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Module 1 Lecture Activity

Anatomy and Physiology (Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University)

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DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY

South La Union Campus
COLLEGE OF COMMUNITY HEALTH AND ALLIED MEDICAL SCIENCES
Agoo, La Union

NUMC 101

ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY AND

CHARLES CHRISTOPHER D. MOSADA
BSN 1-A
PROF. JIGS PRE

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Name: Charles Christopher D. Mosada Year & Section:1-BSN A Date: October 06, 2021
Lecture Activity 1.1 Multiple Choice
Test your understanding of key chapter concepts by working through this quiz. The correct
answer will then be revealed. Encircle the letter.
1. This system protects and repels invasion by microorganisms of the
a. nervous system
b. musculoskeletal system
c. cardiovascular system
d. immune system
2. A person, animal or system maintains its functional parameters within a normal range of
values through
a. homeostasis
b. hematemesis
c. hemoptesis
d. hemoglobin
3. Instructions from the control center in the brain for target organs are carried by
a. sensory nerves
b. motor nerves
c. brain
d. pathways
4. The volume of fluid in the body is maintained within normal ranges by the
a. cardiovascular system
b. gastrointestinal system
c. respiratory system
d. renal system
5. In a feedback system, temperature is the
a. receptor
b. control center
c. stimulus
d. target organ
6. The two critical systems of the body involved in homeostasis are
a. cardiovascular and respiratory systems
b. nervous and endocrine systems
c. nervous and gastrointestinal systems
d. endocrine and respiratory systems

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7. Hormones are secreted by

a. endocrine glands
b. neurons
c. control centers
d. receptors
8. Temperature control is an example of
a. positive feedback
b. negative feedback
c. feedforward
d. feedbackward
9. In positive feedback, the second stimulus
a. decreases the first stimulus
b. re-enforces the first one
c. is same as the first one
d. none of the above
10. Which of the following is not a method used in maintaining homeostasis in the body?
a. neuronal actions
b. negative feedback loops
c. blood glucose actions
d. positive feedback loops

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Name: Charles Christopher D. Mosada Year & Section:1-BSN A Date: October 06, 2021
Lecture Activity 1.2 Critical Thinking Questions
Answer the following questions. Discuss your answer briefly. Your answers should not be more
than 15 sentences. Write your answer on the space provided.
1. What imaging technique is best suited for each of the clinical situations described? Why?
a) Examining gallbladder for possible gallstones in response to a patient’s complaints of sharp
pain in the right hypochondriac region of the abdomen;
The best noninvasive diagnostic test for gallstones is abdominal ultrasound, which is 90
percent to 95 percent adequate in identifying gallstones. This is the most frequent test for
detecting indications of gallstones. A transducer is moved back and forth over patient’s stomach
area during abdominal ultrasound. An ultrasound, which utilizes high-frequency sound waves to
generate a picture of the interior of the body, can confirm gallstones. Usually non-painful test
that aids doctors in choosing the optimum treatment options for patients.

b) ruling out a broken bone in a patient complaining of wrist and forearm pain;
Most fractures may be identified by monitoring the injury and performing X-rays. When
most people think of an x-ray, they think of a shattered bone. Because an x-ray may create an
image of every bone in the body with a modest amount of ionizing radiation, this assumption is
correct. Broken bones and fractures are often diagnosed and located using the pictures produced
by an x-ray. After the break has been treated, an x-ray may be taken to see if the bone fragments
are mending properly, stabilizing, and aligning properly.

c) examining of the knee of a patient complaining of persistent pain following an injury on the
athletic field;
An MRI presents a comprehensive image of the configuration of a meniscus tear. It also
uncovers ligaments, cartilage, tendons, and bone anomalies that x-rays and CT scans omit. MRIs
of the knee are suitable for analyzing a meniscus tear as well as any ligament, cartilage, or
tendon injuries. An MRI scan can allow doctors figure out whether individuals with knee
problems need surgery.

d) assessing possible damage to abdominal viscera resulting from a car accident.

The use of abdominal ultrasound in the first evaluation of blunt abdominal injuries has
become commonplace. Since ultrasound checks for the presence of free fluid in the abdomen or
pericardium but does not clearly identify the source, it is used as a screening tool. Ultrasound is
thought to be the most effective method for detecting solid organ damage with concomitant
hemoperitoneum. For the identification of bowel or retroperitoneal injuries, it is deemed
insensitive.

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2. On her first anatomy and physiology exam, Heather defined homeostasis as <the condition in
which the body approaches room temperature and stays there.= Do you agree with Heather’s
definition?
I disagree with Heather's assertion since the internal component of the body's room
temperature is dynamic and does not remain constant when external conditions change—it
varies to maintain balance or equilibrium. Any mechanism that living organisms employ to
actively maintain reasonably constant circumstances essential for existence is referred as
homeostasis. The statement would put us in jeopardy, maybe resulting in death.

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ANATOMY

PHYSIOLOGY

VISCERA

HOMEOSTASIS

METABOLISM

EFFECTOR

DISTAL

GROWTH

ANTERIOR

CHEMICAL

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LESSON 1: Anatomy and Physiology Defined

1.1 Give at least 3 examples of how the structure of a part of the body is related to its function.

Food can be torn apart by the sharp incisors (front teeth), while
food can be ground into tiny pieces by the molars (back teeth).
Because the molars are closest to the jaw's hinge, chewing may
be done with the maximum force there (especially useful for
grinding up harder-to-digest plant foods). The general role is to
shred and grind food into small particles that may be ingested
and absorbed into the body.

Let's take a glance at the heart's anatomy, which influences how it

works. The heart is composed of cardiac muscle cells and has
four hollow chambers (atria and ventricles). The heart is
competent to pump blood around the body because of its
configuration. When the heart's structure changes the heart's
function weakens because it can no longer pump as much blood,
resulting in cardiomyopathy.

To generate clear vision, the eye contains numerous components that

must function together. The eyeball is protected by the sclera, or
white portion of the eye. The pupil, or black dot at the centre of the
eye, is an aperture that allows light to enter. The pupil is surrounded
by the iris, or colored portion of the eye. It changes the size of the
pupil to control how much light enters the eye. The iris and pupil are
protected by the cornea, a transparent window at the front of the
eye. By concentrating light onto the retina at the back of the eye, a
clear lens positioned behind the pupil functions like a camera lens.
The retina is the back of the eye's light-sensitive inner lining.

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LESSON 2: Levels of Structural Organization and Body Systems

2.1. Define the following terms: atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, system, and organism. Note:
Provide 1 sentence only for each definition.

The simplest form of ordinary matter that makes

up a chemical element is an atom.

A molecule is a chemically bound collection of

two or more atoms that are electrically neutral.

An organism's basic structural and functional

components are cells.

Tissue is a collection of cells with similar

structures that work together as a unit.

Organs are multi-tissue formations made up of

two or more different types of tissues.

An organ system is comprised of organs that

work together to accomplish one or more goals.

Any organic, living system that acts as a separate

entity is referred to as an organism.

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2.2. Match the following systems with their functions. Write the letter on the space provided
before the number. Note: Use capital letters.

F 1. nervous system A. regulates body activities through hormones

(chemicals) transported in the blood to various
target organs of the body

A 2. endocrine system B. produces gametes; releases hormones from

gonads

K 3. urinary system C. protects against disease; returns fluids to blood

E 4. cardiovascular system D. protects body by forming a barrier to the

outside environment; helps regulate body
temperature

J 5. muscular system E. transports oxygen and nutrients to cells; protects

against disease; carries wastes away from cells

H 6. respiratory system F. regulates body activities through action

potentials (nerve impulses); receives sensory
information; interprets and responds to the
information

G 7. digestive system G. carries out the physical and chemical

breakdown of food and absorption of nutrients

I 8. skeletal system H. transfers oxygen and carbon dioxide between

air and blood

D 9. integumentary system I. supports and protects the body; provides internal

framework; provides a place for muscle attachment

C 10. lymphatic system and immunity J. powers movements of the body and stabilizes
body position

B 11. reproductive system K. eliminates wastes; regulates the volume and

chemical composition of blood

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2.3. Identify the system/s where the organs belong. Write your answers on the space provided.
Organ Organ System/s
1. Skin __________Integumentary System__________
2. Skull _____________Skeletal System_____________
3. Pancreas ____________Endocrine System____________
4. Stomach _____________Digestive System____________
5. Heart __________Cardiovascular System__________
6. Lymph nodes ____________Lymphatic System____________
7. Humerus _____________Skeletal System_____________
8. Uterus ___________Reproductive System__________
9. Thyroid glands ____________Endocrine System____________
10. Ligaments _____________Skeletal System_____________
11. Kidney ______________Renal System______________
12. Nerves _____________Nervous System_____________
13. Brain _____________Nervous System_____________
14. Testes ___________Reproductive System___________
15. Urinary bladder ______________Renal System______________

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LESSON 03: Characteristics of the Living Human Organism

3.1. Discuss the importance of the life processes of the human body. Note: Your answer should
not be more than 15 sentences.
There are some traits that separate living creatures from non-life ones. Organization,
metabolism, response, motions, and reproduction are all basic life activities. There are pre
requisites in humans, who embody the most sophisticated form of life, such as growth,
differentiation, breathing, digestion, and excretion.
Metabolism is a vast term referring to all chemical events that take place in the human
body. The act of perceiving and responding to stimuli is known as responsiveness or irritability.
The human body may move in a variety of ways. Molecules migrate from one location to another
at the cellular level. Blood transports oxygen and nutrients from one region of the body to
another. Growth is defined as an uptick in size, either in terms of the number of cells or in terms
of the size of each individual cell. Cells are derived into tissues and organs through
differentiation. Reproduction may also refer to the generation of new cells and the creation of
new individuals in a broader sense.
All of these events are integrated together; from the tiniest cell to the entire bodily
system, no element of the body operates in solitude. Disease and mortality are both
manifestations of a disturbance of these systems' equilibrium. All of these things function
together in perfect harmony for the individual's well-being and the continuation of life.

3.2. Determine whether the following statements are true or false. Write the word True if the
statement is correct and False if not on the space provided.
___False___1. Digestion is an anabolic process where food is converted into substances that can
be utilized by the body.
___False___2. Anabolism is a destructive metabolism, usually including the release of energy
and breakdown of biomolecules.
___True___3. Metabolism refers to the complete set of physical and chemical reactions that
occur in living cells.
___True___4. Anabolic hormones, such as anabolic steroids, stimulate protein synthesis and
muscle growth.
___True___5. The building up of muscle mass favors catabolic activity while slowing down
anabolic reactions.

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3.3. Provide at least 2 examples each of human responsiveness and human movement.

Human Responsiveness Human Movement

moving toward sources of food and water and skeletal muscles contracted to move the bones
away from perceived dangers of skeleton to get from one place to another

increased body temperature responses of muscle cells are contracting and relaxing to
sweating and the dilation of blood vessels in the maintain your posture and to focus your
skin in order to decrease body temperature vision

3.4. Using a table, compare and contrast growth, differentiation, and reproduction.

GROWTH DIFFERENTIATION REPRODUCTION

The term "growth" refers to
an elevation in bodily size.
Humans, like other
multicellular creatures,
develop by expanding the
number of existing cells,
increasing the amount of
non-cellular material around
cells (such as mineral
deposits in bone), and
enlarging the size of existing
cells, all within extremely
limited limitations.
All of the alterations that the
body undergoes over its
lifetime are referred to as
development. Differentiation is
the process in which
unspecialized cells become
specialized in form and
composition in order to enact
certain jobs in the body.
Growth and repair, both of
which entail cell
differentiation, are included in
development.
The emergence of a new
creature from parent
organisms is known as
reproduction. The male and
female reproductive systems
are responsible for human
reproduction. Because all
complex organisms will die,
the line of organisms will
come to an end if they do not
reproduce. It also includes the
creation of new cells (growth,
repair, or replacement)

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LESSON 04: Homeostasis

4.1. Discuss what is meant by homeostasis and how it is maintained. Note: Your answer should
not be more than 15 sentences.
In a broader context, homeostasis is steadiness, moderation, or equilibrium. It is the
body's attempt to assert a consistent and balanced internal environment, which necessitates
continual monitoring and modifications as circumstances change. The retention of equilibrium
around the fixed point is the overarching goal of homeostasis. While there are natural variations
from the set point, the body's systems typically attempt to return to it. A receptor detects a
change in the internal or external environment (a stimulus), and the system adjusts the deviation
parameter toward the set point.
Biological systems, such as our own, are continually pushed away from their equilibrium
points. When we exercise, for illustration, our muscles produce more heat, raising our body
temperature. The capacity of our body to recognize and resist these changes is essential for
homeostasis. Negative feedback loops are extensively used to maintain homeostasis. These loops
work in opposition to the stimulus, or cue, that sets them off. A negative feedback loop, for
instance, will operate to bring our body temperature down immediately to the set point, or goal
value, if it is too high.

4.2. Provide an example diagram of a feedback system and discuss its components. Note: Your
answer should not be more than 15 sentences.

Nerve impulses from Brain stimulates

cervix transmitted to pituitary gland to
the brain secrete oxytocin

Head of baby pushes Oxytocin carried in

against cervix bloodstream to uterus

Oxytocin stimulates
uterine contractions
and pushes baby
towards cervix

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Positive feedback loops that are natural but only triggered when needed include
childbirth and the body's reaction to blood loss. Full-term childbirth is an example of a
circumstance in which maintaining one's current bodily condition is undesirable. To deliver the
baby at the end of pregnancy, massive changes in the mother's body are necessary; and once
delivery begins, it must be done immediately or the mother's and baby's lives would be
jeopardized. A positive feedback mechanism is responsible for the intense muscular work of
labor and delivery.
The baby is pushed toward the cervix during the initial contractions of labor. Stretch-
sensitive nerve cells in the cervix detect the degree of stretching. The pituitary gland at the base
of the brain releases the hormone oxytocin into the circulation as a result of these nerve cells
sending information to the brain. Oxytocin stimulates the smooth muscles in the uterus to
contract more vigorously, propelling the baby further down the delivery canal. This causes the
cervix to extend even more. Only after the baby is born does the cycle of stretching, oxytocin
release, and increasingly stronger contractions come to an end. The elongation of the cervix
comes to a standstill at this stage, preventing the release of oxytocin.

4.3. Using a table, compare and contrast the operation of negative and positive feedback systems.

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK POSITIVE FEEDBACK

reduces change amplifies change
result in less of a product: less heat, less result in more of a product:, more
pressure, or less salt contractions, or more clotting platelets
moves towards a target moves away from a target point
always maintain the conditions of breakdown the homeostasis of the
homeostasis system
e.g. regulation of body temperature e.g. childbirth

4.4. Provide an example of homeostatic imbalance and explain how it is related to certain
disorder/s. Note: Your answer should not be more than 15 sentences.
The inability of the internal environment to maintain homeostasis in the face of internal,
external, and environmental stimuli is known as homeostatic imbalance. When cells in the body
encounter a deficiency, such as nutritional inadequacies caused by a poor diet or when cells are
exposed to pollutants, homeostatic imbalance ensues. Any breakdown of body's normal function
that results in unpleasant symptoms is alluded to as disease. While disease is frequently caused
by contamination or damage, the majority of diseases are caused by a disturbance of normal
homeostasis. If the processes of disruption grow powerful enough, anything that inhibits the
positive or negative feedback system from functioning optimally might lead to infections.

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Negative feedback systems get overloaded, allowing damaging positive feedback

processes to compensate for the failed feedback mechanisms, resulting in heart failure. This
causes high blood pressure and heart hypertrophy, which eventually causes the heart to become
too stiff to properly pump blood, culminating in heart failure. Heart failure that is severe can be
deadly. Diabetes, a metabolic illness characterized by high blood glucose levels, is a prime
example of a disease caused by a disruption in homeostasis. Homeostatic control systems should,
in ideal circumstances, prevent this imbalance from happening. Conversely, in some individuals,
the processes are ineffective or the quantity of blood glucose is too high to be controlled
properly. Medical intervention is required in these situations to restore balance and prevent
irreversible organ damage.

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LESSON 05: Basic Anatomical Terminology

Select different colors for the dorsal and ventral body cavities. Color the coding circles below
and the corresponding cavities. Complete the figure by labelling those body cavity subdivisions
that have a leader line. Complete part B by labelling each of the abdominal regions indicated by
a leader line.

Cranial

Dorsal

Spinal

Thoracic
cavity Epigastric region
Ventral
Right hypochondriac region

Abdominopelvic Umbilical region

Cavity Right lumbar region

Hypogastric region
Right inguinal region

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5.1. Draw and describe the anatomical position.

Anatomical position, or standard anatomical

position, refers to the specific body orientation used when
describing an individual’s anatomy. Standard anatomical
position of the human body consists of the body standing
upright and facing forward with the legs parallel to one
another. The upper limbs, or arms, hang at both side and
the palms face forward.
Standard anatomical position provides a clear and
consistent way of describing human anatomy and
physiology. When assessing an individual’s anatomy, many
anatomical terms are used to describe the relative
positioning of various appendages in relation to the
standardized position. Such terms include posterior or
dorsal, which means towards the back of the body, or
proximal and distal, which describe how close or far away
something is, respectively. The standard anatomical
position creates clear points of reference which help to
avoid confusion when using anatomical terms.

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5.2. Match each anatomical term for body regions listed in column B with the common name
listed in column A. Note: Use capital letters.
Column A Column B

D 1. armpit A. inguinal

F 2. buttocks B. frontal

C 3. back C. dorsal

J 4. shoulder blade D. axilla

G 5. front of elbow E. lumbar

I 6. hand F. gluteal

A 7. groin G. antecubital

B 8. forehead H. plantar

E 9. lower back I. manus

H 10. sole of foot J. scapular

5.3. Answer the following questions about anatomical planes, anatomical sections, and
directional terms used to describe the human body.
A. Fill in the blank with the proper term about the position of each organ.
1. The heart is located Superior to the diaphragm.
2. The muscles are to Deep the skin.
3. The shoulder is to Proximal the elbow.
4. In anatomical position, the thumb is to Proximal the index finger.
5. The vertebral region is to Medial the scapular region.
6. The gluteal region is located on the Posterior surface of the body.
7. The hip bone is to Lateral the navel.
8. The nose is to Superior the chin.
9. The toes are to Anterior the heel.
10. The scalp is to Superficial the skull.

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B. Identification.
1. Which plane divides the heart into anterior and posterior portions? Frontal Plane
2. Which plane divides the brain into unequal right and left portions? Parasagittal Plane
Note: Encircle your answer.
3. A midsagittal plane divides the body into (equal or unequal) parts.
4. A frontal plane divides the body into (anterior and posterior or superior and inferior) sections.
5. A coronal plane may also be referred to as a (sagittal or frontal) plane.

5.4. Indicate whether each of the following conditions or statements applies to the dorsal body
cavity (D) or the ventral body cavity (V).
__D__1. surrounded by the skull and the vertebral column
__V__2. includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
__D__3. contains the brain and spinal cord
__V__4. located more anteriorly
__V__5. contains the heart, lungs, and many digestive organs

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LESSON 06: Medical Imaging

6.1. Using a table, compare and contrast the medical imaging techniques discussed. Follow the
table format below.
Medical Imaging Description Procedure Uses
Technique
X-ray X-ray is a procedure You will need to remain still and X-rays can examine many
that produces images may have to hold your breath parts of the body. Some of the
of the organs, tissues during the X-ray. Movement can most common reasons X-rays
and bones of the body cause blurry images. are given are to view or
The machine will capture images diagnose:
of the body and this process is o Bone fractures or
painless. If you need a contrast infections
medium for your X-ray, you'll o Tooth decay
swallow it or receive it by an o Osteoporosis
intravenous injection or enema o Breast cancer
ahead of time. o Lung infection
MRI An MRI scan uses a MRI scans vary from 20 to 60 The following are examples in
large magnet, radio minutes, depending on what part which an MRI scanner would
waves, and a computer of the body is being analyzed and be used:
to create a detailed, how many images are required. o anomalies of the brain
cross-sectional image The scanner itself typically and spinal cord
of internal organs and resembles a large tube with a o tumors, cysts, and
structures table in the middle, allowing the other anomalies in
patient to slide in. An MRI scan various parts of the
differs from CT scans and X-rays, body
as it does not use potentially o breast cancer
harmful ionizing radiation. screening for women
who face a high risk of
breast cancer
Computed CT scan is used to During a CT scan, you lie in a Things that a CT scan can
Tomography examine structures tunnel-like machine while the find include:
inside the body. A CT inside of the machine rotates and o Certain types of
scan uses X-rays and takes a series of X-rays from cancer and benign
computers to produce different angles. These pictures (noncancerous)
images of a cross- are then sent to a computer, tumors.
section of the body. where they're combined to create o Fractures (broken
images of slices, or cross- bones).
sections, of the body. o Bowel disorders

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Ultrasound An ultrasound scan The ultrasound machine directs Ultrasound is used for many
Scanning uses high-frequency high-frequency sound waves at reasons, including to:
sound waves to make the internal body structures being o View the uterus and
an image of a person’s examined. The reflected sounds, ovaries during
internal body or echoes, are recorded to create pregnancy and
structures. an image that can be seen on a monitor the
monitor. The sound waves are developing baby's
emitted and received from a health.
small, hand-held probe. The high o Diagnose gallbladder
frequency of the sound means the disease.
human ear cannot hear it – which o Check your thyroid
is why it is called ultrasound. gland.
Radionuclide In radionuclide The person must lie still during Various radionuclides are
Scanning scanning, the scanning, which usually takes used to image different parts
radionuclides are used about 15 minutes. However, of the body or types of
to produce images. A sometimes a scan needs to be disorders, as for the
radionuclide is a repeated after a time, often hours following:
radioactive form of an later. A small amount of a o Blood flow to the
element, which means radioactive chemical heart
it is an unstable atom (radionuclide) is injected into a o Bone
that becomes more vein or swallowed. A procedure o Inflammation
stable by releasing that produces pictures (scans) of o Bleeding
energy as radiation. structures inside the body, o Gallbladder and bile
including areas where there are ducts
cancer cells.
PET Positron emission Before the scan, you’ll get tracers PET scans are most
tomography (PET) is a through a vein in your arm, commonly used to detect:
sophisticated medical through a solution. Next, you’ll o cancer
imaging technique. It undergo the scan, which can last o heart problems
uses a radioactive anywhere from 30 to 45 minutes. o brain disorders,
tracer to pinpoint The table glides slowly into the including problems
differences in tissues machine so that the scan can be with the central
on the molecular level. conducted. When all the nervous system (CNS)
necessary images have been
recorded, you’ll slide out of the
machine.
Endoscopy Endoscopy is a long- An endoscopy procedure involves Upper GI endoscopy can be
standing minimal inserting a long, flexible tube used to identify many
invasive procedure (endoscope) down your throat different diseases:
used for diagnosis and and into your esophagus. A tiny o Gastroesophageal
treatment of camera on the end of the reflux disease.
gastrointestinal tract endoscope lets your doctor o Ulcers.
diseases. examine your esophagus, o Cancer link.
stomach and the beginning of o Inflammation or
your small intestine (duodenum). swelling.

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Module Feedback Questionnaire

Anatomy and Physiology
st
1 semester, School Year 2020 to 2021

Name of module: Introduction Anatomy and Physiology Lecture and Lab Activities
Year and Section: 1-BSN A
Name of Instructor: Prof. Jigs Pre

Instruction: Tick the box to rate the module based on your experience. The results will be used to
improve the student experience of the module. Thank you!

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