METU Date: 04/01/2023

CE 378 Water Resources Engineering

Fall 2022-2023
Group Name: God Dam It
Group Representative Name/ID: Yılmaz Çepni 2395986
Other Group Member Names/IDs:
Başar Kalagoğlu 2370336
Nizamettin Kılıç 2370492
Ferhat Gülsever 2370237
Yunus Arif Kesmez 2089738
Ahmet Akın Arusoğlu 2226470

Part a)
Populatio
Year Kg
n
1980 149590
1985 160270 0.0138
1990 171450 0.0135
1995 181340 0.0112
2000 208850 0.0282
2005 220270 0.0106
2010 245660 0.0218
2015 279840 0.0261
0.01761
2020 305600
2
MEAN = 0.0179

 To calculate Kg coefficients,

 For example, for the calculations Kg of 2010;

ln ( 245660 )−ln ⁡(220270)

Kg= =0,0218
2010−2005

ΣKg
Kg ( mean )=
8

0,0138+0,0135+0,0112 +0,0282+0,0106+ 0,0218+0,0261+0,01761

¿ =0,0179
8
Then, the population in 2057 is estimated by this equation:
𝑙𝑛𝑃2057 = 𝑙𝑛𝑃2022 + 𝐾𝑔𝛥𝑡 ⇒ 𝑃2057= exp (𝑙𝑛𝑃2022 + 𝐾𝑔𝛥𝑡)

Where Δt = 2057-2022 = 35 years and Kg = Kg mean

𝑃2057 = 𝑒𝑥𝑝(ln(305600) + 0.0179 ∗ 36) = 582120

Population vs Years
700000

600000

500000

400000
Population

300000

200000

100000

0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070
Years

Figure 1. Population vs Years - Linear Scale

Part b)
From the previous part, P2057 = 582120 is found. Then, from the table of average total demands
the daily average demand (Dad) is calculated approximately as 1643.7 lt/s; thus, 1.64 m3 /s, by
interpolation:

Dad = 1330 + (582120 – 500000)*((3240-1330)/(1000000-500000)) = 1643.7 lt/s = 1.64 m3/s

𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐷𝑎𝑑 ∗ 𝑃𝐹𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 1.64 ∗ 1.27 = 2.08 𝑚3/s

Part c)

Figure 2. Schematic layout of the transmission line

LAB=5000 m, LBC=1000 m, LCD=1000 m, LDE=2000 m, and LEF=2000 m

ZA=485 m, ZB=430 m, ZC=445 m, ZD=428 m, ZE =430 m, and ZF =421 m

f=0.02 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2.08 𝑚3/s

485−( 445+3)
S AC = =0.006167
6000

485−(430+3)
S AE= =0.005778
9000

485−421
S AF = =0.005818
11000

All the slopes are too close to each other. for these kinds of situations, we should design each part
separately (i.e., A-C, C-E and E-F).

for A-C;

 Hc = 445+3 = 448 m

HA = Hc + hl; where min. pressure head for C is considered

485 = 448 + hL  hL = 37 m
 8∗f∗L 2
hL= 2 5
∗Q
g∗π ∗D

2
8∗0.02∗( 5000+1000 )∗2.08
37=
9 , 81∗π 2∗D 5

 From this equation;

DAC = 1.03 m

Thus, we can choose appropriate pipe diameter as D = 1.1 m

 Check velocity requirements and maximum pressure criteria;

Q 2 ,08 m m m m
u AC = = =2.19 (0.5 < 2.19 < 2.5 )
A π∗0.55 2
s s s s

2
0.02∗( 5000+1000 )∗2.19
H c =485− =458.33 m
2∗9.81∗1.1

2
0 , 02∗5000∗2.19
H B =485− =462.78 m
2∗9.81∗1.1

PB
=462.78−430=32.78 m(3 m<32.78 m<80 m)
ϒ

PC
=458.33−445=13.33 m(3 m<13.33 m<80 m)
ϒ

Velocity and pressure head requirements are satisfied.

for C-E;

 HE = 430+3 = 433 m

HC = HE + hl ; where min. pressure head for E is considered

458.33 = 433 + hL  hL = 25.33 m

8∗f∗L 2
hL= 2 5
∗Q
g∗π ∗D
 2
8∗0.02∗( 1000+2000 )∗2.08
25.33=
9.81∗π 2∗D 5

 From this equation;

D = 0.967 m

Thus, we can choose appropriate pipe diameter as DCE = 1 m

 Check velocity requirements and maximum pressure criteria;

Q 2.08 m m m
uCE = = =2.64 (2.5 <2.64 ) NOT O.K
A π∗0.5 2
s s s

Q 2.08 m
uCE = = =2.5 DCE =1.029m Let us take D CE =1.05 m
A π∗( D/2)2
s

2.08
m m m m
When D CE =1.05 , uCE= 1.05 = 2.40 (0.5 <2.40 <2.5 )
2
π∗( ) s s s s
2

2
0.02∗( 1000+2000 )∗2.40
H E=458.33− =441.55 m
2∗9.81∗1.05

2
0.02∗1000∗2.40
H D=458.33− =452.73 m
2∗9.81∗1.05

PE
=441.55−430=11.55 m(3 m< 11.55m<80 m)
ϒ

PD
=452.73−428=24.73 m( 3 m<24.73 m<80 m)
ϒ

Velocity and pressure head requirements are satisfied.

for E-F;

HE = HF + hl; where min. pressure head for F is considered

441.55 = 421 + hL  hL = 20.55 m

8∗f∗L 2
hL= 2 5
∗Q
g∗π ∗D
2
8∗0.02∗( 2000 )∗2.08
20.55=
9.81∗π 2∗D5
  From this equation;

D = 0.93 m, which is smaller than 1.01m. Same as in C-E part we take D EF=1.05 m for the
velocity requirement.

After determining the pipe diameter, we check velocity requirements

Q 2.08 m m m m
u EF= = =2.40 (0.5 <2.40 <2.5 )
A π∗0.525 2
s s s s

2
0 , 02∗( 2000 )∗2 , 4
H F=441.55− =430.37 m
2∗9.81∗1.05

Hence, velocity and pressure head requirements are satisfied.

hvalve = HF – ZF = 430.37 – 421 = 9.37 m

Part d)
By using formulas below table is obtained and all calculations are done in excel file. Here is the results
for Alternative 1.
Table 1. Cost analysis for different diameter pipes for alt 1.

D(m) Cpipe Pp Cpump Ce Ct

100.48004 10650.8 37408.7203 52299.6

0.40 4240.00
4 8 7 1

58.894921 6242.86 21926.5792 33787.4

0.50 5618.00
4 2 4 4

46.772148 4957.84 28837.1

0.60 6466.00 17413.2708
3 8 2

44.085649 4673.07 16413.0871 28506.1

0.65 7420.00
2 9 9 7

42.395402 4493.91 15783.8084 29499.7

0.70 9222.00
7 3 2 2

As we can see here, 0.65meter pipe should be selected since it has lowest total cost per year.
In the same manner, we can get the results for alternative 2.
Table 2. Cost analysis for different diameter pipes for alt 2.

D(m) Cpipe Pp Cpump Ce Ct

110.51550 11714.6 44599.1131 59705.7

0.40 3392
6 4 5 6

0.50 4494.4 75.168151 7967.82 29116.9720 41579.2

 9 4 2

64.863794 6875.56 24603.6635 36652.0

0.60 5172.8
8 2 9 3

62.580270 6633.50 23603.4799 36172.9

0.65 5936
6 9 7 9

6481.21 22974.2012 36833.0

0.70 7377.6 61.143561
7 1 2

Also, for this alternative, again we should select 65cm diameter pipe.
Here is the graph of them which shows costs separately.

60000

50000

40000
COST ($ / YEAR)

30000

20000

10000

0
0.40 0.50 0.60 0.65 0.70

D(m)

Ce Cpump Cost total Cpipe

Figure 3. Cost graph for alternative 1.

 70000

60000

50000
COST ($ / YEAR)

40000

30000

20000

10000

0
0.40 0.50 0.60 0.65 0.70
D(m)

Cost total Ce Cpump Cpipe

Figure 4. Cost graph for alternative 2.

Part e)

Figure 5. Flow Diagram of a Typical Water Treatment Plant.

1.Coagulation:

Coagulation is often the first step in water treatment. The coagulants cause very fine particles
to clump together into larger particles that can then be removed later in the treatment process.
During coagulation, chemicals are added to the water. the particles bind with the chemicals to
form slightly larger particles. Common chemicals used in this step include specific types of
salts, aluminum, or iron.

2. Flocculation:

Flocculation is the gentle mixing of the water to form larger, heavier particles called flocs.
Promotes contact between the floc particles and the particulates (sediment) in the water.

3. Settling/ sedimentation:

The purpose of the Settling (sedimentation) process is to remove suspended solid particles

that are denser than water and to reduce the particulate load on the filters.

4. Filtration:

Filtration is the process of passing water through the material. Once the flocs have settled to

the bottom of the water, the clear water on top is filtered to separate additional solids from the

water. During filtration, the clear water passes through filters that have different pore sizes

and are made of different materials (such as sand, gravel, etc.)

5. Disinfection:

The disinfection process is designed to kill or inactivate most microorganisms in water,

including bacteria, viruses or intestinal parasites.