CERTIFICATION

We hereby certify that this work came from NJONG BONAVENTURE

NDUMTAIN year three student of Building Construction and Reinforced
Concrete Department of Government Technical Teacher Training College.

SUPERVISSER: ___________

SIGN: ________________

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT: _______________

SIGN: __________________

0
 DEDICATION
This piece of work is dedicated to my lovely Mom, NICOLINE SIH

1
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work has been carried out with the help of many individuals and
institutions morally, materially and financially, while thanking the Almighty God
as the source of strength and provision for this work. I am full of joy and it is
with profound gratitude that I recognize each and every one who in one way or
the other gave his/her maximum support for this work to be a success. I say
God bless you all.
A lot of thanks and blessings go to my supervisor MR.NGWA KENNETH AMBE.
For his enormous efforts to see that my manuscript is corrected despite his
busy schedule. I am also happy he did not hold back any of his proposals that
were of great help to me, sir I say a very big thank you.
I equally thank the administration of Government Technical Training College
Mbengwi and the teaching staff especially those of the building construction
department for providing me with the basic knowledge.
To the community of Likomba i say thank you for providing me with all i needed
to know.
I will not end without recognizing my fellow schoolmates and classmates in
building construction and reinforced concrete department. I thank you for your
kindness and i equally apologies to anyone I did not mention may the lord bless
and protect you all.

2
 ABSTRACT
To obtain an award of the Technical teacher training Grade one certificate
known as the CAPIET from the French acronym, in the Government Technical
Teacher Training collage (GTTTC) Mbengwi, Every Final year student has to
write on a research project topic. The research topic has to be written in
various chapters, each chapter giving out specific purpose of the study. The
work is written in six chapters.
Chapter one, is the introduction of the research topic, problems and
background studies, chapter two is on Technical specification, chapter three is
on Material analysis, chapter four is on Quantities and Estimates, chapter five is
on Project planning and chapter six is on General conclusion.

3
 Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.......................................................................................................................... 2
ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................................. 3
GENERAL INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................ 7
CHAPTER ONE .......................................................................................................................................... 7
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................ 7
Background study................................................................................................................................. 7
The Condition of Likomba.................................................................................................................... 8
Countermeasures..................................................................................................................................... 8
Facilities for handled product .................................................................................................................. 9
Literature review...................................................................................................................................... 9
CHAPTER TWO................................................................................................................................... 10
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION AND ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNS ................................................................. 10
2.1 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION .............................................................................................................. 10
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................... 10
2.1.i Feasibility study of the site. ........................................................................................................... 10
2.1 ii Survey............................................................................................................................................ 10
2.1 iii Choices of materials ..................................................................................................................... 11
2.2. iv. SETTING OUT .............................................................................................................................. 11
2.1. v. Excavation................................................................................................................................... 11
2.1.2 Structural Specifications. .............................................................................................................. 11
2.1.2i Footings........................................................................................................................................ 11
2.1.2 ii Pillars........................................................................................................................................... 11
 Ground pillars ................................................................................................................................ 11
2.1.2 iii. Beams........................................................................................................................................ 12
Tie beams............................................................................................................................................... 12
 Lintels............................................................................................................................................. 12
2.1.2 iv. Walls.......................................................................................................................................... 12
2.1.2 v Plastering..................................................................................................................................... 12
2.1.2 vi SPECIFICATION OF OPENINGS (DOORS, WINDOWS) ................................................................. 12
2.1.2 vii Roof ........................................................................................................................................... 12
2.1.2 viii Formwork ................................................................................................................................. 12
2.1.2 ix Scaffolding .................................................................................................................................. 13
2.1.2 x Finishing..............................................................................’’....................................................... 13

4
2.1.3 THE VARIOUS UNIT FOUND IN THE MODERN FOOD MARKET STRUCTURE. ................................ 13
2.1.3 i. Market office............................................................................................................................... 13
2.1.3 ii. Sheds .......................................................................................................................................... 13
2.1.3 ii. Bins............................................................................................................................................. 13
2.1.3 iii. Stores......................................................................................................................................... 14
2.2. ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNS............................................................................................................... 14
2.2.1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................ 14
2.2.2 THE DRAWINGS FOR THE PROJECT............................................................................................... 14
CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................................... 0
MATERIALS ANALYSIS .............................................................................................................................. 0
3.1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................. 0
3.2 AIM..................................................................................................................................................... 0
3.3 CHARACTERISTIC OF MATERIALS. ...................................................................................................... 0
3.3.1 Load of purlin .................................................................................................................................. 0
3.3.11 Determine the load of the rafter.................................................................................................. 0
3.3.111 Determining load on the roofing sheet...................................................................................... 1
3.4 The load of the beam ......................................................................................................................... 2
Uniformly distribution load...................................................................................................................... 3
Isolation of the beam............................................................................................................................... 3
Equation of shear force and bending moment........................................................................................ 4
Shear force and bending moment diagram ............................................................................................. 6
3.7 Determination of the reinforcement on the beam............................................................................ 7
Determination of cross sectional area of steel for pillar........................................................................ 10
CHAPTER FOUR .................................................................................................................................. 12
QUANTITIES AND ESTIMATES OF THE PROJECT..................................................................................... 12
4.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................ 12
COST ESTIMATES AND QUANTITY OF WORK ......................................................................................... 13
SUMMARY TABLE................................................................................................................................... 16
4.2.ii CALCULATION OF THE SELLING PRICE OF THE PROJECT ............................................................... 17
CHAPTER FIVE .................................................................................................................................... 19
PROJECT PLANNING ............................................................................................................................... 19
5.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................ 19
5.2 Definition......................................................................................................................................... 19
5.3 Types of planning ............................................................................................................................. 19

5
5.3. PERT METHOD OF PLANNING PERT:(program evaluation review technique) ............................... 19
5.3. C.P.M (CRITICAL PATH METHOD).................................................................................................... 19
5.3. GANTT CHART. ................................................................................................................................ 20
5.3.iv MANPOWER CURVE ..................................................................................................................... 20
5.4 WORK PLANNING............................................................................................................................. 20
5.5 SOME RELATED TERMS .................................................................................................................... 20
5.6 PLAN OF WORK ................................................................................................................................ 20
CHAPTER SIX......................................................................................................................................... 0
GENERAL CONCLUSION............................................................................................................................ 0
6.1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................. 0
6.2 DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED............................................................................................................. 0
a) FINANCIAL PROBLEMS ......................................................................................................................... 0
b) SCHOOL................................................................................................................................................ 1
c) THE SOCIO-POLITICAL CRISIS................................................................................................................ 1
CRITIQUES OF THE STUDY........................................................................................................................ 1
SUGESTION FOR FUTURE STUDY.............................................................................................................. 1
QUESTIONNAIRES .................................................................................................................................... 2
BIBLIOGRAPHY.......................................................................................................................................... 2

6
 GENERAL INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION
It is and has been the tradition of this school that every final year student
graduating from this school carryout research on his/her chosen and approved
topic in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the technical
teachers grade one certificate known by its French acronym capiet (Certificat
Pedagogic D’instituteur des Enseignements technique) at the end of the course.
It is in this regard that I, NJONG BONAVENTURE NDUMTAIN have titled my
project “THE DESIGN AND REALIZATION OF A MODERN FOOD MARKET
STRUCTURE IN LIKOMBA MARKET FAKO DIVISION”.
Government technical teacher training college (G.T.T.T.C) Mbengwi is a teacher
training institution known by its French acronym ENIET (Ecole Normale
D’instituteur de L’enseignement Technique). It trains teachers to work with the
ministry of Secondary Education in either private or public sectors. This school
is found in Momo Division of the North West region of Cameroon.
Background study
A food market structure: it is a well design structure in the form of a building,
partitioned into rooms to serve as semi-sheds for the vendors in the market and
for hygiene food stuff.
The modern food market structure is required to be realized in Likomba Market
where hygienic food stuff will be sold since most people of Likomba are farmers
and they grow crops like vegetables, huckleberries, tomatoes, maize,
cassava, yams, beans, cocoyams. The layout of a modern food market
structure should enable that resources can be sold and recovered at
appropriate level. Food markets structures in some of the Region areas are
very big and not functional. In Likomba, there is need for a modern food
market structure not a big one but a mini modern food market structure
due to the population. The primary objective is to propagate the modern
food market structure in the best way so as to suit the locality of Likomba
condition and having all components with waste management facilities.
Maintenance of hygiene condition in markets and maximum utilization of
resources provided are the most important requirements for sustainable

7
hygienic food stuffs from the market. The quality and hygiene level in markets
are low due to imperfect construction of infrastructure facilities. This has
resulted to waste, contamination of food stuff. Quantitative and qualitative
capacities of food market structures need to be graded for domestic and
exports consumption.
It will ultimately results in discouraging sales of food stuffs on the ground,
outside of the modern food market structure and an authorized sales of food
stuffs in the market vicinity.
Considering the special nature of the Likomba market, it may not be
necessary to provide a too big Modern Food Market Structure in a small
municipality. In Likomba, food stuffs are sold by farmers, vendors by
themselves. If a modern food market structure is realized in the Likomba
community it will be used by the farmers, vendors. It will ensure hygienic food
stuff production and proper waste management at the lowest cost and
unhygienic food stuff will be reduced.

The Condition of Likomba

Current condition: The Likomba market has structures but it is not enough to
provide hygienic and the condition of the floors are not good enough to provide
hygiene food stuff and there is poor hygienic condition.
Therefore, Food stuffs cannot be handled in efficient manner during sales.
The major products in the market is vegetables (all kinds) but this get wet in the
rain, the economic loss is great because the Commodity values (price)is half
and food value is also lost. The chain of sales, working from landing
through to packing, storage, negotiation is interrupted by the rain,
meaning that work efficiency declined and making it difficult to increase
handling and distribution volume. Maintaining appropriate supply to the
market and demand balance. As a result the economic loss in distribution.

Countermeasures
The construction of a Modern Food Market Structure should be on an
appropriate scale. In particular, the construction of roofing to give protection
against rain and direct sunlight and paving the ground to enable the proper
handling and storage of products. In addition construct facilities and prepare a
safe and efficient landing. Also by constructing roofs over the whole selling,
sorting areas and storage, the number of market operating day will increase by

8
at least 104 days per year. Moreover, the clearly demarcating work zones in the
market, the annual handling volume will be increased and post-harvest loss
(economic loss) in the facilities will be reduced.

Facilities for handled product

Vegetables and cereal handling facilities:
Installation of roofs and paving of the ground in sales area for maize, rice,
dry cassava, cereals such as beans, charcoal which are likely to deteriorate due
to rain, direct sunlight is necessary to guarantee trading activities during rain
fall and to maintain quality of products, thus contributing to the securing
maintenance and improvement of market functions.
 CHAPTRE TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

Szu-Yin Liao, Master of social design, Maryland: in one of his projects Defined a
market as a public market is a city owned facility that features diverse vendors
selling a variety of food and non-food products. He also says the market is a
cornerstone in a community.
William A. Mortine: In one of his newspaper wrote something concerning a
market saying a market improve community spirit, then he went further by
saying it strengthen the community in the sense that in the market a lot of
activities take place and it involves people from different homes.
Nobou Itoi, project manager and Basic designer, Tanzania: In one of his biggest
project in Mwanza in the United Republic of Tanzania talks about a market as
in relation to the top priority issues in national development planning of
poverty reduction and security of food promotion, improvement of the
standard of living for citizens, maintenance of self-sufficiency and securing of
stable food supply, improvement of citizens’ nutrition.
 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION AND ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNS

2.1 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

INTRODUCTION:
This part of the studies shows the stages in which the project will be realized.
The aim of this study is to enable what is to be done before the actual start of
the site work and a description on some of the elementary unit task.

2.1 i Feasibility study of the site.

Definition: These are studies carried out where the building is to be constructed
before the work starts. It can also be called preliminary site work. Its time used
is not included in the project duration.

2.1 ii Survey
It is often carried out by a geo-technician. The first thing to be done before
starting the construction on site just like every other site is to be surveyed. This
part of studies is aimed at bringing;
 The topography of the site
 The bearing capacity of the soil
 The soil density (bulk coefficient)
 The level of the water table
 The depth of the bearing soil (stratum)
Normally, the topography of the site can be determined by a physical look or by
the use of a leveling instrument. Meanwhile, the others can be delivered by
extraction of the soil and taking it to the laboratory for studies.
The importance of all this studies is to enable us to;
 Have a choice of foundation
It is this studies that will help us choose a proper foundation for the project
 The depth of the foundation

10
Knowing the stratum depth, it will help also for us to know how deep our
foundation will be.

2.1 iii Choices of materials

The type of materials to be used for foundation will be determined by the study
whether to use waterproof materials or not.

2.2. iv. SETTING OUT

Definition: This is the process of transferring a building design (plan) from the
paper to the ground.

2.1. v. Excavation
Since the work is to be realized on s platform that they have been using and it is
level, the bearing capacity of the soil is not found at a reasonable depth, and
the excavation will be done manually. Also only the potions that will be housing
the pillar footings will be excavated deeper into the ground.

2.1.2 Structural Specifications.

In this study I will be talking about the various components of a structure and
their uniqueness. The foundation will be constructed with foundation blocks,
foundation pillars will be planted on the foundation footings and the
foundation will be chain all-round. Then the walls will be constructed with
cement blocks.

2.1.2 i Footings
The footings will be realized in reinforced concrete at a depth of (70cm) there
will be rectangular footings (70cm×70cm) which will be casted on lean concrete
of (5cm).

2.1.2 ii Pillars
 Ground pillars
They are load bearing pillars realized of Reinforced concrete and they are
resting on the footings. They are of the sizes (20cm×20cm).

11
2.1.2 iii. Beams

Tie beams
They are realized with reinforced concrete and of the sizes (20cm×20cm), they
receive all the load of the structure and transfer it to the ground pillars and
foundation.
 Lintels
They are of reinforced concrete and of the sizes (15cm×20cm). They only bridge
the door and the window openings. They are embedded into the walls (80cm)
in both ends.

2.1.2 iv. Walls

They are realized of cement blocks of sizes (15cm×20cm×40cm).

2.1.2 v Plastering
Plastering is carried on all the surfaces of the structure. The ratio of mixture to
be used for plastering is 1:2.5 that is 1 part of cement to 2.5parts of sand. The
walls shall be plastered and given a foam finish.

2.1.2 vi SPECIFICATION OF OPENINGS (DOORS, WINDOWS)

The doors are of the size (210x80) cm. The external door frame and shutter
shall be made of metal while the shutters and the frames of the internal doors
shall be made of wood. The window shutters shall be made of glass. A wire
mesh will be put to the external windows to protect the glasses and also for
security purpose.

2.1.2 vii Roof

The roof trust of this structure shall be realized with wood well- seasoned. The
roof trust shall be well braced in order to withstand wind pressure. The sheet
covering shall be corrugated sheets of 3m length.

2.1.2 viii Formwork

The material chosen for the formwork of this project shall be of soft wood. The
materials shall be well oiled before use for easy dismantling and to ensure good
surface finish. The materials shall be handled with care and properly stacked to

12
maintain their shape up to the completion of work. The design and realization
of a modern food market structure in Likomba Fako Division.

2.1.2ix Scaffolding
The vertical members of the scaffold shall be of purlins because of their
availability and cheaper cost and the method of realization of the scaffolding
will be chosen by the technicians who shall be carrying out the construction.

2.1.2x Finishing
The finishing of the project will be done differently depending on the particular
portion of the structure. The external and internal walls will be plastered and
painted with oil paint. The floor will be made of cement paste floor finishing.
2.1.2xi Material: Specification here we shall see the different varieties of
materials that will be used in realizing this structure. Which are? Sand, gravel,
cement, wood, rods, paints, pipes, cables, binding wires, nails, roofing sheets,
switches, lamps, plywood.

2.1.3 THE VARIOUS UNIT FOUND IN THE MODERN FOOD MARKET

STRUCTURE.

2.1.3i. Market office

This is a business place (branch)responsible for both marketing and accepting
deposits.

2.1.3ii. Sheds
This is a small room built for storage, office or studio and for sales purpose
which their various sizes can be changed.

2.1.3ii. Bins
Bins are in different varieties, here we shall be talking of a bin in a form of a
shed since it is found in the market structure it is a small building where used
materials or baskets and rubbish is deposited. Which need to be regularly clean.

13
2.1.3iii. Stores
This is a place where left over goods, food stuff and other market products are
kept for reservations.

2.2. ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNS

2.2.1. INTRODUCTION
This is aimed at the technical and systematical study of the project. It is also the
views of the project. In this study we will be able to come out with:

2.2.2 THE DRAWINGS FOR THE PROJECT

 Site Location
 Block Plan
 Foundation Plan
 The ground Plan
 Roof Plan
 Section A-A
 The Front elevation
 The Right elevation
 The Left End elevation
 The back elevation
 The Electrical plan

14
 ENTRANCE TO
N
THE MARKET
BACKQUA
RT

LOCATION
PLOT IN
QUESTION

PHP ROAD
LEADING
TO THE ST.
MAIN MARTIN
ROAD CATHOLIC

PHP
CHEMICAL

SYMB DESCRIPTION

HOUSES

DIRECTION

CHEMICAL LOCATION
CHURCH PLAN

15
 4M

3M
3M
3M 3M

PROPOSED
BUILDING AREA 3M
3M
BLOCK PLAN
3M

STORES W

N S
20.00M

SITE SCALE
PLAN
STORES
STORES

34.00M

E
STORES

16
 4M

0
SECTION
FRONT ELAVATION

1
BACK ELAVATION
2
RIGHT ELEVATION
3
LEFT ELEVATION
4
 CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS ANALYSIS

3.1 INTRODUCTION
It is known that different materials are being used in building construction, but
the different materials have their strength and durability.

3.2 AIM
In this chapter we will evaluate the strength of concrete keeping in mind that
concrete is good in compression and weak in tension. For this effect, we are
going to introduce reinforcement in to the concrete in order to improve the
properties of concrete that are weak and to cause the concrete element to be
at equilibrium. Below, we will be isolating a section of a beam with two
supports, then look for the reaction at the support (RA and RB) in which the
self-load of the beam, the load from the roof and live loads exist on the
supports. After knowing the loads that will be exerted on the beams and
pillars, we will be determining the types of reinforcement rods that will be used
to cause the structure to be at equilibrium. This will be done after we have
drawn our shear force and bending moment diagram. We are going to be
showing in details how we will be putting the reinforcement that we have
gotten in to the different concrete elements (pillars and beams) counteract
shear force in the beams and tensile force in the pillars. I am going to be
calculating the reduced and horizontal cross sectional areas of pillars and
beams which will help to design a suitable cross sectional reinforcement for the
pillars and beams of the structure

0
3.3 CHARACTERISTIC OF MATERIALS.

RIDGED
CAP 0.75

RAFTER(5 0.90
*15cm)
BRACE(5 STRUT(5*
1.10 0.90 PURLIN(
*15cm) 15cm)
5*7cm)

0.90

ROOFI 0.90
NG FACIAL
SHEET BOARD
0.90
0.8
8 4.97m
0.90

0.90

0
Here we are going to be stating some of the international standard units, (SI)
units of the Modern Food Market structures that we will be using.
DATA
- Live load=0.4KN/m
- Purlin =0.05KN/m
- Roof sheets =0.1KN
- Density of roofing =20KN/m²
- Weight roofing sheet=5Kg/m²
- Density of wood=400kg/m³
- Rafter=0.1KN/m

3.3.1 Load of purlin

The length of purlin in the area that has been cut to study is 4.4m and there are
12 purlins in length 4.4m
Purlin = 0.05KN/m
If 1m = 0.05KN
4.4m = XKN
X=4.4x0.05 = 0.22kN
This is the load of one purlin of 4.4m length
If 4.4m=0.22KN
4.4mx12=XKN
4.4m = 0.22KN
52.8m=XKN
4.4mx=52.8mx0.22KN
X=2.64KN
So the load of the purlin = 2.64KN

3.3.11 Determine the load of the rafter

The length of rafter knowing that the rafter overlaps by 0.5m
9.61+ (0.5x3) x2=22.22m

0
8.8+ (0.5x3) x2=20.6m
1.3x2=2.6m
1.9x2=3.8m
0.9x1=0.9m
1.10x6=6.6m
0.97x6=5.82m
Total length of rafter needed at the potion we are calculating
⇒22.22+20.6+2.6+3.8+0.79+6.6+5.82=62.43m
Then the load of the rafter
If 1m = 0.1KN
62.43m = XKN
X=62.43mx0.1KN
X=6.243KN

3.3.111 Determining load on the roofing sheet

9.7M

4.4M

Figure2
The weight of a roofing sheet =5kg/m2, working in KN => 5kg=5x0.01=0.05KN
Surface area of the potion we are calculating
A=L x W
⇒9.67x4.4
A=42.548m2
If 1m² = 0.05KN
42.548m² = XKN
1Xm²/KN = 42.548x0.05
X = 2.13KN
The total load of the roof
2.64 + 6.243 + 2.13 =11.013KN

3.4 The load of the

beam
Live load =0.05KN/m
Density of concrete =25KN/m³
Dead load

2
 Uniformly distribution load
40KN/ML

20CM
A B
20CM

5.00

Isolation of the beam

40KN/ml
RAX RBX

2.5 2.5

RAY RBY

∑extF=0
∑MA=0
RA+RB--Q=0
RA+RB=200…………….①
∑MA=0→-Q(2.5) +RB (5) =0
-200(2.5) +RB (5) =0
5RB=500
RB=100KN
Substituting in equation………… ①
RA+RB=200………………..①
RA+100=200
RA=200-100
RA=100KN
Therefore, RA=RB

3
Equation of shear force and bending
moment. Range: (0<X<5), Zone one.

RAx qx
N(x)
₊
M(x)
X
T(X
RAy

T(x)+RA-q(x)=0
T(x)=-RA+q(x)
=>-ql/2+q(x)
=-100+40(x)
M(x)-RA(x)+q(x)*(x)/2=0
M(x)=RA(x)-q(x)²/2
=>QL/2-q(x)²/2
=100(x)-40(x)²/2
Range (0>x<5), Zone 2
T(x)+RA-40(5-x)
T(x)=-RA+40(5-0)
=100+40(5)
=100/-100
M(X)-RA(5-x)+40(5-x)²/2
M(x)=100(5)-40(5)²/2
=500-500
=0/0
Particular values
T(x)=0=>-ql/2+q(x)=0

4
=>q(x)=qL/2
=>100=40(x)
X=2.5
Max=m(x)
=>ql(x)/2-q(x)²/2=0
=>100(x)-40(x)²/2=0
Substituting (x).....ql²/8
=>100(2.5)-40(2.5)²/2
=250+250/2
=125KN/M
Table of Values
N/B 0 ≤ X ≤ 5

100 0 -100
T(x)

M(x) 0 125 0

5
 Shear force and bending moment diagram

ql

RA RB
5.00

100

+
T(x) X

-
-100

M(X) X

125

6
3.7 Determination of the reinforcement on the beam

h= height of the cross sectional area.

b=width of the cross sectional area.
d=useful height
Ast =section of tensile steel = mu/2st
Z= lever arm
Vs = safety coefficient of steel = vs=1.15
fe= reinforcement of steel (400mpa)
Pu=shear force along the ultimate limit state
g= permanent loads
q=exploitation loads
Pser= shear force at the serviceable limit state
RA and RB, =reaction of the supports A and BT(x)= shear force
M(x)= bending moment
Mmax = maximum bending moment
HA-high adherence
Ar= Rear area of steel section
Mu=ultimate moment
Mser=service moment

7
 Q

20cm

20cm

5.00

Data
Fc28=12mpa
ɣs =1.15
Mu =125KN/m
Fe =400mpa
ɣb=1.5
d=0.9h
=>0.9x0.2
d = 0.18
Fbu=0.85fc28/ɣb
=0.85*12/ 1.5
Fbu=6.8mpa
125x10–³
U= mu/ bd2fbu
=125*10–³/ (0.2) (0.18)2(6.80)
u=2.83
u<0.186 but u> 0.186
Taking pivot B

8
ɣ=mu/ mser
Y= 125KN/m /12.5KN/m
ɣ=10
αl=ɣ-1/2+fc28/ 100
=>10-1/2+12/100
αl=4.62
Ul=0.8αl(1-0.4αl)
=0.8(4.62)(1-0.4)(4.62)
Ul=1.848
U<Ul since U>Ul
We used pivot B
Mru=Ulbd²fbu
=>(1.848)(0.2)(0.18)²(6.8)*10–³
Mur=81.43KN/m
Zl=d(1-0.4)(4.62)
Zl=0.49
√st=fe/ɣs
=>400/1.15
√st=347.83mpa
Ast=mru/zl√st
=>81.43*10/0.49(347.83)
Ast¹=4.7cm
Mser=mu-mru
=>Mser=125-81.42
Mser=43.58KN/m
Z'=d-d' were d' is the concrete cover which is 2.5cm=0.025m

9
Z'=0.18-0.025
Z'=0.155m
Ast²=mser/z'√st
=43.58/0.155(347.83)
Ast²=0.8cm
Total Area of steel
=Ast¹+Ast²
=4.7+0.8
Ast=5.5cm²
The choice of steel is 4HA10=5.5cm²

ɸ6

20cm

4HA10

Determination of cross sectional area of steel for

pillar.
Data
Fe28=25mpa
ɣs=1.5
Fe=400mpa
ɣb=1.5

10
C=2.5cm
B=30cm
L=400cm
Lf=0.5
a=20cm
b=20cm
Mu=125KN
Br=(a-2)(b-2)(30-2)
Br=504cm²
rmin=a/√12=20/√12
rmin=5.77cm
=‫ג‬l/rmin=400cm/5.77
=‫ג‬69 3
ᵝ=0.85(‫ג‬²/1500)=0.85(69.3²/1500)
ᵝ=2.72
Mu<[Br.fe28/0.9ɣb+A.fe/ɣs] but a=0.85/ᵝ
Mu<0.85/[ᵝBr.fe28/0.9ɣb+A.fe/ɣs]
A>/sɣfe[Bmu/0.85+Br.fbu/0.9]
A>1.15/400[125*10–³-504*10–⁴fbu/0.9]
Fbu=0.85fe28/sb=0.85(25)/1.5=14.16
A>1.15/400[0.072-504*10–⁴*14.16/0.9]
=>1.15/400[0.073-0.71]
A=1.834cm
Verification of limit
Amin<A<Amax
Amin=Amax ∑4cm²*perimeter=>0.2*B/100

11
=> 4*2(0.2+0.3)=4cm²
=>0.2(20*30)/100=1.2
Amax=5*B/100=5*20*30/100 =30cm²
A=Amin>4cm²
Choice of steel= 4HA10+2HA8->3.14cm²+1.005cm²

ɸ6

2HA8

20cm

4HA10

CHAPTER FOUR

QUANTITIES AND ESTIMATES OF THE PROJECT

4.1 INTRODUCTION.
The study of the quantities is to come out with the various quantities of
materials to be used for the different parts of the structure. And estimates are
to find out the cost of buying the various materials for the project. It is this
study that will enable us to come out with a total global cost of the project. This
study will aim at the quantities of materials for the different phases of the
project and its cost respectively.

12
COST ESTIMATES AND QUANTITY OF WORK
Number Description Unit Quantitie Unit Amount Total
s s s price
1 Preliminary
works.
M² 414.75 700 290325
1. Site
M² 1 75000 75000
installatio
n
2. Setting
out
SUBTOTAL: 365325
2 Earth works.
1. Excavation of M³ 49 3000 147000
foundation
trenches
M³ 28 1500 4200
2. Backfilling
and compaction
SUBTOTAL: 189000
3 Foundation
1. Lean M³ 0.957 88000 84216
concreting
M³ 8.364 15000 1254600
2. Reinforced 0
concrete,
Foundation
pillars, ground No 1200 540000
beams and 450
footings
3. Blocks for
foundation
SUBTOTAL: 1878816

13
4 Masonry and
Elevation
No 4300 350 1505000
1. Cement block
M³ 16.5 15000 2475000
2. Reinforced 0
concrete
(350kg/m²),
pillars, lintel M² 464.75 1208350
and tie beams 2600
M³ 33.35 2335200
3. Plastering 70000
and rendering
4. Flooring
SUBTOTAL : 7523550
5 Roof and the
covering
No 235 1500 352500
1. Purlins for
roof trusses
(Nails) FF 1 21000 210000
0
2. Wood
treatment with No 245 1837550
insecticide 7500 0
3. Aluminum
undulated No 6
roofing sheets No 28 17000 102000
(3ml) with 2000 56000
accessories
4. Toe bar No 16
2000 32000
5. Facial board Pkg 32
aluminum (2m) 3000 96000

6. Aluminum
top ridges
7. Zinc nails

14
 SUBTOTAL: 1922400
0
6 Wood,
aluminum and
metal works.
No 4 90000 360000
1. Metal access
door complete
for stores and
office rooms
(80/210) No 4 65000 260000

2. Single
aluminum
windows
(80/100)
SUBTOTAL: 620000
7 Electricity
1. Conducting Roll 1 11000 11000
pipes
FF 1 25000 25000
2. Cups and
Roll 2 16000 32000
connectors
Roll 1 17000 17000
3. Cables of
1.5mm No 4 1000 4000

4. Cables of No 4 1000 4000

2.5mm No 4 4000 16000
5. One way -- -- -- --
switches
No 1 4000 4000
6. Sockets
7. Incandescent
bulbs and
holders
8. Fuse box

15
 SUBTOTAL: 117500
8 Painting
1. Painting of M² 15 3000 45000
the ceiling with
oil paint
M² 452 2000 904000
2. Wall painting
internal and
external M² 7.5 12000 90000
3. Tilling
SUBTOTAL: 1039000
9 Drainage and
vera da
M³ 2.5 90000 225000
n
1. Drainage
gutter in
concrete
around the
building
SUBTOTAL: 225000

SUMMARY TABLE
Number Designation Amount
1 Preliminary 365325
works
2 Earthworks 189000
3 Foundation 1878816
4 Masonry and 7523550
Elevation
5 Roof and roof 19224000
cover

16
6 Aluminum 620000
and metal
works
7 Electricity 117500
8 Painting 1039000
9 Drainage and 225000
veranda
GRAND 31182191
TOTAL

4.2.ii CALCULATION OF THE SELLING PRICE OF THE

PROJECT
Data
- Dry price (DP)=31182191
- Site expenses (SE)=12%DP
- General expenses (GE) = 8% DP
- labour (L)=30% DP
- Risk allowance =5%DP
- Selling price without taxes (SPWT)
- Therefore SPWT=DP+SE+GE+P+RA
- SPWT=DP+12%DP+8% DP+10% DP+5% DP
=> DP (1+12%+8%+30%+5%)
=> Dp(1+0.12+0.08+0.3+0.05
SPWT=K.DP
SPWT=1.55×DP

COEFFICIENT OF SAFETY (K)

K= SPWT÷DP

17
K =1.55Dp÷ DP
K=1.35
Selling price with all taxes (SPWAT)
SWPAT=SPWT+VAT
Where VAT=19.25%
SPWAT=1.35DP+19.25DP
SPWAT=DP (1.55+19.25% )
=> DP (1.35+0.1925)
SPWAT=1.7425DP
Therefore SPWAT=1.7425 (31182191).
SPWAT=54,334,967.82FCFA
Fifty four million three hundred and thirty four thousand nine hundred and
sixty seven point eighty two FCFA

18
 CHAPTER FIVE

PROJECT PLANNING

5.1 INTRODUCTION:
The aim of this study is to determine how the project will be carried out in
terms of work progression and the man power required for the realization of
the project
In this chapter we will find out which activity should be carried out before
another, the amount of labour needed for an elementary task.
This will involve the determination of the earliest and latest start and finished
date (day) of each event. This is to maximize resources, labour, accidents, and
waste of time

5.2 Definition
Project planning refers to the various stages in which project site is been
managed in order to maximize productivity and minimize time. This planning
will take into consideration the availability of resources in order to minimize
gain and productivity

5.3 Types of planning

5.3. PERT METHOD OF PLANNING PERT:

This is (program evaluation review technique) the pert network was first
developed and used by the United State Navy in 1958, it is commonly used
by the United State critical path method (CPM) that was introduced in
1957. The planning and construction of many separate events and activities
required to complete a project.

5.3. C.P.M (CRITICAL PATH METHOD)

The critical path is the chain of activities whose time determines the overall
duration of the project. Activities on critical path are known as critical activities.
They do not have any earliest start or finish date, meaning with any increase in
the duration of the project.

19
5.3. GANTT CHART:
It is a type of a bar chart. It is called Gantt chart named after its inventor Henry
Gantt (1861-1919). It is a diagram drawn on the X and Y-axis with the time or
duration marked on the X-axis and activities marked on the Y-axis. It is used to
show what is scheduled to be done on a specific day.

5.3.iv MANPOWER CURVE

It is a histogram that shows how many people or hours are needed to get a job
done, so you can schedule the right number of workers for each stage of the
project.

5.4 WORK PLANNING

The aim of planning is to coordinate and control the activities and advancement
of work on the site. This is also to know how materials, equipment's, laborers
will be in the site in order fight against disorder which is always the source of
problems. In constructions, that demand some special equipment s like
concrete mixes, cranes and during earth works there is always a need for site
installation.
With our project we will use the pert method of planning.

5.5 SOME RELATED TERMS

A) -Activity (Task): It is action which consumes time, materials and labour for it
to be completed.
B) -Stage: Also called milestone or event. It can be presented with a circle,
triangles and rectangles. It shows the start or end of an activity or many
activities.
C) -Dummy (Fictive): It is an activity or task which does not consume material
or time. The duration of such activity is zero.

5.6 PLAN OF WORK

Numbers Task Previous task Duration Number Ranking
(days) of
workers
1 Site clearance Nothing 1 5 1

20
2 Site Site clearance 1 4 2
installation
3 Setting out Site clearance 1 5 2
4 Excavation Setting out 5 8 3
5 Preparation Site 6 5 3
of installation
reinforcement
6 Formwork Site 7 5 3
installation
7 Foundation Formwork 10 7 4
8 Block molding Site 8 4 3
installation
9 Raising of Preparation of 14 7 5
walls, pillars reinforcement,
and beams formwork,
foundation,
block molding
10 Roofing Raising of 14 8 6
walls, pillars,
beams
11 Plastering and Raising of 15 7 6
flooring walls, pillars,
beams
12 Painting Plastering 12 5 7
13 Electrification Raising of 9 4 6
walls, pillars,
beams
14 Tilling Plastering and 7 2 7
flooring

21
 PROGRAM EVALUATION AND REVIEW TECHNIQUE NETWORK (PERT)
A B, C D, E, F, H G I J, K, M L, N

8
3 39

2 2 5 I(14) 7
2 1 10
2
1 A( 0 4
24
1 1
0 0

4 D(5) 6
9
2 36 G(10)
41 5
7 51
1

CRITICAL PATH: A-B-H-I-K-L

DURATION: 51 DAYS

SYMBOLS DESCRIPTION

NORMAL ACTIVITY
CRITICAL PATH

2 NODS THAT SHOW THE EARLIEST STARTING

DAY AND THE LATEST FINISHIHING DAY
1 1 0
A/D 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52

A 5

B 5

C 5

D 8 8 8

E 5 5 5

F 5 5 5 5

G 7 7 7 7 7 7

H 4 4 4 4

I 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

J 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

K 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

L 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

M 4 4 4 4 4

N 2 2 2 2

15 22 22 22 16 14 14 14 14 7 7 7 19 19 19 19 19 15 15 14 7 7 7 5 5 5

1
MANPOWER DIAGRAM AND THE CUMMULATIVE CURVE

NO. WORKERS

22

20 CUMMULATIVE CURVE

18

16

14

12

10

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 51 DURATION

2
 CHAPTER SIX

GENERAL CONCLUSION

6.1. INTRODUCTION
After having gone through a series of intensive research and visitation of
construction sites, getting peoples opinions through (questionnaires),
consultations of documents, I am happy with the openness and information i
have gotten from people and my personal experience on the field which has
helped me to come out with this technical document. This piece of work that i
have carried out if it is been realized correctly it will solve the problem faced by the
Likomba people.
As far as I have been able to come out with this piece of work despite the
difficulties that came my way during this research work, i have many things to
write as far as this work is concerned.

6.2 DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED

During this research I encountered many difficulties as a researcher and some of
them where;
-Financial problems.
-School work.
-The socio-political crisis plaguing the Northwest and Southwest.

a) FINANCIAL PROBLEMS
The inadequate financial resources at my disposal as a researcher was a great
hindrance to this study. I did not find it easy to go and carry out research so widely
because of the shortage of finances.
Depending solely on family and friends for support i have been able to come out
with this research work and i am convince that with this, the purpose for the
research can be achieved.

0
b) SCHOOL
The time in which schools closed was a problem for me to adequately do the
research and time to travel to the research locality.

c) THE SOCIO-POLITICAL CRISIS

Due to the problem in our country I had a lot of challenges as there were
restrictions, imposed on transportation.

CRITIQUES OF THE STUDY

Though I have been able to research and come out with this document which is
outstanding as the possible solution to provide the basic need of the Likomba
locality Without withstanding the fact that your criticisms and corrections can still
count on this piece of work.
Your possible corrections will be taken in to account to ensure that this piece of
work should be the best.

SUGESTION FOR FUTURE STUDY

As I have reached, this point with this study I will be concluding my research on
the project. But never the less i am sure that the project has been attained. But
since I am just human and not God to be perfect and also taking the fact that the
world is evolving and technology is growing on daily basics, I encourage that any
other researcher willing to carry out study on this same topic at the level of
structural calculation for perfection and improvement on certain points are free to
do so.
Conclusion
At this point I have tried all things possible to come out with these ideas that will
ease the design and realization of a modern food market structure in Likomba
market Fako Division.

1
QUESTIONNAIRES
When carrying out research be it in the community, private or public project, it is
always but a necessity to have the idea of the people as per the project you are
researching on.
So as i was doing this research a number of questions were dished out to some
vendors in the locality and even buyers in the market.
Question: What do you think if this market is to be restructured?
Answer: 1st Vendor, It will be good though it will bring destruction but there is
never any civilization without destruction.
Question: How do you think this project can be realized?
Answer: 1st Vendor, I think the government is in position to realize such a project
since it is for the people and since there is a Market structure already if they are
demolishing this one it means the one to be constructed should be modern and
have many shades as compared to the one that will be demolished.
Question: Looking at the land where the Likomba market is do you think if a new
market structure is to be constructed will it be enough?
Answer: Buyer Yes, there is enough land where the project can be realized. If the
land is not enough the government can do what we call in law Expropriation
compensating people around to relocate while their Lands are used for the benefit
of the community.
Question: If the modern food market is constructed how are you going to manage
it?
Answer: Vendor, Well it's simple if the provisions are there, that is if the various
places for the dumping of dirt is provided any person that is caught dumping dirt
where he/she is not supposed to will pay a fine that will help keep the market
structure clean and the management will be according to the division of the
various shade since it's going to be registered in each person's name.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Advanced Oxford Dictionary English Edition and Cambridge dictionary

2
Building construction metric volume 1 by J. K McKay
Building construction Handbook by Roy Chudley and Roger Greeno
Past Project (2021-2022): GTTTC (ENIET) Mbengwi
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