networks or CNNs are particular
neural networks that involve surfaces known as convolution
surfaces that can decipher spacial data. It works particularly
well for big data. It requires only small amounts of
preprocessing since it learns features. A convolution surface
comprises of many filters or kernels that help it learn to mine
particular forms of features from the data. A 2D window slides
over the input data exhibiting the convolution operation is
called a kernel. This research uses temporal convolution that
suits an analysis of linear data like tweets.
For the random inputs and two hidden layers. The
activation and sigmoid functions are computed as follows:
activation = lambda x: 1.0/(1.0 + np.exp(-x))
sigmoid function:
input = np.random.randn(3, 1)
hidden1 = activation(np.dot(W1, input) + b1)
hidden2 = activation(np.dot(W2, hidden1) + b2)
output = np.dot(W3, hidden2) + b3
Here W1,W2,W3,b1,b2,b3 are learnable parameter of the
model.
D. Decision Tree
A classifier model in which every node represents a test
on the attribute of the data set and its children showcase the
results is called a decision tree. The family of superintended
learning algorithms comprises of decision trees. In comparison
other superintended learning algorithms, decision tree
algorithm is also used for solving grouping and regression
problems too. The last classes of the data points are showcased
by leaf nodes. This superintended classifier method uses data
with familiar labels to create the decision tree and then the
model is utilized on the test data. The best test conditio n or
decision has to be taken for every node in the tree.
Decision Tree Algorithm
 The best Characteristic of the dataset is put at the root of
the tree.
 Divide the training set into subsets. Subsets have to be
created in such a way that every subset comprises of data
with the same value for an element.
 Step 1 and step 2 should recur on every subset until the
leaf nodes are found in all the branches of the tree.
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E. Random Forest Accuracy of the decision tree is shown in fig 5. Accuracy

Random forest algorithm is a superintended grouping obtained by this algorithm is 75.98%.
algorithm. This algorithm creates the forest with a number of
trees as is evident from the name. It can be said that the forest
looks more robust if it has more trees. In a similar manner in
the random forest classifier, the high accuracy results are
obtained with more number of trees in the forest. We
implemented a random forest algorithm by using Random
Forest Classifier from sklearn. ensemble provided by scikit-
learn. The algorithm is experimented using 10 estimators
(trees) using both presence and frequency features. Presence
features performed better than frequency though the
improvement was not substantial. Decision tree method can be
related to rule-based system. The decision tree algorithm
shows up some set of rules when the training data file with
targets and features is provided. The similar set rules can be
utilized to exhibit the prediction on the test dataset Fig. 6. Accuracy of Navie Bayes is 70.58%

The above fig 6 shows the accuracy of Navie Bays.

V. RESULT A NALYSIS Accuracy obtained for this classifier is 70.58%.
This section discusses the results obtained by the various
classifiers. The following table 1 shows the accuracy obtained
by different classifiers.

TABLE I. CLASSIFIER ACCURACY

Algorithm Accuracy
SVM 79.90%
Navie Bays 70.58%
Decision T ree 75.98%
Random Forest 72.05%

Fig. 7. Accuracy of Random Forrest is 72.05%

Accuracy of the Random forest is shown in fig 7.

Accuracy of this algorithm is 72.05%.

Fig. 4. Bigram word count

Fig 4 depicts the Bigram word count of the tweets. It

shows the maximum and minimum word count of the Bigram
feature extraction.

Fig. 8. Accuracy of SVM 79.90%

Fig 8 show the accuracy of SVM classifier. Here the

accuracy obtained by this algorithm is 79.90%. The following
fig 9 shows the word count result and fig 10 shows the
comparison of all the classifiers. Among all the classifiers
SVM Classifier provides better accuracy.
Fig. 5. Accuracy of Decision tree is 75.98%

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Fig. 9. Unigram Word count
Fig. 10. Comparison of Classifiers
VI. CONCLUSION
This work considers the tweets with a mixture of words,
emoticons, URLs, hashtags, user mentions, and symbols. In
this research machine learning algorithms such as Naive
Bayes, Maximum Entropy, Decision Tree, Random Forest,
XGBoost, SVM, Multi-Layer Perceptron, Recurrent Neural
networks and Convolutional Neural Networks to classify the
polarity of the tweet was developed. This research uses two
types of features namely unigrams and bigrams for
classification and observation shows that augmenting the
feature vector with bigrams improved the accuracy. Once the
feature has been extracted it is represented as either a sparse
vector or a dense vector. It has been observed that the
presence in the sparse vector representation recorded a better
performance than frequency. Neural network methods
performed better than other classifiers in general. LSTM
model has produced better classification result. Through the
Naive Bayes algorithm, 70.58% result is obtained. An
ensemble method has achieved an accuracy of 79.90%
compared to other classifiers.
Handling emotion ranges: it can improve and train the
models to handle a range of sentiments. Tweets don’t always
have a positive or negative sentiment. At times they may have
no sentiment i.e. neutral. Sentiment can also have gradation s
like the sentence, This is good, is positive but the sentence,
This is extraordinary. is somewhat more positive than the first.
So sentiment can be classified in ranges, say from -2 to +2.
Further, this research can be extended for other real-time data
sets and performance of the classification can be improved by
applying deep learning algorithms .
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