Post Single Mothers Revised Done Corrections From Maam Jinkie

” INATAY”: A CASE STUDY ON DUAL PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF
SINGLE MOTHERS
An Undergraduate Thesis
Submitted to
The Faculty of the College of Teachers Education, Arts, and Sciences
Saint Columban College
Pagadian City
In Partial Fulfilment
Of the Requirements of the Course
Bachelor of Science in Social Work
Submitted by:
Macoycruz, Chamberlyn M.
Bantuas, Jonalyn G.
Handugan, Kathlyn D.
May 2023
Approval Sheet
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree, Bachelor of Science in Social Work, this
thesis entitled “INATAY: A CASE STUDY ON DUAL PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITIES
OF SINGLE MOTHERS”, has been prepared and submitted by CHAMBERLYN M.
MACOYCRUZ, JONALYN G. BANTUAS, AND KATHLYN D. HANDUGAN, who are
hereby recommended for the corresponding oral examination.
JINKY MARIE R. GUINEA, RGC

Adviser
APPROVED in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree, BACHELOR OF

SCIENCE IN SOCIAL WORK, by the Oral Examination Committee on June 16, 2023.
MARIO F. ALAYON, Ph.D.

Chairman
GENESIS B. NAPARAN, Ph.D. REMY RICHIE JADMAN-FERRATER, LLB

Member Member
ACCEPTED in partial fulfillment for the degree, BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN SOCIAL

WORK.
GENESIS B. NAPARAN, Ph.D.

Dean, CTEAS
Abstract
Macoycruz, C., Bantuas, J., & Handugan, K. (2023).” INATAY”: A Case Study on Dual
Parental Responsibilities of Single Mothers. Undergraduate Thesis, Saint
Columban College, Pagadian City.
This study presents a comprehensive study investigating the diverse experiences of single
mothers, in shouldering parental responsibilities, either by choice or circumstance, within
the various communities of Pagadian City. The research delves into the ways in which
these resilient individuals navigate the challenging roles of both mother and father.
Through an analysis of their unique experiences, the study seeks to address fundamental
questions, such as the specific parental responsibilities assumed by single mothers on
behalf of their missing partners, how they fill the void left by absent partners in their
children's lives, the strategies they employ in effectively raising their children, the
difficulties they encounter as they raise their children alone, and the coping mechanisms
they utilize to overcome these challenges. The research not only sheds light on the
multifaceted responsibilities that single mothers undertake, such as being the primary
wage-earner, the disciplinarian, and the decision-maker, but also uncovers their
thoughtful approaches in fostering independence and responsibility in their children,
seeking support networks, and prioritizing self-care. Moreover, the study highlights the
obstacles faced by these single mothers, including financial strain, social stigmas, and
parenting pressures. However, amidst these challenges, the resilience of single mothers
prevails, as they effectively manage their responsibilities by employing coping strategies
like financial management, maintaining a positive mindset, and efficient time
management. In conclusion, the thesis underscores the significance of tailored support
programs and policies specifically designed to aid single mothers in addressing their
unique difficulties, while advocating for community engagement and awareness to foster
a supportive environment that recognizes and values the vital role these resilient women
play in their families and society as a whole.
Keywords: Single mother, parental responsibilities, coping mechanism, challenges,

support programs, dual parental responsibility
Acknowledgment
First and foremost, the researchers extend heartfelt gratitude to the Divine, the
Almighty God, the ultimate source of wisdom, for guiding them throughout their
academic journey and providing the strength and perseverance to complete this thesis.
They express profound appreciation to Dr. Mario F. Alayon, the esteemed Dean
of the College of Teacher Education, Arts, and Science, for his invaluable support and
unwavering commitment to academic excellence as the Chairman of the thesis
committee.
The researchers also acknowledge the dedication and unwavering support of their
thesis adviser, Ma'am Jinky Marie Guinea, RGC, and the thesis Instructor, Genesis
Naparan, Ph.D., whose expertise and encouragement greatly contributed to the successful
completion of this research.
Gratitude is also extended to Ma'am Remy Jadman-Ferrrater, LLB, for her
valuable input and support during the research.
The researchers sincerely thank their beloved family and friends for being pillars
of strength and belief in their abilities. Lastly, they express deep appreciation to all
individuals who contributed to their research through participation in interviews and
providing valuable insights, recognizing their significant impact on this academic
journey.
Dedication
We wholeheartedly dedicate this book to our beloved parents, whose unwavering
support, both financially and emotionally, enabled us to overcome the challenges we
faced during the writing process.
Our siblings have also been a great inspiration and source of support, and their
simple gestures meant the world to us.
The authors extend their sincere gratitude to all those who contributed to the
creation of this book, whether through time spent together, shared laughter, or
collaborative efforts.
Our heartfelt appreciation also goes to the Almighty Father, whose indispensable
favor kept us focused on our main objectives and blessed us with the knowledge and
insight necessary for this achievement. This dedication is a tribute to all those who played
a significant role in making this study possible.

Table of Contents
Title Page..............................................................................................................................i
Approval Sheet....................................................................................................................ii
Abstract...............................................................................................................................iii
Acknowledgment................................................................................................................iv
Dedication............................................................................................................................v
Table of Contents................................................................................................................vi
Chapter 1..............................................................................................................................1
Introduction......................................................................................................................1
Background of the Study..................................................................................................1
Theoretical Framework..................................................................................................10
Statement of the Problem...............................................................................................11
Significance of the Study...............................................................................................11
Definition of Terms........................................................................................................12
Chapter 2............................................................................................................................14
Research Method............................................................................................................14
Research Design.............................................................................................................14
Research Environment...................................................................................................15
Research Participants.....................................................................................................16
Research Instrument.......................................................................................................16
Data gathering Procedure...............................................................................................17
Data Analysis.................................................................................................................18
Ethical Consideration.....................................................................................................19
Chapter 3............................................................................................................................21
Results and Discussion...................................................................................................21
Chapter 4............................................................................................................................42
Summary of Findings, Conclusion, and Recommendations..........................................42
Summary of Findings.....................................................................................................42
Conclusion......................................................................................................................43
Recommendations..........................................................................................................45
References..........................................................................................................................46
Appendices.........................................................................................................................50
Appendix A – Permission to Conduct Study.................................................................50
Appendix B – Informed Consent...................................................................................52
Appendix C – Interview Guide Questions.....................................................................53
Appendix D - Plagiarism Test Result.............................................................................55
Appendix E - Grammar Check Result...........................................................................56

Curriculum Vitae...............................................................................................................57
Chapter 1
Introduction
Background of the Study
Traditionally, it has been believed that a family where both parents live together
is better for a child’s growth than a family with just one parent. Fathers and mothers are
viewed as crucial resources for children. Each parent serves as a source of emotional
support, useful advice, knowledge, direction, and monitoring. Additionally, having two
people in the home enables parents to act as role models for their children, helping them
develop a variety of social skills. But occasionally parents struggle to be good parents to
their kids. They quarrel constantly until they decide to separate, at which point sole
custody of the kids is given to them (Forslund et al., 2022)
Two family-related life-course settings with high economic hazards are the birth
of a child and being a single parent. In both, women face more hazards than men do.
When women have children, their incomes drastically decline, whereas males frequently
experience economic gains. The majority of mothers also experience the financial risks of
being single parents. When their parents don’t live together or separate, children typically
stay with their mothers. Compared to moms of partnerships, single mothers frequently
face financial difficulties. Their rates of poverty are higher than those of two-parent
households in the majority of high-income nations. Such gaps are explained by the fact
that women who become single mothers typically have smaller lab market resources and
that they face more impediments to well-paying professions than mothers who are in
marriages. Position of families, especially those led by single moms (Zagel & Van
Lancker, 2022).
Single-parent homes face poverty at proportionally higher rates than single-father
households, despite a growing trend among families to form these types of households.
Therefore, this study aims to investigate trends in poverty rates among single-mother
households compared to single-father households and married-couple families from 2010
to 2020. This measure has a flaw in that it does not account for single moms who do not
run the family, such as those who live with their parents, who may be more economically
susceptible than others (Stockton, 2022).
Breadwinner single parents typically work low-paying jobs while taking care of
their dependents, who are commonly young children. As a result, the inability to make
money and financial issues are well-known as some of the biggest challenges experienced
by single mothers. Discovered that for single mothers, money problems are the main
cause of stress. Single parents are unable to provide their children with quality time
because they lack the time to attend to their needs, including their psychological and
emotional needs, homework, and academic obligations (Rizal & Muhammud, 2022).
Children from single-parent households are more violent, destructive to others,
and frequently commit suicide as a way to relieve stress, the self-esteem of kids is
impacted by parent separation (Richer & Lemola, 2017, Phasha, 2021). The majority of
issues that single parents have in their daily lives are financial ones brought on by their
inability to earn enough money to cover their children’s fundamental requirements and
wants, such as paying for food, heating, and clothing while also putting more of their
attention toward them (Stack & Meredith, 2018). Therefore, single mothers should cut
back on other costs such as clothing, food, social activities, and even recreation because
they are forced to work hard to support their families and earn an income, which can
contribute to poverty (Hamzah & Jaafar, 2020).
Social stigma against single parenting exists. Since they are less capable, skilled,
and responsive than the head of the household, single parents are constantly accused of
being unreliable and uncaring. Additionally, single mothers experience emotions of
uncertainty, worry for their children’s safety and remarriage, relationships with their ex-
husbands, lack of self-efficacy, and future. These kids are thus exposed to stress,
inferiority complexes, hostility, and communication challenges as a result of traumatic
psychological events. Compared to full families, single mothers get less social support.
To lessen their suffering and unhappiness, the family, close friends, charities, or the local
community should show them the proper support, appreciation, and help in order for
them to continue living. (Zakaria, 2018).
Recent reviews of the reviewed studies quantified the fact that academics believed
children with single parents had worse self-esteem than those from families with two
parents. Female adolescents in single-parent homes were more content with life than male
adolescents when looking into the relationship between life satisfaction and adolescents’
self-esteem in single parenting. In broken households, male adolescents’ self-esteem was
found to be higher than female adolescents (Malik et al., 2022).
The structure of the family and the role of emotional connection are the most
crucial factors that have a considerable impact on how teenagers form their sense of self.
It is the most significant primary social group, and the mother and father act as the main
pillars, supporting and raising their children. Parents look after their children’s basic
requirements, including food, clothes, shelter, affection, warmth, well-being, education,

and amusement. Family offers a place to express sentiments and have a variety of
conversations. i.e., times of joy, sorrow, fear, anxiety, suffering, and problems. In order to
ensure the growth, welfare, and well-being of their children, parents multitask. The
parents are in charge of their children’s whole psychological, social, physical, emotional,
and cognitive development as well as their correct upbringing in accordance with the
standards and ideals. The family consists of single mothers or fathers and their
independent offspring are also known as single parenthood (Gupta & Kashyap, 2020).
Focuses on the two main avenues are direct cash transfers through income
assistance programs and work-family policies that boost employment. Childcare and
parental leave are two typical work-family policy interventions that have been found to
support mothers’ employment and narrow the poverty gap between single mothers and
mothers in marriages. On the other hand, family allowances like child benefits work by
bolstering women’ salaries. Such benefits can pull single moms out of poverty if they are
paid liberally, closing the difference between single and paired mothers’ risk of poverty
(Zagel et al., 2022).
People who are the sole provider for their family are more likely to work at low-
paying employment while having a larger household, including themselves and their
children. One of the main sources of stress for single mothers is their financial situation.
Parental stress and relationships with children are additional daily stressors for single
mothers of young children. When single mothers’ kids exhibit bad conduct, their stress
levels even increase. Additionally, these women’s social connections with other adults
are a source of additional stress for them (Hashim et al., 2015).
The majority of single parents struggle financially, and the majority are from
common rural locations that don’t demand specialist jobs or the education needed to find
suitable employment. Financial issues must be resolved because today’s cost of living is
intolerable, as are the living situations of those who endure till their children complete
their education, get married, or find employment. Therefore, low-income single mothers
are particularly anxious (Hamzah, et al., 2020).
Children from single-parent homes have a higher likelihood of engaging in
antisocial conduct. Single mothers have to manage a variety of hurdles, including social
issues and financial difficulties. Temper tantrums, physical altercations, bullying,
dishonesty, and theft are just a few of the issues that teachers and parents have noted for
kids from divorced and single-mother homes. Does the fact that a single parent raised a
child have an effect on it? Single mothers in Malaysia have reported that their kids have
behavioral problems. They lack the means to buy and acquire the things they want, in
contrast to their counterparts who can get what they want from their families. Because of
this, individuals might feel less confident in themselves and have lower academic
aspirations (Rizal et al., 2022).
The virus has caused many Malaysians to lose their lives, money, health, and
economic stability, especially single moms. Many of the unsung heroes had to take on
additional duties during the coronavirus outbreak. During the coronavirus MCO in
Malaysia, single mothers also struggle with stress and worry about their financial
condition. Being a single mother entails a lot of duties and challenges. The majority of
those in need in Malaysia are single mothers with young children compared to two-parent
homes (Jusoh & Latada, 2020).
In the case of single motherhood, the interconnection of life domains is very clear.
One example is the absence of a second adult who could provide income for the family.
The upkeep of a single mother’s home is her complete duty. Having the sole daily
childcare obligations for the children in the home creates a significant care burden that
restricts single mothers’ ability to join in the workforce. The child’s care may be shared
by non-resident parents, according to custody agreements. That frequently entails
juggling numerous residences and intricate day-to-day administration, which presents
unique difficulties when compared to a family with two parents (Zagel, et al., 2022).
Most lone parents are mothers. The difficulties faced by single mothers are
highlighted in this study as opposed to those faced by single fathers, but certain
information regarding those fathers will also be covered as it relates to the target audience
and study results. The fact that not all single parents need aid is noted in at least one
article. Another explanation for some fathers leading single-parent families may have to
do with the father’s age and what caused them to become single parents, as most of them
were divorced, as opposed to most single mothers who were never married. Another
gender issue is that the single fathers in this research are better off financially than the
single mothers (Rhiger, 2019),
While focusing on the importance of parents, evidence-based researchers believed
that single parents have both positive and negative influences on children, with
adolescents from broken families displaying strong bonds and a sense of communal
groups. Parents play an important role in the socio-physical, moral, emotional,
psychological, brain, and career-building of children by keeping in mind the social norms
and values of society, according to empirical researchers (Malik, et al., 2022).
Most low-income families are single-parent households, which makes it easier for
them to fall into poverty today. They attempt to reduce heating costs in order to increase
productivity. The implicated children’s souls, however, are unaffected by this condition.
Additionally, single women are trapped and defenseless, fighting for their lives against
financial obstacles. However, some single women find it difficult to rely on their families
to shield their kids from poverty, which necessitates further labor. As a result, they cut
back on their food intake to have the least amount of an influence on their kids (Stack, et
al., 2018).
One of the reasons of psychological difficulties is not having enough money to
sustain their children and having to rely on others. Psychological problems primarily
affect single mothers who struggle to provide for the basic necessities of their children.
On top of that, the word “single” affects how they feel. When parenting their children on
a daily basis, they frequently deal with emotional instability, stress, and struggle (Zakaria,
2018). Adolescents learn to value their parents and develop the ability to deal with life’s
challenges, but they have also demonstrated feelings of isolation, financial hardship,
inadequate nurturing, emotional problems, and adjustment issues. Children who are with
both parents shoulder a lot of responsibility, perform well in school, are motivated, and
learn to deal with setbacks (Guhasakar, 2020).
Due to the family's insufficient income to meet their basic needs, many children
find themselves compelled to work. Regrettably, this situation deprives numerous girls
and boys of the opportunity to attend school. Some attempt to juggle both work and
education, but often end up abandoning school prematurely, becoming child laborers, and
exposing themselves to various risks. These children, along with their siblings, take on
the responsibility of providing the household's total income. The immediate

consequences of child labor are alarming and diverse, including physical and mental
harm, even risking death. Moreover, it can lead to exploitation, and slavery, and severely
restrict their access to education and healthcare, jeopardizing their fundamental rights and
future prospects. The long-term impact reveals that child laborers are more likely to end
up in poorly paid and insecure jobs as adults, or even face unemployment, perpetuating
the cycle of poverty across generations. Despite the weight of this burden, each child has
shouldered the pressure of becoming the family's breadwinner (UNICEF, 2021).
Over 319 million youngsters between the ages of 1 and 17 were viewed in one of
the studies carried out in the Indian subcontinent. Only believed that because of parents’
separation, a single parent is unable to oversee, control, attend, and monitor the social and
emotional aspects of their children in a better way because he or she has to juggle
domestic as well as work responsibilities; these neglects to fail to improve the academic
grades and behavior. Of age are residing with single parents around the world, out of
which more than 2 million are found in India (Gupta, et al., 2020).
Under the Republic Act No. 8972 or also known as the Solo Parent Act, a solo
parent is defined as an individual who is left alone with the responsibility of parenthood
due to various circumstances such as death, abandonment, separation, or annulment of
marriage. Unmarried individuals who have chosen to keep and raise their child/children
on their own are also covered by this law. To avail the benefits, solo parents must secure
a Solo Parent Identification Card from the local government unit where they reside. The
financial hazards to families can be reduced by a variety of governmental solutions. One
is to offer financial assistance to help people escape poverty directly, and the other is to
offer rights or services that lessen the unfavorable social and economic effects of taking
care of a family. The former approach comprises social security policies and other forms
of income transfer. The latter includes measures designed to make it easier for mothers to
find employment. According to extensive studies, the two tactics actively influence the
financial risks faced by families, especially those of single moms. In general, policies that
work to reduce poverty and promote paid employment for everyone also work to reduce
poverty and promote paid employment for single parents (Zagel, et al., 2022).
Social workers aim to enhance the lives of individuals and their families by
providing support during challenging times. They build relationships, ensure safety and
stability, and prioritize children's well-being, fostering brighter futures. Social workers
develop open and honest connections with at-risk children, considering their views and
supporting family welfare (Desouza, 2021). In the context of single mothers, social
workers play a crucial role in directly assisting the children of divorced parents by
providing requested financial aid services. While the primary focus is on financial
assistance, social workers have demonstrated their competence by also caring for the
well-being of the children. The study revealed that social workers fulfill multiple roles as
enabler, broker, motivator, facilitator, and mediator in supporting children of divorced
parents. By utilizing internal and external agency resources, social workers empower
single mothers, connecting them to relevant skill centers, and enhancing their
functionality. These social work interventions and practices contribute to improving the
overall quality of life and well-being of the children and single mothers alike (Sarnon, et
al., 2022).
The review of related literature is made up of a variety of philosophical theories
and beliefs that are relevant to this study and describe the numerous roles and
responsibilities that single mothers experience. The research on parenting practices helps
develop theoretical frameworks that emphasize both the potential origins of parenting
role, and responsibilities. However, some theories mentioned similar goals of the
research.
Theoretical Framework
The role theories of social psychologist George Herbert Mead and sociologist
Ralph Linton served as the foundation for this study. This theory speaks of societal
expectations for how people should behave psychologically and socially, including
expectations for mothers, fathers, sons, daughters, and grandparents. The term “role”
refers to the social expectations and social scripts of family roles, as well as the ways in
which cultural norms and societal ideologies have shaped these roles. At any given point
in the life cycle, people take on various roles. People change roles repeatedly throughout
their lives, keeping some, leaving others behind, and starting new ones (Thomas et al.,
2022).
Role conflict, which is one part of role theory, is a discrepancy between the
expectations of one role and those of another. Role strain, also known as role overload
and conflict, is a common result of challenges in fulfilling role expectations. Role tension
can result in many harmful psychological and physical issues. Conflict levels, however,
differ among cultures as a result of how gender roles are seen and how much time is
consequently allotted to domestic and professional tasks.
This theory is related to the study because, in the lives of their children, single
parents fill the function of a missing partner. The parenting duties that single parents
fulfill on behalf of their partner who is gone. The challenges faced by single parents who
raised their kids on their own. The methods single parents employ to raise their kids
effectively.
The researchers applied the role theory to emphasize the study under investigation
and conceptualize the concept of role conflict to expound on the idea of parental
responsibilities for single parents. This theory allowed us to explain what we see and
predict facts to identify unexplored research areas. This theory would guide us as we
interpret the study's findings.
Micro role transitions

between simultaneously held roles, such as shifts
between one’s home and work roles or between
one’s work roles of subordinate and co-worker.
A subtle but important point is that role transi-
tions, whether macro or micro, involve both an
exit and an entry and the nature of each affects
the other. For example, an involuntary retire-
ment may sour one’s acceptance of the retiree
role, and a prestigious transfer may help one
come to terms with leaving beloved co-workers.
Another important point is that role transitions
often involve a period of “liminality” (Turner,
1969) where the individual is psychologically if
not physically between roles and the grip of each
is muted, thereby facilitating personal change
and acceptance of that change by others.
Research on macro role transitions is volu-
minous. First, there is abundant research on
specic transitions, particularly job entry, job
transfers, and TURNOVER. This research has
produced some fairly detailed models of certain
transitions, such as school-to-work, interna-
tional transfers, and involuntary layoffs (e.g.,
Hom and Griffeth, 1995). However, this work
provides little sense of how generalizable these
models are to other transitions. Furthermore,
this research tends to focus on either role exit or
role entry, neglecting their interaction.
Micro role transitions
The process includes macro
role transitions between sequentially held roles,
such as a student accepting his or her rst
full-time job or an assembly worker accepting a
promotion to foreman, and micro role transitions
His process refers to the psychological and (if
relevant) physical movement between positions
in a social system(s), encompassing disengage-
ment from one ROLE (role exit) and subsequent
engagement in another (role entry) (Ashforth,
2001; Burr, 1972). The process includes macro
role entry, neglecting their interacti
Statement of the Problem
This study investigated the various experiences of a group of single parents
concerning parental responsibilities, whether by choice or by circumstance. It included all
ages of single parents and was conducted in the different communities of Pagadian City.
Specifically, it aimed to answer the following queries:
1. What are the parental responsibilities that single mother do on behalf of their
missing partner?
2. How does single mother fill the role of their missing partner in the lives of their
children?
3. What are the strategies that single mother use to raise their children well?
4. What are the difficulties that single mother experienced as they raised their
children alone?
5. What are the coping mechanisms that single mother use to overcome difficulties?
Significance of the Study
This section provided insights into the various implications of the study and its
effect on the single parents that are most affected by this problem. The study was
significant because the results would educate single mothers and their children about how
crucial it is to communicate more during the struggling phase in order to strengthen the
household despite the worst work-life balance.
Single Mother. Weighing in on different aspects, the study’s findings may help
single mothers understand the value of parental involvement in impacting their children’s
behavior during difficult times. According to research, a child’s overall behavior
improves with consistent support from their home environment.

Children with Single Parents. This study helped children with solo parents
understand and acknowledge their parent's responsibilities.
Prospective Parents. This study provided information and raised awareness in the
past about the parental responsibilities of single parents. The result of this study informed
them about the ways and struggles, as well as how to raise their child independently.
Future Researchers. It helps them to have more data and references that are
relevant to their study. The result of this study is beneficial to the future researchers for
them to gain or have more knowledge and information about the parental responsibilities
of single parents. It could make their studies more effective and informative.
Definition of Terms
The definitions of the following terms, which would be used frequently in the
study, are the follows;
Inatay. A Mother who has also become a father. Single mothers who take on dual
parental roles provide valuable insights for social work interventions and support
programs.
Children. A young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age
of the majority. In this study, it refers to young human being who had single mothers out
of wedlock.
Single Mother. A woman bringing up a child or children without a partner. In this
study, it refers to women of all ages who, out of wedlock, care for a child without their
partner.
Partner. Either member of a married couple or of an established unmarried
couple. In this study involved a couple that had never been married to their partners and
never played a role in fulfilling their child’s needs.
Parental Responsibilities. All the rights, duties, powers, and authority that by law
a parent has in relation to his or her child. If a man and woman are married, they
automatically have parental responsibilities.
Chapter 2
Research Method
This part of the study discussed the method and determined the problem regarding
the parental responsibilities of a single parent.
Research Design
This study utilized a qualitative research technique for its research design. The
notion that meaning was socially produced by people's interactions with their
environment was the key to comprehend qualitative research. In positivist, qualitative
research, the world or reality was regarded to be a fixed, singular, accepted, or
measurable fact. Instead, there were numerous, dynamic, and ever-changing reality
constructs and interpretations.
A qualitative case study is a thorough, comprehensive description and
examination of a specific phenomenon or social unit (Merriam; 2002). One method for
determining whether a topic was bounded was to examine how finite the data collection
would be, i.e., whether there was a cap on the total number of participants who might be
interviewed or a time limit for interpretation rather than hypothesis testing. By using
"interpretation in context," the case study had been distinguished from other research
designs. The researcher hoped to identify the interaction of key components defining the
phenomena by focusing on a specific event or entity (the case). The case study was a
design that was especially suitable for circumstances in which it was impossible to isolate
the variables causing the phenomena from their context since it focused on holistic
description and explanation, the author noted.
Qualitative researchers wanted to know what such interpretations were at a given
time and in a specific situation. An interpretive qualitative approach was one that sought
to understand how people experienced and engaged with their social environment and
what meaning it held for them. You could also have looked into how the social and
political context shaped reality, that is, how more general contextual factors influenced
how people constructed reality by looking at how people experienced and engaged with
the social environment (Merriam, S. B., 2002).
Any of the philosophical or theoretical perspectives were acceptable approaches
to research as a qualitative researcher. The specific research design you used to conduct
your study was determined by your unique perspective. (Merriam, S. B., 2002).
Research Environment
This study was conducted in different areas of Pagadian City. The rationale
behind this choice was that these areas were appropriate for the study for the simple
reason that there were a lot of potential participants who were appropriate candidates to
be participants. This was due to the reason that it was one of the populated areas of
Zamboanga del Sur and a regional center that catered services to assist the vulnerable
sector that would serve as the target participants of the study—which was the single
mother. Pagadian City was a coastal component city in the province of Zamboanga Del
Sur. It served as the provincial capital as well as the regional center of the Zamboanga
Peninsula. The city had a large area of 378.80 square kilometers or 146.26 square miles
which constituted 8.45% of Zamboanga Del Sur’s total area.
Research Participants
The research participants consist of nine (9) single mothers who took diverse
routes to become single parents. The study primarily focuses on single parents who have
never been married to their partners and encompasses individuals of different age groups.
For the purpose of this research, participants who indicated separation or widowhood as
their status were not included in the group of single parents.
The researchers used purposive sampling to investigate the case regarding the
parental responsibilities of a single parent in order to gather the information needed for
the study. Purposive sampling had four aspects described: credibility, transferability,
dependability, and confirmability. They used purposive sampling to conduct the study in
different areas of Pagadian City, presenting participants' experiences (Campbell et al.,
2020).
The research study comprises a diverse group of nine single mothers residing in
Pagadian City. Their ages range from 20, the youngest participant, to 31, the oldest.
These mothers represent various occupational backgrounds, including vendors, business
professionals, government workers, and homemakers, showcasing a wide array of
experiences and lifestyles within the community. Most of the participants have one child,
although a few have two or more children, adding another layer of diversity to the
sample. Through the participation of these mothers from different walks of life, the study
aims to provide a comprehensive and nuanced understanding of solo parenting
experiences and challenges within the community of Pagadian City.
Purposive sampling was used, for the reason that this research study was under
investigation to probe the objective with regard to parental responsibilities of single
parents and gather valuable information from participants who had never been married
about their experiences. Purposive sampling, also known as judgmental sampling, relied
on the researcher's judgment in identifying and selecting individuals, cases, or events that
could provide the best information to achieve the study's objective.

Research Instrument
The researchers were the primary instruments aided by a questionnaire guide
protocol and personally distributed the questionnaire form face-to-face on the same day
with each of the participants to explore their respective experiences concerning parental
responsibilities as a single parent. A questionnaire method was a study that collected
prospective data from subjects through the use of questionnaires or surveys the
researchers were using. The participants were further exposed to some engaging
questions, exploring questions, the central question and its sub-question, descriptive
questions, and probing questions that served as supporting questions to the central
question that was given, so they had complete freedom to use the words, content, and
structure of the interview and the order or sequence of questions according to the context
of the study.
Moreover, participants were encouraged to talk freely to allow the researchers to
probe deeper into the participants’ primary responses, so they could gain a more detailed
answer on a particular topic. It gave both the researchers and the participants more
freedom in a conversation and the opportunity to delve deeper into an issue.
For participants to fully expressed their respective experiences with parental
responsibilities as single parents, they were interviewed using a semi-structured interview
guide in the language and dialect of their choice. To ensure proper translation, the
interview guide was first written in English, then translated into the Bisaya (Visayan)
dialect, and finally back to English. The participants’ parental responsibilities as single
parents were the focus of the interview.

Data Gathering Procedure
The researcher’s method of data collection began with a request to the department
head’s office. Once the researchers were granted permission to conduct the study, they
sought the consent of the single parent to interview to collect data and information about
their parental responsibilities as they filled the role of their missing partner (Meyer, C. B.,
2001).
The data was gathered when the chosen participants were accessible, which was
in the second semester of the academic year (2022-2023). A list of parenting duties for
single parents was presented by the researchers after they had analyzed the data from the
data gathering.
Data Analysis
According to Patton (2002), inductive analysis and creative synthesis were two
methods used in qualitative data analysis to transform raw data by finding, assessing,
identifying, coding, surveying, discovering, and describing the various trends, themes,
and categories within the raw data in order to describe them as well as provide their
underlying meanings.
In the qualitative research conducted, data were gathered from multiple sources,
including responses from the target participants and monitoring records. This approach
was aligned with Sharan Merriam's case study model, specifically focused on
discrepancies in phenomena related to the fulfillment of missing parental responsibilities
among single parents. The data were analyzed using the framework provided by Merriam
to gain insights into the study's central theme.
To ensure a comprehensive understanding of the experiences of the target

participants, the researchers utilized written and recorded data collected from the
participants. The analysis was further bolstered by incorporating various data sources,
which served to strengthen and support the emerging assertions derived from the
reviewed literature.
By employing those analytical techniques and drawing from multiple data
streams, the researchers aimed to present a thorough overview of the experiences of
single parents and the challenges they faced in fulfilling parental responsibilities,
providing a rich and nuanced understanding of the topic.
Ethical Consideration
This research study prioritized the data or information that was gathered from
participants, and as a result, confidentiality was strictly maintained, used, and followed.
Ethical Considerations in Research.
When performing a research project, ethical considerations were made. In order to
protect people through the protection of personal information and to ensure the legality of
the use of personal data (Philippine Data Privacy Act of 2012), the majority of
researchers had to go through ethical considerations that had an impact on the research
participants. The researchers followed proper research procedures. Researchers respected
various ethical standards and handled any problems with their studies that may have
occurred. The following ethical factors were respected when conducting a study:
informed consent; not being harmful; human dignity; privacy; anonymity; secrecy;
deceit; fairness; and reciprocity (Naidoo, T. 2010).
Involvement. Researchers ensured respondent safety was the researcher's utmost
responsibility, avoiding any harm or danger throughout their participation.

Voluntary Engagement. Participants have the freedom to withdraw from the
research at any time, without pressure or consequences.
Acknowledged Permission. Participants received sufficient information and
assurances before agreeing to participate. This included a clear explanation of the study's
purpose and procedures before it commenced.
Privacy. Researchers securely stored all essential documents in a locked file
drawer to safeguard data privacy, and access to the study data was limited to authorized
researchers.
Information Exchange About Results. Researchers communicated with
participants honestly, dependably, authentically, and transparently.
Forgery. The study underwent rigorous screening, including institutional
scanning, with results required to be 10% lower before publication.
Deception in Research. Researchers unequivocally denounced academic fraud,
including fabricating data, tampering with analysis, or misrepresenting findings. They
ensured the authenticity of data by conducting interviews and data collection personally.
Chapter 3
Results and Discussion
On the basis of the information acquired, this chapter presents the findings and
discussions on the dual parental responsibilities of a single mother. This regards that the
respondents of the following study, which is the standing mother, cited their
responsibilities in behalf of their missing partner’s role in a family structure. Upon the
elaboration of the data gathering, the researchers manifested the single case study in
which the relevance of the information will be focuses on a single group of single
mothers. This will strengthen the validity of the aforementioned respondents stated
parental roles and the findings will be set as the general representation of the majority
single mother in the given area of study.
The five specific categories are parental responsibilities that single mother do on
behalf of their missing partner, single mother filling the role of their missing partner in
the lives of their children, strategies that single mother use to raise their children well,
difficulties that single mother experienced as they raised their children alone, and coping
mechanisms that single mother use to overcome difficulties
Parental Responsibilities that Single Mother do on Behalf of their Missing Partner
Three themes emerged from the responses about the parental responsibilities that
single mother do on behalf of their missing partner: Primary Wage-earner,
Disciplinarian, and Decision-maker.
Primary Wage-earner. One of the essential instruments that utilizes the chances
of sustaining the everyday lives, particularly handled by the father rather than a mother in
a family structure. The following was manifested through the verbatim responses of the
target participants.
“Sa kalisud sa kinabuhi ako gyud siyang gi buhi na ako ra, gi agwanta
gyud miskan ako ra isa ang nanimgkamot aron lang gyud maka kwarta ko
pang gasto lang gyud sa inadlaw.” [Even though I am experiencing
hardships in life, I am the one who has been keeping my son alive,
enduring it all even though I am the only one working hard just to earn
enough money for our daily expenses.] – SM1
“As a single mother ang reponsibilidad na akong nahimo para sa akong
anak kay dili gyud lalim tungod kay wala koy partner. Although dili man
ko full time na mag-atiman kay naa man gud koy work, but about
financial ako gyud mismo ang mangita ug paagi kay intawon ako ragyuy
gi asahan sa akong anak.” [As a single mother, the responsibilities I have
taken on for my child are not easy because I do not have a partner.
Although I cannot be a full-time caregiver because I also have work, when
it comes to finances, I am the one who seeks and finds ways because I am
the one relied upon by my child.] – SM3
“Para sa akoa lisod gyud kaayo samot na bahin sa financial. Og mao to

pag-atiman sa ilaha na ako ra usa. Para sa akoa kana gyung financial,
mangitag kwarta miskan asa, labaw na katong na hospital akong anak
ako lang gyud nagsulbad tanan.” [For me, the financial aspect is really
challenging, especially taking care of them all by myself. That is the most
difficult part—finding money wherever I can, especially when my child
needs hospitalization. I am the one who solely solves everything.] – SM9
“Samtang nagprovide ko sa amoang mga pang gastoan di gyud pod nako

malikayan na magkalisod. Gihimo nakong motivation akong mga anak
aron lang gyud magkugi ko alang sa kaugmaon sa akong mga anak. Kay
sa makita lang nako na naa silay ambisyon sa ilang kinabuhi, malipay
nako. “[While being a financial provider can be demanding and
sometimes overwhelming, it is a role that motivates me to work harder and
strive for a better future for my children. Seeing them thrive and knowing
that I am contributing to their growth and opportunities brings me
immense joy and fulfillment as a single mother and financial provider.] –
SM5
From the gathered information after interviewing the participants, the findings
emanated that one of the crucial roles that the single parents take is providing the
financial necessities of the family. This pertains the resiliency of the mother to be an
economically self-sufficient provider when it comes to the daily expenses of the family
(Hertz, Vol. 20 Issue 2, p187-209, 2023). Single mothers frequently have to endure the
challenges brought by economic instability on their own. As the sole breadwinner in the
family, they bear the responsibility of earning an income and fulfilling household and
parental duties. Unlike stay-at-home moms, they cannot solely focus on raising their
children as they must also consider financial expenses. Even though they recognize the
importance of being present for their children during their formative years, they are
unable to dedicate all their time to childcare. The situation becomes even more difficult
for single mothers who are not financially well-off. Balancing expenses and striving to
save money on a single income is a demanding task (Vajpayee, 2019).
Disciplinarian. Cited from the context of the gathered data from the single mother
acting as the father figure of the child. Single mother entails the duties and efforts she
undertakes to raise and care for her child in the absence of a partner. It encompasses a
range of parenting aspects aimed at promoting the child's welfare, progression, and
maturation.
"Tungod kay wala may nagpaka amahan sa akoang anak, ako ragyung
kaugalingon mismo ang mi displina ani niya pagpadako, aron lang gyud
magkat-on kay lahi raman gud ata ang bata kung kanang sa pamilya ang
mo disiplina kay ang amahan." [Because there is no father figure in my
child's life, I am the one who personally takes on the role of disciplining
him while growing up, to ensure proper learning because it seems that
children behave differently when it is the father who provides discipline in
the family.]- SM4
"Kuan Ma'am kanang base lang sa akong experience ha, ako isa ka single
mother nanarbaho ko dayon perti gyung lisoda pagpadako sa bata labaw
na kong displinahon kay kining anak nako na laki perting gahia ug ulo.
Dayon tungod kay no choice man gyud ko kay wala man koy kapares,
mahagbong gihapon na isa sa akong responsibilidad nalang na alimahon
nig tarong iyang kinaiya.” [Well, Ma'am, based on my personal
experience, as a single mother, I have to work continuously, which makes it
extremely challenging to raise my child, especially since he tends to be
stubborn and rebellious. Because I have no other choice, it remains one of
my responsibilities to discipline and shape his behavior to the best of my
ability.] – SM2
“Sa akong pagka single mom, gina balanse nako ang pagdisiplina sa
akong mga anak na kanunay naa gyud nay sagol gugma ug supporta. Ug
di gyud pod mawala ng gina pa feel nako sa ilaha na gipangga nako sila
na samtang wala nako gina konsente ilang mga sayop na pangbuhaton
aron lang gyud sila mahibalo sa ilang mga mali ug makakat-on sa ilang
lihok.” [Being a single parent, I recognize the challenges of balancing
discipline with love and support. I strive to maintain a nurturing and
positive environment where my child feels secure and loved while also
understanding the importance of accountability for their actions.] – SM7
In accordance to the researcher’s breakdown of the information, it shows that
single mothers exhibited the following particular responsibility in behalf of the missing
role in the family structure. Pertaining to the challenges they face, single mothers
demonstrate the ability to establish clear boundaries, consistently enforce rules, and
provide nurturing guidance. Their nurturing nature, combined with effective
communication and positive reinforcement techniques, contributes to shaping their
children's behavior and promoting responsible decision-making (Weber, 2019). The
resilience and determination displayed by single mothers in their disciplinary role
underscore their significant impact on their children's development and overall well-
being. Based from the Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics (2020), active
involvement of mothers in their children's education extends the teaching and learning
process beyond the confines of the classroom. This expanded involvement creates a more
positive and holistic learning experience, leading to enhanced academic performance
among children.
Decision-maker. This theme serves as one of the responsibilities of the single
mother do on behalf of their missing partner. This pertains to handling the role of a
decision-maker as they bear the responsibility of making choices that impact both their
own life and the well-being of their children. Employing a thoughtful and strategic
approach to navigate the challenges and opportunities that arise.
"Kanang pagpili o paghimo ug desisyon isip pagka single mother, ako

nagyud mismo ang makabuot diretso kanang matunong lang gyud sa
kaayohan sa akoang anak.” [As a single mother, I am the one who has the
sole responsibility of making decisions. I have to carefully consider what is
best for my child.] – SM6
“Dawat nagyud nako na responsibilidad nako ang pag desisyon sa akong

pamilya. Pero kung dili pod ko sure sa akoang nahibal-an naga pangutana
gyud ko salain ana ug akong gibana-bana ang possible na mahitabo matag
desisyon kung makaayo ba kin isa kadugayon.” [I embrace the role of
decision-maker by carefully weighing the options, seeking advice when
needed, and considering the long-term implications of each choice.
Whether it's deciding on their education, healthcare, extracurricular
activities, or moral values, I am mindful of how these decisions can impact
their growth and development.] – SM8
Several of the research participants took the role of being the decision-maker on
behalf of their missing partner. The information emphasized the significant attitude of the
mother when handling such situational crisis in regards with the overall decision making.
According to the citation of Perinat (2017) from the study of Knaak (2010), it was
supported by the idea that in the realm of moral and social responsibility, mothers
perceive the need to minimize potential risks and hazards for their children. The
identification of risk factors is often influenced by the guidance provided by
professionals, who are regarded as authoritative figures in the domain of parenting
expertise. These findings indicate that the decision-making authority of women holds
intrinsic significance in determining child welfare outcomes, independent of its
conventional association with measuring socioeconomic status.
Ways of Single Mother Filling the Role of their Missing Partner in the Lives of their
Children
Single mother narrated the following data of how they manage to fill the missing
role of the partner in the family structure. The following roles were done by means of the
following: Bonding with Children, Engaging in Conversation with Children, and
Implementing House Rules.

Bonding with children. The theme was indicated through an open-ended
questioning of the target participants in regards on how they sustained the missing role in
the family rubrics as per experience as a solo parent.
“If kanang naa bitaw koy time after duty gina anad gyud nako akong anak
na mag bonding mi like magsuroy-suroy mi sa park, magdula-dula ug
mga games, ug uban pa kanang mga makalingaw na hobby. Kay may
nalang given na permi kayko busy sa akong trabaho, magampanan
gihapon nako akong pagka mama ug papa sa akong anak as a solo
parent.” [After my duty hours, if given the chance that I could spare some
time, me and my child spend it by going out such as walking in a park,
playing some games, and doing some other fun activities. Through these
activities I was able to attend the needs of my child and do my part as a
mother as well as a father role, despite having a crucial schedule due to
my line of work.] – SM1
“Ginakuha nako akong anak sa eskwelahan then naga bonding mi sa

Jollibee ba ug kanang ilaag bitaw anang mura siyag playground sulod sa
mall na mga bata kauban.” [I picked up my child from school, and then
we bonded at Jollibee and then venture to the child playground inside the
mall to have some fun.] – SM6
”Paminaw pod nako kay since mabantayan nako sa ubang tawo na ang
papa gyud naga laag-laag ug naga dula ba sa ilang anak, ako pod nang
ginabuhat tungod kay wala man koy pares. Maynalang pod malingaw ra
ang bata na dili ra sig pundo ug balay mag dula ug selpon.” [I noticed
other people's fathers strolling around and playing with their children, I
also do the same because I don't have a partner. Fortunately, the child still
enjoys it and a leeway to avoid playing too much with the cellphone.] –
SM8
As per elaboration of the gathered context from the group of single mothers, the
following shows the ways on how the missing role was demonstrated by the mother,
despite the lack of relationship partner. According to the study of Ball and Blachman,
(1991) Izzo et al., (1999) cited from the study in Bunijevac and Durisic (2017), engaging
with interactive activity enables the family member—especially the children to widen
their perspective about having fun. This also enables the child to maximize their potential
to apply their critical thinking skills as well as problem solving capabilities. It was also
supported by the Child Development studies, that the efficacy of doing this in a repetitive
manner or by means of habitual implication as well as headed by the mother, can result to
a deepening of bonds as a parent towards the child. Given from the responses of the
single mother, they manifested the aforementioned activities to cope the missing role in
their family spectrum, thus the manifestation of the possible results from the cited studies
can be observed (Exchange Family Center, 2018).
Engaging in Conversation with children. Formulated through the researchers’
breakdowns of data as one of the general ideas from the insights of the target participants.
Talks about the conversational engagement of the parental role towards the child to
evaluate the experiences the child faced. This involves the single mother creating a safe
and non-judgmental space where her child feels comfortable sharing their experiences
and emotions. Through active listening, empathy, and understanding, she demonstrates
her commitment to valuing and respecting her child's perspective.
“Gina encourage nako akong anak na inig naay problema sa school or

sa asang aspeto sa iyang life amo gyud nang istoryahan or kana bang
andam ko maminaw sa iya ug makahatag pod kog mga tambag sa iya
life.” [I encourage my child to talk to me when he has a problem in
school or even in various aspect of his life and to always remind him that
I am always ready to listen as well as give parental advices to him.] –
SM7
“Bata pa akong anak pero naga istorya gyud siya perm isa akoa kung
naa siyay mga sakit-sakit na ma feel ug kanang kutob unsa naa sa
iyahang huna-huna, andam gyud ko permi maminaw as a hands-on
single mom” [My child is still young, but he really expresses themselves.
Whenever they feel any discomfort or have thoughts in their mind, they
always come to me. As a hands-on single mom, I am always ready to
listen and understand their feelings.] – SM9
“Naay times na diba pagka Mama naa gyuy something na ma feel nimo
ba kung naay nabati ang akong anak sa murag nakapa hasol niya, ay
ako raman isa ginikanan niya tinabangay gyud mi ug tambag sa usat-
usa.” [There are times, right, as a mother, when you can sense if
something is bothering your child, and it worries you. But as their parent,
we should really support and advise each other to help our child.] – SM2
From the drafted statements of the single mother that the researchers conducted
data, participants maneuver the role to be versatile in order to sustain the missing role.
According to the Huebner, a psychologist, asking the proper usage of questions may
enable the child to open-up about the experiences he/she face in day-to-day basis
(Bastidas et al., 2022). Through the utilization of the following, it allows to strengthen the
child’s critical thinking and nurture to be emotionally supportive (Mincemoyer, 2017).
As practiced by the participants of the study, even though there is an absence of the other
parental role, the solo mother was able to connect and establish a good relationship
towards their child. Just as the reviewed article of Ciletti (2023), that practicing good
communication will enhance the supportive role of the engaging parent.
Implementing House Rules. The ability of the single mother to imposed the house
policies to regulate the unwanted behavior of the child in the household. Through the
implementation of house roles, a single mother demonstrates effective leadership,
promotes a sense of responsibility and contribution, and instills valuable life skills in her
family members. This approach helps create a well-functioning and harmonious
household, where everyone plays an active role in maintaining a comfortable and
supportive living environment.
“Mag inistrikta gyud permi kay ako ra isa na ginikanan aning anak nako,
na sa sulod gyud sa akoang pamuyo gina remind nako akong anak sa mga
angay na pang buhaton taga adlaw. Dayon anaa pod kay gina implement
ana curfew ana niya aron di magpalabi ug laag sa gabie.” [I always
enforce strict rules because I am the only parent to my child. Within my
household, I constantly remind my child of the proper daily behaviors he
should follow. Additionally, I have implemented a curfew to prevent
excessive nighttime activities and outings.] – SM3
“Naa gyud na siyay gina sunod na mga balaod na akong ipatuman sa iya
kay aron lang gyud di masakto na iyang buot ug dili puhon dili mag
bugoy-bugoy.” [My child really follows the rules that I set for her so that
her behavior remains in check and she doesn't become unruly.] – SM5
“Kasaba gyud iyang madangop kung mag ginahi iyang ulo ug dili
mutuman, kay ginaingon nako sa iyaha na dili ma ginahi ug ulo kay ako
ra isa iya ginikanan.” [My child receives a scolding if she becomes
stubborn and does not obey because I tell her that she should not be
stubborn because I am only a single parent.] – SM4
Single mother possessed an authoritative figure to enforce certain morals to their
child, to control the undesired behavioral practice. By establishing a set of family
guidelines, all members of the household gain a clear understanding of the anticipated
conduct, encompassing permissible and prohibited actions. These rules contribute to a
sense of safety and stability for children. Moreover, when rules are explicitly defined, the
likelihood of engaging in conflicts over authority diminishes (Morin, 2022). An
Australian article about parenting stated that, incorporating routines facilitates the
cultivation of positive behaviors by providing explicit guidance on task allocation,
timing, sequencing, and frequency. Moreover, routines contribute to the seamless
functioning of family dynamics, resulting in a more efficient use of time. This, in turn,
allows parents to engage in pleasurable activities with their children, fostering stronger
relationships and promoting the overall well-being of both parent and child
(Raisingchildren, 2022).
Strategies that Single Mother Use to Raise their Children Well
Researchers uncovered the strategies of the aforementioned participants applied in
raising their children well, through the overview of the general ideas in representations
through themes. These are the following strategies that the participants cited: Fostering
Independence and Responsibility to Children, Seeking Support Networks, and
Prioritizing Self-care.
Fostering Independence and Responsibility to Children. Single mother that the
researchers interviewed, motivate their children to assume responsibilities that are
suitable for their age and foster self-reliance. By nurturing their self-reliance, decision-
making skills, and accountability, she equips them with the tools necessary to thrive and
succeed as they navigate their own paths in life.
“Gina tudloan nako sila kanang mga butang na dapat nila mahibal-an
aron maenad sila pagdako nil ana dili mag salig sa akoa. Kanang for
example tudloan nako sila sa mga hinloon sa balay, dayon kung naa man
gani silay sayop gina pa realize nako sa ila na sayop to aron makat-on
sila sa sunod.” [I teach them the things they need to know so they can be
independent when they grow up and not rely on me. For example, I teach
them household chores, and if they make mistakes, I make them realize it
so they can learn from it next time.] – SM7
“Kanang paglihok nila diari sa balay maam, kanang manglimpyo ug

mangabo. Naa poy usahay gina kuyog nako akong magulang naa nak
patabangon nakog panglabada.” [I taught them some household chores,
like cleaning and getting some water. Then sometimes I ask for my eldest
child for help, in gaining some extra income through doing laundry.] –
SM3
“Sukad gadako ning anak nako na walay papa, ug usahay rako makagiya
ug oras niya tungod sa ka busy nako sa trabaho. Nakat-on akong anak
gikan sa iyang makita sa akoa unsaon paghikay sayo sa buntag ug
molihok na di na sugood sa balay.” [Since my child grew up without a
father, there are times when I can only spend limited time with him due to
my busy work schedule. My child learned from observing me how to
wake up early in the morning and become independent in handling
household tasks.] – SM5
In actual basis through the mediation of the researchers, it was discovered the
strategies utilized by the mentioned participants. Through the embodiment of their
statement, that in the process of a child transitioning from obedience to responsibility,
parents may need to relinquish their desire for tasks to be performed exactly as they
envision and within their desired timeframe. The Center for Parenting Education quoted,
the belief of allowing a child to have the autonomy to "do it his way" can cultivate a
sense of pride in their achievements and nurture a growing sense of responsibility (CPE,
2022). In addition, the participants mentioned the application of consequences—such as
letting their child learn from their own mistakes and accepting consequences. Based from
Morin (2020), The lessons learned from natural consequences can be highly effective, as
they provide valuable teaching moments for your child. This experience may leave a
lasting impression, motivating your child to improve their actions in future situations.
Seeking Support Networks. Single mothers frequently turn to their network of
family, friends, and community resources for support. By connecting with trusted
individuals, accessing resources, and participating in supportive communities, she builds
a network that provides her with the support, guidance, and encouragement needed to
navigate the challenges of single motherhood successfully.
“If dili nako kaya one call away ragyud ni akong mga ginikanan ug mga
relative nako inkaso mangayo kog tabang nila samot na sa pagpabantay
sa akong anak sauna.” [If I cannot handle it, I tend to call my relatives
and parents help if ever I need some extra hand in handling my child.] –
SM1
“Naa gyud permi akong ginikanan na mutabang nako if ever wala gyud ko
atong una, dayon mas okay pod guro ata kay ang akong anak palangga
gyud kaayo nila, in a way na mapadali ra nako akong responsibilidad.” [I
always have my parents who are willing to help me if ever I'm not
available, and it's probably better because my child is truly loved by them,
in a way that it makes my responsibilities easier.] – SM9
“Kaning amiga nako grabe gyud ka hands-on inig mangayo ko niyag

tabang isa pod ni sa makatabang nako kung walang wala gyud ko aside
sa akong mga ginikanan.” [This friend of mine is really supportive, and
whenever I ask for help, she's always there to support me, especially when
my parents are not available.] – SM6
In the realm of single motherhood, individuals are confronted with not only
physical hardships but also emotional strain. Based from the participants, they often rely
of their support system as a way of extending the possibilities to overcome hardship. This
validates to the idea that establishment of a support system provides single mothers with
an additional source of assistance to manage the challenges they face. This support not
only aids in tackling various responsibilities but also contributes to the development of
emotional resilience, ultimately enhancing their overall physical well-being (OneParent,
2021). Participating in support groups specifically designed for single parents can be
immensely beneficial as it provides an avenue for sharing ideas, expressing emotions, and
exchanging experiences with individuals who are facing similar circumstances. These
support groups offer a supportive and understanding community that can provide
guidance, empathy, and practical advice to navigate the challenges of single parenting
(Young et al., 2022).
Prioritizing Self-care. Single mothers acknowledge the significance of prioritizing
self-care as a means to sustain their personal well-being. Incorporating this strategy into
her life, the single mother effectively prioritizes self-care, ensuring that she remains
physically and emotionally resilient, capable of meeting the demands of single parenting,
and nurturing her own well-being in the process.
“Naay times na aron lang gyud makaya bitaw nako ug handle ang
kalisod, magdecide kona mag unwind sa akong mga kaila aron lang gyud
di ko ma burn-out pagka single mom.” [There are times when in order to
cope with the difficulties, I decide to unwind with my friends just to
prevent myself from burning out as a single mom.] – SM4
“Mag schedule kog adlaw na mag relax ko or kanang day off nako pagka
mama na maglaroy-laroy ko sa gawas pero ibilin sa nako kadali akong
anak diadto sa akong mama dayon magkaon-kaon ba ko or beauty rest
ba, char.” [I schedule a day to relax or have my day off as a mom, where I
go out and have some leisure time, but I make sure to leave my child with
my mom, then I enjoy some food or get some beauty rest, just kidding.] –
SM2
“Naay times na e spoil nako akong kaugalingon sa ganahan nako, as a

sense of achievement na Nakaya bitaw nako pagka single mom, tapos gina
butang nako sa akong huna-huna na deserve ko ani.” [There are times
when I spoil myself with things I desire, as a sense of achievement that I
have managed to handle being a single mom, and then I put in my mind
that I deserve it.] – SM8
In the context of research that Soule in citation in Beale (2023) article, it is
evident that self-care begins by granting the single mothers the freedom to prioritize
their own needs and desires, extending beyond the roles they fulfill as multi role parents
or professionals. As women, they have been subjected to social conditioning that often
makes it challenging for them to prioritize their selves. It is widely recognized that self-
care plays a pivotal role in effectively fulfilling the responsibilities of single mothers.
The well-being of children is intricately linked to the well-being of their caregivers, and
single mothers hold a central position in their children's lives. It is imperative to
acknowledge that prioritizing self-care is not a self-indulgent act but a fundamental
necessity. By nurturing their own physical, emotional, and mental health, single mothers
are better equipped to meet the needs of their children. It is essential to recognize that
providing optimal care to their children necessitates being at their best. When single
mothers prioritize their own well-being, they can more effectively and consistently offer
the support, love, and guidance that their children require. Therefore, investing in self-
care is not only beneficial for their personal fulfillment but also for the overall welfare
and development of their children (Wolf, 2022).
Difficulties that Single Mother Experienced as they Raised their Children Alone
The following category points out the explanation and identification of what are
the difficulties of the single mother experience upon handling their children alone. These
are the following that supports the claim of the insights of the participants: Financial
Strain, Social Stigma and Judgment, and Parenting Pressure.
Financial Strain. According to an overall analysis of participants' viewpoints, it is
widely recognized that single mothers encounter notable difficulties when it comes to
assuming the financial obligations of their households without assistance. This situation
can frequently become burdensome as they confront the demands of meeting their
children's requirements, efficiently handling expenses, and securing stable employment.
“Dili gyud lalim ning mahimong single mom gyud ang sa gastos palang
gani daan sa akoa mismo banda, pero gyung lisoda ebuhi sa bata kung
walay kwarta labaw na rong panahon.” [It really not easy to be a single
mom, especially when it comes to finances. But it's even more challenging
to raise a child without money, especially during these times.] – SM5
“Sa inadlaw nako gastoon sa akong mga anak di gyud malikayan na

magkalisod gyud kog budget, di gyud lalim naa ko ra mismo mangita ug
trabaho.” [In my daily expenses, it was not easy raising my kids and
budgeting as well as the struggle of mine being a single mom doing extra
for money.] – SM9
“Na di gyud na permi mawala ng kalisod sa kwarta, ambot nalang gyud

gi unsa nako pagkaya akong kaagi pagka single mom.” [The financial
difficulties never seem to disappear; I do not know how I managed to
overcome them as a single mom.] – SM1
Participants of the study, experiences the difficulties in managing financial
matters especially functioning as a multi-role parent—single mother. The theme referred
to the situation that the single mothers handled as filling the missing role in a family
structure. Based from the study of Nur (2021), their dilemma is to be called a specific
stress caused by economic challenges, such as financial insecurity, high debt, and poor
credit. Unlike poverty, which is directly related to income level, financial strain is a
subjective emotional state that is not solely determined by a specific income (Lyons et al.,
2019). In order to comprehend the connection between financial strain and mental health,
as well as to develop interventions tailored to women, it is imperative to grasp how
women perceive and experience financial strain and how it impacts both themselves and
their families (Nurs, 2021). As an example, a study conducted by Lange et al. (2017)
revealed that mothers experiencing financial strain exhibited a higher prevalence of
depressive symptoms.
Social Stigma and Judgment. Single mothers are subjected to negative stereotypes
and biases that can result in unfair treatment and isolation. The prevailing notion is that a
traditional family structure, consisting of a married couple, is the ideal environment for
raising children. As a result, they may be criticized or looked down upon for deviating
from this norm.
“Sakit gyud kaayo madunggan nako mismo sa mga tawo sa akong duol,
na gina libak ug gina ayo-ayo gyud ko nilag istorya ug dili maayo.
Tungod lang lage kay pina angkan radaw ko walay amahan akong mga
anak.” [It really hurts to hear the comments and remarks from people
around me, as they mock and gossip about me in a demeaning manner. It's
solely because I am a single mother, and my children don't have a father
figure in their lives.] – SM7
“Naa gyuy times na naay mga opportunity na mudool sa akoa pero

mabaraw lang gyud tungod lang sa akoang record na pina angkan lage,
gusto biya unta ko mo try ug padayon ug eskwela pero maulaw naman
gud ko.” [There are times when there are opportunities in my life, but due
to my situation it often fades due to my background record as a single
mother. I actually wanted to pursue further education, but I feel too
embarrassed to do so.] – SM3
“Dili gyud malikayan na naay mga tawo na mang marites sa akoang life,
dali ra kaayo sila maka judge sa akoang situation. Na naa poy times ma
apektohan nalang pod akong huna-huna like ma question nako if deserve
bagyud nako ni akong kalisod ron.” [It's unavoidable that there are people
who meddle in my life and quickly pass judgment on my situation. There
are times when it affects my thoughts, and I start questioning if I truly
deserve the difficulties I'm facing now.] – SM8
The state of being a single mother, cultivates negative comments from the societal
structure of such culture. Analysis from the participants can be derived from Goffman
posits that the construction of a "spoiled identity" is contingent upon societal norms and
expectations at a specific temporal and spatial context, rather than being solely
determined by an individual's inherent qualities. This perspective sheds light on the
shifting societal perceptions surrounding non-marital births and divorce, which have
gradually shed their negative connotations in Western societies (Carroll, 2019). In the
Philippine context, most of the single mother experience unpleasant treatment and
judgment, due to the cultural sensitivity of the masses despite the imposition of the law
that empowers the solo parents or also known as “Expanded Solo Parents Welfare Act”
cited as support (Jarilla, 2023).
Parenting Pressure. Single mothers may feel the weight of being the sole
provider and role model for their children. Bearing a significant amount of parenting
pressure, facing unique challenges that can often be overwhelming. They carry the
responsibility of providing for their children's financial needs, managing household tasks,
and offering emotional support, all on their own.
“Naga overthink pod ko if na tarong bagyud nakog ganap pagka mama

ug papa sa akoang anak. Na kanang time bitaw na sakto paba gyud akong
ginabuhat like sa ubang family na kompleto pa.” [I also tend to overthink
if I'm really doing a good job as both a mother and father to my child.
Sometimes, I wonder if my actions are truly adequate, especially when I
see other families who have both parents present.] – SM4
“Ma insecure pod ko sa ubang ginikanan labaw nag ilang anak kay
topnotcher kaayo sa eskwelahan ug kanang buotan ba, dili nako
malikayan na ma compare nako sa akong kaugalingong anak.” [I also feel
insecure about other parents, especially those whose children excel in
school and are well-behaved. I can't help but compare myself to my own
child.] – SM6
“Duda pod ko sa akong kaugalingon kung makaya bagyud nako na

maulaw kaayo ko kompara sa ubang pamilya na provide halos sa mga
ginikanan ang kinahanglon sa ilang anak, samtang sa akoa kay
maningkamot pakog lihok pagka mama ug pagka papa sa akoang anak.”
[I doubt myself if I can truly handle it, and I often feel embarrassed
comparing myself to other families who can provide almost everything
their children need, while I strive to fulfill both the role of a mother and a
father to my child.] – SM2
Single parents experience the typical parental concerns that are common among
all caregivers. These include worries about their child's developmental progress, social
interactions at school, dietary habits, and excessive screen time. However, what
distinguishes these concerns for single parents is the added stress of shouldering the
responsibility of making challenging parenting decisions without the support of a co-
parent or partner (Cherry, 2022). From the data mentioned above, it shows that single
mothers struggled on a dilemma to cope up on the societal norms in regards to the
cultural settings of a family structure.
Coping Mechanisms that Single Mother Use to Overcome Difficulties
Single mothers use a variety of coping strategies to get through their difficulties.
These tactics are crucial for preserving their wellbeing and successfully handling their
obligations. There are a few typical coping techniques: Financial Management, Positive
Mindset and Self-belief, and Time management.
Financial Management. Based from the participants, they cultivate a positive
mindset, focusing on their strengths and capabilities. They believe in their ability to
overcome challenges and provide the best for their children.
“Kuan ragyud ma’am practical ragyud mi sa among mga kinahanglanon

kung nagapalit mi ug mga butang. Tinarong na pagbudget sa mga
gastoon ug e priority ang kailangonon.” [Ma'am, we are really practical
when it comes to our needs, especially when we buy things. We budget
our expenses properly and prioritize necessities.] – SM9
“Di lang gyud mi palabi ug gasto sa mga butang na dili namo magamit sa
kadugayon basta kutob ang mugana pa ang among gamit dili sa mi
magpalit ug bag-o.” [We do not overspend on things that we are not able
to use for a long time. As long as our belongings are still functional, we do
not buy new ones.] – SM1
“Tigom rami kung naa mi paliton tapos iwas sa mga gamit na mahalon
na dili pa kaayo namo magamit, dayon kung naa man gani mi ganahan
paliton maningkamot mi na dili rami madak-an ug gasto.” [We save up
when we have something to buy and avoid expensive items that we do not
immediately use. If there is something we really want to purchase, we
make an effort to ensure that our expenses remain reasonable.] – SM3
Particularly when they take on the responsibilities of being the family's sole
provider and financial decision-maker, single mother face additional challenges. They
can, however, create a stable and lucrative financial trajectory via careful planning,
paving the way for a bright future for both them and their kids (Fulton Bank, 2022).
Implementing a comprehensive budgeting strategy enables individuals to identify and
rectify inefficient spending patterns, thereby empowering them to take charge of their
finances and allocate those funds more effectively towards savings. By making even
minor adjustments on a monthly basis, these cumulative changes can yield significant
long-term results over the course of several years (Mint, 2020). Supported by the cited
articles participants, demonstrated the behavior of avoiding inefficient spending ug
finances.
Positive Mindset and Self-belief. Focusing on their qualities and strengths, single
mothers build a positive attitude. They have faith in their capacity to overcome obstacles
and give their kids the greatest upbringing.

“Dili nalang gyud mi padala anang mga fake news sa mga palibot, ug
kanang mangdaot sa akoa kay tungod lage aning sitwasyon nako. Basta
kay ako kay focus lang sa gyud ko sa akong goal ron ug sa akong anak.”
[We no longer allow ourselves to be influenced by fake news and those
who try to bring us down due to our current situation. Instead, I remain
focused on my goals and on providing for my child.] – SM8
“Depende ragyud sa tawo if magpadala ba sa chismis sa gawas aning

mga marites, lahotay lang gyud ug pasagdaan rana sila sa kamatuoran na
nakaya ragyud nako.” [It really depends on the person whether they
would succumb to the gossip and drama from outside sources. I simply
choose to let them be and focus on the truth that I am capable of handling
things.] – SM7
“Gina motivate nako akoang self na worth-it ragyud tanang kahago if

makita nako akong anak na nalipay kung unsa man gani akong ma
provide niya karon.” [I motivate myself by believing that all the efforts
are worth it when I see my child happy with what I can provide for them
now.] – SM3
From the standpoint of a single mother, interpersonal communication is
established when an individual maintains a positive self-perception. This entails fostering
a constructive mindset that promotes effective interaction with others. By cultivating a
positive attitude towards oneself, a single mother can enhance her ability to engage in
meaningful and productive communication, which can positively influence her
relationships, parenting practices, and overall well-being. A favorable self-attitude lays
the foundation for confident and assertive communication, allowing the single mother to
navigate challenges, express her needs and concerns, and establish mutually beneficial
connections with others (Indrayante et al., 2018). In citation from the article of Hasche
(2021), the single mother from the study—enables their brain to create a positive scenario
that will serve as the epicenter of enhancing resiliency. Accordingly, it can cause a chain
reaction to the child of a single mother practicing this kind of mental coping metabolism.
Time Management. Effective time management helps single mothers balance their
parenting duties with other responsibilities.
“Naga balance ko sa akong oras samot nas akong mga trabahoon aron
lang gyud dili ko magkara-kara inkaso ug mag manage ko sa akong anak
ug sa akong mga trabahoon.” [I balance my time effectively, especially
between my multiple responsibilities, to ensure that I do not become
overwhelmed. I carefully manage my time between caring for my child
and fulfilling my work obligations.] – SM4
“Unahon lang gyud nimo ug asikaso tong mga kailangonon nagyud

unahon, dayon dapat gyud huna hunaon ang mga scheduling sa tanang
pangbuhaton.” [Prioritize taking care of the essential needs first and
foremost, and carefully consider scheduling all tasks accordingly.] – SM2
“Naa gyud sa akong huna-huna permi ko ma busy basta lunes padulong

biyernes dayon kung naa man gani koy pangbuhaton ana, permi nako
gina check akong appointment aron lang gyud dili mag conflict akong
oras.” [In my mind, I am always busy, especially from Monday to Friday.
If there are any additional tasks, I always check my appointments to
ensure there are no scheduling conflicts.] – SM6
The following group of single mothers, demonstrated maximizing their allotted
time into a productive activity. This pertains to listing the priorities needed to be done in
order to fully maximize the availability of the resources. For single mothers to
successfully traverse the difficulties of juggling numerous duties, effective time
management is essential. Single mothers can make the most of their time, minimize
stress, lead healthier and more satisfying lives by prioritizing self-care, setting routines,
getting support, using time blocking strategies, embracing technology, and using time
blocking tactics. By putting these tactics into practice, single mothers can maximize their
time and give both their children and themselves the best care and support possible
(Babychakra, 2020).
Implication can be drawn from the findings is that the group of single mothers in
Pagadian City, applied certain strategies and coping mechanism in order to sustain the
missing role in the family structure. This also implies, that through their rough
experiences from the societal norms and even from various crisis in their life. They were
able to function as a relevant role towards their children, paving the way to a progressive
and productive development of the basic unit in the society, despite the absence of the
father figure.
This aligns with the theory of social psychologist George Herbert Mead and
sociologist Ralph Linton, which emphasizes the significance of socialization and cultural
influences in shaping individual behavior and roles within society. The single mothers'
ability to fill the void of the absent father figure exemplifies how socialization and
cultural norms can influence their roles and contribute to the progressive and productive
development of the basic unit in society. By incorporating Mead and Linton's theories,
the research underscores the significance of these women's adaptive capabilities and their
impact on their children's well-being and development in the absence of a traditional two-
parent family structure.

Chapter 4
Summary of Findings, Conclusion, and Recommendations
This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusion, and recommendations.
Summary of Findings
The researchers conducted a study to find out what are the responsibilities of a
single mother and in what way they manage it despite being the lack of social partner.
After a thorough analysis, findings of the study were emerged as follows:
1.What are the parental responsibilities that single mother do on behalf of their
missing partner?
Assuming the role of both parents entails undertaking a variety of parental
responsibilities that would typically be shared between two parents. Primary wage-
earner, disciplinarian, and decision-maker are the following multi-role of the single
mother in order to sustain the role of a father in the family set-up.
2.How does single mother fill the role of their missing partner in the lives of their
children?
In the absence of a missing partner, single mothers play a crucial role in filling the
void and assuming the responsibilities typically fulfilled by both parents. They adopt
various strategies and approaches to meet the needs of their children and fill the role of
their missing partner in their lives by means of through bonding with children, engaging
in conversation with children, and implementing house rules.
3. What are the strategies that single mother use to raise their children well?
In the study, researchers discovered the strategies employed by the participants
mentioned above in effectively raising their children. By analyzing the overall concepts
conveyed through various themes, the following strategies were identified: fostering
independence and responsibility to children, seeking support networks, and prioritizing
self-care.
4. What are the difficulties that single mother experienced as they raised their
children alone?
The subsequent category aims to provide a comprehensive analysis and
identification of the challenges faced by single mothers as they navigate the
responsibilities of solo child-rearing. This category comprises the following elements that
substantiate the participants' insights: financial strain, social stigma and judgment, and
parenting pressure.
5. What are the coping mechanisms that single mother use to overcome
difficulties?
In order to overcome the challenges, they face, single mothers employ a diverse
range of coping strategies. These strategies are vital for safeguarding their well-being and
effectively managing their responsibilities. Several common coping techniques include:
financial management, positive mindset and self-belief, and time management.
Conclusion
The role of single mothers in handling the responsibilities of a father figure in
Pagadian City is a significant and challenging task. Through their determination,
resilience, and love for their children, single mothers in the city have been able to
navigate the complexities of assuming dual roles within their families. The study sheds
light on the difficulties faced by single mothers, including financial strain, social stigma
and judgment, and parenting pressure. These challenges highlight the need for
comprehensive support systems and resources to assist single mothers in effectively
fulfilling the missing father role. Despite the obstacles, single mothers in Pagadian City
have demonstrated remarkable coping strategies.
By employing financial management, cultivating a positive mindset and self-
belief, and effectively managing their time, they are able to navigate through their
difficulties and provide a nurturing environment for their children. To further enhance the
support provided to single mothers in Pagadian City, it is recommended to conduct
further research to gain a deeper understanding of their experiences and challenges. This
knowledge can inform the development of tailored support programs, community
initiatives, and policies that address the specific needs of single mothers. By recognizing
and supporting the valuable role of single mothers as they fill the father figure void,
Pagadian City can create a more inclusive and supportive environment for these resilient
women and their families. Through collective efforts, society can empower single
mothers to thrive and contribute positively to the well-being and development of their
children.
The perspective of social work plays a crucial role in the lives of single mothers in
Pagadian City. Social workers can act as advocates, providing essential resources and
support systems that address the unique challenges faced by these resilient women. By
conducting in-depth research to understand their experiences better, social workers can
develop tailored programs and community initiatives that cater to the specific needs of
single mothers. These efforts aim to create a more inclusive and supportive environment
that recognizes and values the vital role of single mothers as they navigate the
complexities of filling the father figure void. By empowering single mothers through
collective societal efforts, social work can foster an environment where these women can
thrive and contribute positively to the well-being and development of their children.
Recommendations
The researcher presents significant recommendations based on the findings of the
study, these includes, the following;
1. Develop and implement support programs specifically tailored for single
mothers, focusing on providing resources and guidance in addressing the
unique challenges they face. These programs can offer parenting workshops,
financial literacy training, and access to support networks.
2. Foster community engagement and support for single mothers by promoting
awareness and understanding of their circumstances. This can be done through
community events, educational campaigns, and initiatives that challenge
social stigmas and stereotypes.

3. Advocate for policies that support single mothers, such as flexible work
arrangements, affordable childcare options, and financial assistance programs.
These policies can help alleviate the financial burden and provide a supportive
environment for single mothers to thrive.
4. Encourage further exploration and in-depth research into the experiences and
challenges faced by single mothers as they assume the responsibilities of both
parents. This will provide a deeper understanding of the strategies and coping
mechanisms they employ.
5. Recognize the potential impact on the mental health and well-being of single
mothers who assume the role of a missing father figure. Provide accessible
mental health resources, counseling services, and support groups to address
their emotional needs.
References
Babychakra. (2020). Single Working Moms, Ease the Load With These Time
Management Tips. https://swirlster.ndtv.com/wellness-mother/single-working-moms-
ease-the-load-with-these-time-management-tips-2257735.
Carroll, N., (2019). Why do Single Parents still Suffer Stigma?

https://www.hud.ac.uk/news/2019/december/single-parent-sigma/.
Campbell, S., Greenwood, M., Prior, S., Shearer, T., Walkem, K., Young, S., ... &
Walker, K. (2020). Purposive sampling: complex or simple? Research case examples.
Journal of research in Nursing, 25(8), 652-661.
Cherry, K., (2022). Single Parenting Stress: How to Beat Burnout. DOI: 5216180.
Ciletti, N., (2023). What Is Parent Counseling, And How Can It Help Me?
https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/parenting/parent-counseling-parent-child-conflict-
win-win/
Developmental and Behavioural Paediatrics. (2020). A Mother’s Role in Early

Childhood Development.https://healthwaymedical.com/a-mothers-role-in-early-
childhood-development/?
fbclid=IwAR2Np_vi2ovc2cGFCJOoVsPVHilTCVZWmWG3CvmgVpgdVOd_3RpFcC5
fMIs#:~:text=Being%20a%20mother%20is%20one,them%2C%20and%20so%20much
%20more.
Durisic, M., Bunijevac, M., (2017). Parental Involvement as a Important Factor for
Successful Education. EJ1156936.
Educ, P.J., (2017). Mother’s Beliefs, Attitudes, and Decision Making Related to Infant
Feeding Choices. DOI: 10.1891/1058-1243.25.1.18.
Exchange Family Center. (2018). Connecting with Your Child Through Play: The
Surprising Benefits of Parent-Child Playtime. changefamilycenter.org/exchange-family-
center-blog/2018/4/10/connecting-with-your-child-through-play-the-surprising-benefits-
of-parent-child-playtime.
Forslund, T., Granqvist, P., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Sagi-Schwartz, A., Glaser, D., Steele,
M., ... & Duschinsky, R. (2022). Attachment goes to court: Child protection and custody
issues. Attachment & Human Development, 24(1), 1-52.
Fulton Bank. (2023). Money Management Strategies for Single Parents.

https://www.fultonbank.com/Education-Center/Family-and-Finance/Single-Parent-
Finances.
Gupta, A., & Kashyap, S., 2020). Growing up in a Single Parent Family; A Determining
factor of Adolescent’s Well-being. Advanced Journal of Social Science, 7(1), 138-144.
Guhasakar, 2020). Malik, A. S., Javed, N., & Mahmood, A. (2022). Influence of
sociodemographic factors on the social development and self-esteem of adolescents: a
comparative study of single and two-parent households. Journal of Management
Practices, Humanities and Social Sciences, 6(1), 16-27.
Hashim, I. H. M., Azmawati, A. A., & Endut, N.,2015). Stress, roles and responsibilities
of single mothers in Malaysia. In SHS Web of Conferences (Vol. 18, p. 03003). EDP
Sciences.
Hamzah, I. I., & Jaafar, F. M.,(2020). Issues of Single Mothers in Practice Parenting
Style to Adolescent in Indonesia. South Asian Journal of Social Science and
Humanities, 1(2), 50-59.
Hasche, J., (2018). Five Choices we have that Impact our Mindset.
https://www.singlemothersurvivalguide.com/five-choices-we-have-that-impact-our-
mindset/.
Hertz, R., & Faith, F. (1997). Kinship Strategies and Self-Sufficiency Among Single
Mothers by Choice: Post Modern Family Ties. Vol. 20 Issue 2, p187-209. 23p.
Indrayanti, R., (2018). Single Mother Role in the Success of their Children. DOI: 10.1108
Jarilla, R., (2023). Philippines: Single Mothers Continue to Fight Stigma.

https://iwpr.net/global-voices/philippines-single-mothers-continue-fight-stigma.
Jusoh, M. N., & Latada, F. (2020). The challenges faced by single mothers in Malaysia
during the COVID-19 pandemic. Jurnal Al-Sirat, 1(19), 80-87.
Malik, A. S., Javed, N., & Mahmood, A. (2022). Influence of sociodemographic factors
on the social development and self-esteem of adolescents: a comparative study of single
and two-parent households. Journal of Management Practices, Humanities and Social
Sciences, 6(1), 16-27.
Merriam, S. B. (2002). Introduction to qualitative research. Qualitative research in

practice: Examples for discussion and analysis, 1(1), 1-17.
Meyer, C. B. (2001). A case in case study methodology. Field methods, 13(4), 329-352.
Meyer, C. B. (2001). A case in case study methodology. Field methods, 13(4), 329-352.
Mint. (2020). Financial Planning with Monthly Budgets for Single Parents.
https://mint.intuit.com/blog/budgeting/budgeting-tips-for-single-parents/.
Morin, A., (2022). A Sample of Family Household Rules. DOI: 1094879.
Morin, A., (2020). How to Teach Your Kids to Be More Independent. DOI: 4779863.
Naidoo, T. (2010). Role-players' perceptions regarding moral values in the curricula of

the Durban Institute of Technology.
Nurs, N., (2021). Women’s Experiences of the Effect of Financial Strain on Parenting
and Mental Health. DOI: 10.1016/j.jogn.2020.07.002.
One Parent. Single Moms: The Importance of having a Support System.

https://oneparent.org/single-moms-the-importance-of-having-a-support-system/https:/
raisingchildren.net.au/grown-ups/family-diversity/single-parents/support-for-single-
parents.
Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research & evaluation methods. sage.
Parents Editors. (2022). Small Talk: How to Get Your Kid to Chat About Her Day.
https://www.parents.com/kids/development/social/small-talk-how-to-get-your-kid-to-
chat-about-her-day/
PennState Extension. (2017). Interactions matter: What research says and what you can
do!
https://extension.psu.edu/programs/betterkidcare/news/2016/interactionmatter#:~:text=Re
search%20shows%20the%20importance%20of,is%20critical%20to%20children’s
%20learning
Richer & Lemola, 2017). Phasha, K. T. (2021). Experiences of adolescent boys with
absent fathers in single-mother families in Bakenberg Village, Limpopo
Province (Doctoral dissertation).
Rizal, H. H., & Muhammud, F. S. (2022). PROPERTY MANAGEMENT AMONG

SINGLE MOTHERS: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES DURING COVID-19
PANDEMIC. Journal of Islamic, 7(43).
Rhiger, T. (2019). Why Do Some Single Mothers Struggle More Than Others?.
Rizal, H. H., & Muhammud, F. S. (2022). PROPERTY MANAGEMENT AMONG
SINGLE MOTHERS: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES DURING COVID-19
PANDEMIC. Journal of Islamic, 7(43).
Stack, R. J., & Meredith, A., (2018) The impact of financial hardship on single parents:
An exploration of the journey from social distress to seeking help. Journal of family and
economic issues, 39(2), 233-242.
Stockton, M. (2022). Poverty Rates Among Single-Mother Households and Single-Father

Households in the US.
Sudarsan, I., Hoare, K., Sheridan, N., & Roberts, J. (2022). Giving voice to children in
research: The power of child‐centered constructivist grounded theory
methodology. Research in Nursing & Health.
Stevenson, M. B., Leavitt, L. A., Thompson, R. H., & Roach, M. A. (1988). A Social
Relations Model analysis of parent and child play. Developmental Psychology, 24(1),
101–108. DOI.org/10.1037/0012-1649.24.1.101.
Thorne, S. (2000). Data analysis in qualitative research. Evidence-based nursing, 3(3),

68-70.
Thomas, C. L., Murphy, L. D., Mills, M. J., Zhang, J., Fisher, G. G., & Clancy, R. L.
(2022). Employee lactation: A review and recommendations for research, practice, and
policy. Human Resource Management Review, 32(3), 100848.
The Center for Parenting Education. (2017).

https://centerforparentingeducation.org/library-of-articles/responsibility-and
chores/developing-responsibility-in-your-children/.
Vajpayee, S. (2019). The Times of India: Is it Easy to be a Single Mother in India? DOI:
68356898.
Weber, L., (2019). Defining the Four Pillars of Nurturing Children.
https://www.focusonthefamily.com/parenting/defining-the-four-pillars-of-nurturing-
children/?
fbclid=IwAR25cYBAFUS1T_7mGnz3aKk8lognJjM3_fX09eoUkIwVQUZEUJpOvD3Z
RVU.
Zagel, H., & Van Lancker, W. (2022). Family policies’ long-term effects on poverty: a
comparative analysis of single and partnered mothers. Journal of European Social
Policy, 32(2), 166-181.
Zakaria, 2018). Stack, R. J., & Meredith, A. (2018). The impact of financial hardship on
single parents: An exploration of the journey from social distress to seeking help. Journal
of family and economic issues, 39(2), 233-242.
Appendices
Appendix A – Permission to Conduct Study

Appendix B – Informed Consent
Appendix C – Interview Guide Questions
Interview Guide Questions

A. Engaging Question:
1. How are you as a single mother?
B. Central Question:
1. What are the parental responsibilities that you do on behalf of your missing
partner?
Sub Questions Descriptive Questions Probing Questions
1. What are the parental How do you describe the How have your supposed
responsibilities that parental responsibilities that partner’s parental
single mother do on you do in behalf of your responsibilities affected you
behalf of their missing missing partner? as a single mother to your
partner? children?
What are the difficulties that

you have encountered since
you have the responsibilities
of both a mother and a father?
2. How do single mother What are the roles you have How did you balance being a
fill the role of their to perform to fill in the single mother at the same
missing partner in the responsibilities of your time act as a father for your
lives of their children? missing partner in the lives of children?
your children?
How did you manage your
personal time and being a
single mother?
3. What are the What are the strategies that What are the benefits of using
strategies that single you use to raise your children strategies to raise your
mother use to raise well? children well?
their children well?
What are the effective
strategies that you use in
order to raise your children
well?
4. What are the What are the difficulties you What did you feel when you
difficulties that single experienced as you raise your were going through raising
mother experienced as children alone? your children alone?
they raised their
children alone?
How did your experiences

affect your social and mental
well-being as you deal with
difficulties as you raise your
children alone?
5. What are the coping How do you cope with How did you overcome the
mechanisms that difficulties in raising your difficulties in raising the
single mother use to children alone? children alone?
overcome difficulties? How did those coping
mechanisms helped you
overcome the difficulties?
C. Exit Question
1. Do you have anything more to add about your own experiences dealing with
the obligations of being a single mother that was not covered by the questions
above?
Appendix D - Plagiarism Test Result
Appendix E - Grammar Check Result
Curriculum Vitae
Name : Chamberlyn M. Macoycruz
Age : 22
Birthdate : January 17, 2001
Birthplace : Balungisan Payao Zamboanga Del Sur
Civil Status : Single
Religion : Pentocostal
Nationality : Filipino
Father's Name : Reynaldo G. Macoycruz
Mother's Name : Weva M. Macoycruz
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
College : Saint Columban College
Address : San Francisco District Pagadian City Zambo Del Sur
School Year : 2023-2024

Senior- High School : Imelda National High School
Address : Imelda Zamboanga Sibugay
Junior High School : Guintolan National High School
Address : Guintolan Payao Zamboang Sibugay
Elementary : Balungisan Elementary School
Address : Balungisan Payao Zambo. Sibugay

Name : Jonalyn G. Bantuas
Age : 23
Birthdate : March 31, 2000
Birthplace : Matling Airport, Malabang Lanao Del Sur
Religion : Islam
Father's Name : Dayandato S. Bantuas
Mother's Name : Asimah G. Bantuas
Address : San Francisco District Pagadian City

Senior- High School : Imelda National High School
Junior High School : Imelda National High School
Elementary : Jose Abad Santos Elementary School
Address : Malabang Lanao Del Sur

Name : Kathlyn D. Handugan
Age : 22
Birthdate : March 1, 2001
Birthplace : San Jose Pagadian City
Religion : Pentocostal
Father's Name : Reynard B. Handugan
Mother's Name : Naume D. Handugan
Address : San Francisco District Pagadian City Zambo Del Sur

Senior- High School : ZSNHS-Senior High School
Address : Santa Maria Pagadian City
Junior High School : ZSNHS-Junior High School
Address : Santa Maria Pagadian City
Elementary : Pagadian City Pilot School
Address : San Jose Pagadian City

Post Single Mothers Revised Done Corrections From Maam Jinkie

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Post Single Mothers Revised Done Corrections From Maam Jinkie

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

” INATAY”: A CASE STUDY ON DUAL PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF

The Faculty of the College of Teachers Education, Arts, and Sciences

Saint Columban College

Of the Requirements of the Course

Bachelor of Science in Social Work

JINKY MARIE R. GUINEA, RGC

APPROVED in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree, BACHELOR OF

MARIO F. ALAYON, Ph.D.

GENESIS B. NAPARAN, Ph.D. REMY RICHIE JADMAN-FERRATER, LLB

ACCEPTED in partial fulfillment for the degree, BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN SOCIAL

GENESIS B. NAPARAN, Ph.D.

Keywords: Single mother, parental responsibilities, coping mechanism, challenges,

unwavering commitment to academic excellence as the Chairman of the thesis

completion of this research.

Gratitude is also extended to Ma'am Remy Jadman-Ferrrater, LLB, for her

valuable input and support during the research.

individuals who contributed to their research through participation in interviews and

providing valuable insights, recognizing their significant impact on this academic

We wholeheartedly dedicate this book to our beloved parents, whose unwavering

support, both financially and emotionally, enabled us to overcome the challenges we

faced during the writing process.

simple gestures meant the world to us.

a significant role in making this study possible.

Background of the Study..................................................................................................1

Statement of the Problem...............................................................................................11

Significance of the Study...............................................................................................11

Data gathering Procedure...............................................................................................17

Results and Discussion...................................................................................................21

Summary of Findings, Conclusion, and Recommendations..........................................42

Appendix A – Permission to Conduct Study.................................................................50

Appendix B – Informed Consent...................................................................................52

Appendix C – Interview Guide Questions.....................................................................53

Appendix D - Plagiarism Test Result.............................................................................55

Appendix E - Grammar Check Result...........................................................................56

Background of the Study

custody of the kids is given to them (Forslund et al., 2022)

Single-parent homes face poverty at proportionally higher rates than single-father

households compared to single-father households and married-couple families from 2010

susceptible than others (Stockton, 2022).

Children from single-parent households are more violent, destructive to others,

contribute to poverty (Hamzah & Jaafar, 2020).

being unreliable and uncaring. Additionally, single mothers experience emotions of

inferiority complexes, hostility, and communication challenges as a result of traumatic

them to continue living. (Zakaria, 2018).

self-esteem in single parenting. In broken households, male adolescents’ self-esteem was

found to be higher than female adolescents (Malik et al., 2022).

requirements, including food, clothes, shelter, affection, warmth, well-being, education,

(Zagel et al., 2022).

are a source of additional stress for them (Hashim et al., 2015).

are particularly anxious (Hamzah, et al., 2020).

Children from single-parent homes have a higher likelihood of engaging in

issues and financial difficulties. Temper tantrums, physical altercations, bullying,

aspirations (Rizal et al., 2022).

homes (Jusoh & Latada, 2020).

by non-resident parents, according to custody agreements. That frequently entails

juggling numerous residences and intricate day-to-day administration, which presents

single mothers (Rhiger, 2019),

While focusing on the importance of parents, evidence-based researchers believed

groups. Parents play an important role in the socio-physical, moral, emotional,

and values of society, according to empirical researchers (Malik, et al., 2022).

One of the reasons of psychological difficulties is not having enough money to

learn to deal with setbacks (Guhasakar, 2020).