DIPLOMA IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT SERVICE (L.G.S.

(LGS - DLP)

-SUBJECT-
“Solid Waste Management-Transportation and Scientific
Development of Land Filling Sites”

NAME: YOGESH BHAGWAN KHARCHAN

YEAR: 2023-24

ROLL NO.: 0031

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that, for Diploma in Local

Government Service (L.G.S.) DLP study program Mr.
YOGESH BHAGWAN KHARCHAN has done the
individual project on the subject “SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT-TRANSPORTATION AND SCIENTIFIC
DEVELOPMENT OF LAND FILLING SITES” under my
guidance and this case study is as per the required
standards.

Place: Mumbai
Date: 28/11/2023

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 INDEX

Sr. Page
Topic
No. No.

1 Introduction 4

2 About Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation 7

3 Waste Generation 8

4 Management of waste 9

5 The Crisis Dumping Ground 11

6 Debris Disposal 13

7 Various Schemes Run by BMC 16

8 Advance Locality Management 22

9 Role of the citizens of Mumbai 23

10 References 24

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 INTRODUCTION
Solid waste management involves the collection, transportation, disposal, and
recycling of solid waste. Efficient transportation and the scientific development
of landfill sites are crucial components of this process.

TRANSPORTATION:

1. Collection and Segregation:

 Waste Collection: Proper waste collection is the first step.
Municipalities often deploy waste collection vehicles to gather waste
from households, commercial areas, and industrial zones.
 Segregation at Source: Source segregation of waste (separating
recyclables, organics, and non-recyclables at the point of generation)
facilitates easier recycling and reduces the amount of waste sent to
landfills.
2. Transportation Vehicles:
 Specialized Trucks: Different types of waste require different
handling. For example, compactors for reducing volume, open
trucks for construction waste, and refrigerated trucks for organic
waste.
 Efficient Routing: Optimization of collection routes to minimize
fuel consumption and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
3. Transfer Stations:
 Intermediate Stations: Waste transfer stations act as intermediate
points where waste is transferred from local collection vehicles to
larger transport vehicles for long-distance transportation.

LANDFILL DEVELOPMENT:

1. Site Selection:
 Environmental Impact Assessment: Conducting environmental
impact assessments to ensure that the chosen site does not
adversely affect the surrounding ecosystem.

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  Proximity to Urban Areas: Selecting sites that are reasonably
close to urban areas to minimize transportation costs.
2. Engineering Considerations:
 Liner Systems: Installing impermeable liner systems to prevent
leachate (liquid that passes through waste) from contaminating
soil and groundwater.
 Gas Collection Systems: Implementing systems to collect and
treat landfill gas, primarily methane, which can be used as a
renewable energy source.
3. Cell Construction:
 Layered Approach: Constructing landfill cells in layers, with
compacted waste covered by soil or other materials to minimize
odor, control pests, and reduce the risk of fires.
 Leachate Collection: Installing systems to collect and treat
leachate to prevent groundwater contamination.
4. Landfill Monitoring:
 Environmental Monitoring: Regular monitoring of air, water, and
soil quality around the landfill to detect and address any potential
issues promptly.
 Landfill Gas Monitoring: Continuous monitoring of landfill gas
production and migration to ensure it does not pose a threat to
the environment or public health.
5. Closure and Aftercare:
 Closure Plans: Developing closure plans for landfills to ensure
long-term environmental safety.
 Post-Closure Monitoring: Monitoring closed landfills for an
extended period to address any issues that may arise after
closure.

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SCIENTIFIC ADVANCEMENTS:

1. Waste-to-Energy Technologies:
 Incineration: Using advanced incineration technologies to convert
waste into energy while minimizing air emissions.
2. Bioreactor Landfills:
 Enhanced Decomposition: Implementing bioreactor technology to
accelerate the decomposition of organic waste, thereby reducing
the lifespan of the landfill.
3. Innovative Waste Treatment:
 Advanced Sorting Technologies: Employing advanced sorting
technologies, such as automated sorting systems and artificial
intelligence, to improve recycling rates.
 Chemical Treatment: Exploring chemical treatment methods to
break down certain types of waste more effectively.
4. Public Awareness and Education:
 Behavioral Science: Using insights from behavioral science to
design effective public awareness campaigns that encourage
waste reduction, recycling, and responsible disposal.

The integration of efficient transportation systems and the implementation of

scientifically developed landfill sites are critical for achieving sustainable solid
waste management, reducing environmental impact, and promoting resource
conservation.

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 ABOUT BRIHANMUMBAI MUNICIPAL CORPORATION
The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation covers an area of
37.71sq.kms. with a population of 1.24 Crores as per census of 2011. The
metropolis accounts major portion of India’s international trade and
government’s revenue, from being one of the foremost centers of education,
science and technological research and advancement. The Mumbai
Metropolis has historic tradition of strong civic activism dedicated to the cause
of a better life for all its citizens.
BMC (The Authority) is one of the largest local self-governments in the
Asian Continent. In observance of historic traditions of strong civic activism,
with the change in time and living conditions to match with the urbanization,
MCGM has mainly focused in providing almost all kinds of engineering
services viz, Hydraulics, storm water drain, sewerage, water supply projects,
roads, bridges, Municipal Solid Waste management, and environmental
services. Beside this, the BMC is also providing dedicated services in various
segments such as Health, Primary Education as well as the construction and
maintenance of Public Markets and Slaughter Houses.
Mumbai has a coastal stretch of approximately 149 km. Geographically,
the city of Mumbai can be divided into three sections, namely, the island city
(or main city), the western suburbs and the eastern suburbs. These are also
known for administrative purposes as Division I, Division II and Division III,
respectively. The total population of the city amounts to nearly 13million and is
increasing on a daily basis. Such a huge habitat obviously generates a huge
amount of waste of many kinds the management of which is a massive task
for the local administration.

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 WASTE GENERATION

The financial and commercial capital of the Country, accommodating

more than 12 million people presently, Mumbai has garbage (MSW)
production to the tune of 6500 Tons per day. It also produces nearly 2500
Tons of construction and demolition (C&D) waste per day. The waste consists
of: 75.28 % tonnes of mixed waste (bio-degradable and recyclable) 17.37 %
tonnes of debris and silt & 3.247 % plastic.
The biodegradable waste (wet waste) is made up of vegetable and fruit
remainders, leaves, spoiled food, eggshells, cotton, etc. Recyclable (dry
waste) consists of newspapers, thermacol, plastic, battery cells, wires, iron
sheets, glass, etc. Debris includes construction waste, renovation waste,
demolition waste, etc. Silt comprises earth and clay from drains and road
corners. It is estimated that by 2030 such waste will aggregate 9,000 tons per
day due to increase in the city's population.

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 AVERAGE GENERATION OF WASTE BY A CITIZEN OF MUMBAI
The generation of waste by an individual depends on the socio-
economic conditions to which the person belongs. For example, a rich family
will generate nearly 4-5 kg of mixed waste per day; a middle-class family will
generate between 1-3 kg of mixed waste per day and a poor family, in slums,
will generate close to 500 grams per day.

MANAGEMENT OF WASTE
The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation’s (BMC) is formally
responsible for the management of waste in the city. The prevailing approach
has been one of collection and disposal that is, garbage is collected from
communities by the municipal authorities and disposed-off at the three main
dumping sites that are currently servicing the city. Garbage collectors
employed by various housing societies manually collect the waste generated
at the household level and store it in the bins in front of gate, community or
dump the same at specified location where bins are by BMC for collection of
waste.
There are around so many community bins in the city. In case of South
Mumbai, trucks collect garbage from the garbage bins and transport it to a
transfer station which is located in Mahalakshmi. A separate transport is

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arranged for transferring the garbage from Mahalakshmi to the northern part
of Mumbai where the dumping grounds are situated. From all other parts of
the city, garbage is sent directly to the dumping grounds. Nearly 95% of the
waste generated in the city is disposed-off in this manner.

This largely manual operation involves large no of personnel employed

by the BMC and is collected by a fleet of vehicles, including vehicles hired
from private contractors, that work in different shifts each day.

MCGM spends large amount per day on collecting and Transporting

garbage and debris with municipal and private vehicles making about
approximately 2,000 trips every day.

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 THE CRISIS DUMPING GROUND

A dumping ground is, generally, a low-lying, and marshy area, which

is located on the outskirts of a city, where there is, usually, no human
population. We have, in our city, three dumping grounds which are located in
the northern part of Mumbai at Gorai (Borivali), Mulund and Deonar. A fourth
one at Chincholi. Gorai and Chincholi has recently closed down. Amongst the
three, Deonar is the largest dumping ground. All the dumping grounds are
nearly 30-40 km from South Mumbai which explains the huge costs on
transportation.

The increase in the population of the city has forced people to settle
near the dumping grounds. This has led to the twin problems of people living
in unhealthy conditions and protesting for the closure of the dumping grounds,
as dumping causes health hazards for the people in the vicinity. The average
life of a dumping ground is 30 years. The remaining life of our largest dumping
ground, i.e., Deonar, is only five to six years and, so far, no alternative site has
been found for waste disposal. The waste, which offers an incentive after
selling like paper, metal, etc., is sold to informal dealers by rag pickers. But
the other organic waste, old batteries, polystyrene (thermocol), polythene
bags, debris, to name a few, do not have such incentives and these are in
huge quantities. Also, since it takes a long time to decompose, when dumped,

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such waste occupies and fills the low-lying areas. In fact, the search for a new
dumping ground starts only when the filling area of the dumping ground is
exhausted. Basically, lower the waste, the longer life of the dumping ground
and vice versa. The waste at the dumping ground is covered with debris and
spread evenly in layers. The organic waste undergoes natural decomposition
and generates a fluid, which is known a leachate, and is very harmful to the
ecosystem, if not treated properly. The leachate penetrates the soil and, if not
prevented, pollutes the ground water. Also, flies, mosquitoes and many other
pests breed on the waste and unless properly maintained, the dumps are a
public health hazard.

(Big Compactor Vehicle) (Wheeled bins)

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 DEBRIS DISPOSAL

In Mumbai, every day approx. 2,000 tons of debris are generated, of which
some part goes to the dumping ground for spreading over the organic
garbage, as earth is expensive. The remaining debris is spread next to the
roads, in the creeks, next to railway tracks and on open grounds. Every day,
somewhere or the other, in some building, some renovation takes place which
generating debris. This could be of houses or shops; it could be for repair of
buildings or demolition of old buildings for reconstruction. To give an example,
if the external surface of a building of 20 floors is repaired, the waste
generated would be nearly 200 truckloads which can be used either in filling
low-lying areas or for reclamation. Presently, there is no way of monitoring
renovations and repairs because it does not need any permissions from
authorities. The concerned housing societies give the permissions for the
renovations / repairs; hence, no data is available on this. The only regulation,
which has been imposed by the Corporation, is that the area where the
repairs, renovations and new constructions have happened, needs to be
cleaned up from all wastes, after the completion of work.
There are truckers who earn a livelihood by collecting this debris and
transporting it for disposal. However, disposing it off properly remains a
concern, as there is very little space in Mumbai. It has to be carted over long
distances which increases transportation costs so significantly as to make the

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entire “business” unprofitable. So, it is dumped clandestinely in the creeks,
thus, destroying our valuable mangroves. As Mumbai has a coastal stretch of
149 km, it has numerous creeks. These are channels of water which occupy
marshy land during high tide. The salty water occupies the land during high
tide and drains off during low tide. This nurtures plants called mangroves.
These plants, in turn, have leaves which provide oxygen to the water for fishes
to breed in the creeks. In many areas, like Versova, Gorai, Charkop and
Mankhurd, the entire eco-system of the creek has been destroyed as waste is
dumped surreptitiously. Increasing prices of land and more construction
activities are forcing the demolition of old structures and building new
structures and creating more debris wastes. Debris, being very bulky in
nature, requires more space, reducing the life span of the dumping ground.
Therefore, municipalities, generally, refuse the entry of debris into dumping
grounds other than what they need to cover the garbage. Finding few viable
alternatives, people just dump the debris by roadsides. Over time, people start
dumping organic waste on top of debris not only compounding the waste
disposal problem but also creating a health hazard.

GARBAGE COLLECTION - LOW SERVICED AREAS

The garbage collection activity itself has several differences amongst

the localities; there are highly-serviced areas, medium-serviced areas and
very low-serviced areas. I would like to highlight the low-serviced areas which
are the slums; slums are not seen as the rightful recipients of the formal
systems of solid waste management (SWM).

TIME FOR WASTE TO DECOMPOSE

When the waste is dumped, it does not decompose very quickly and
make way for the other waste. The nature of waste being dumped and the
time it takes to decompose, pose a serious threat to the environment as well
as human health if not scientifically treated.

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 BUDGETARY ALLOCATION

Overall Budget Budgetary allocation for solid waste management in the

city of Mumbai for the year 2022-2023 amounted to Rs 4531 crore of the total
budget of the BMC. Such a high allocation is a reflection of the growing
concern for the waste disposal crisis in the city among the local and regional
authorities. Costs for maintenance of dumping ground, waste transportation
and hire charges come to Rs126 crore and constitute nearly 28% of the total
budget allocated for SWM. The budget for schemes, like slum adoption and
Advance Locality Management (ALM) comes to Rs5crore, which is 1.1% of
the total SWM budget. Nearly 60% of Mumbai's population live in slums which
cover 7% of the land area of the city. In the Municipal provisions for SWM,
only those slums which are notified and are on municipal or private land are
serviced; services to other slums are not accounted for in the budget. The
budget allocation for slums forms only 12% of the total SWM budget.

INFORMAL SECTOR

The total quantity of 6,300 tons of solid waste, mentioned by the

MCGM, is the official figure of waste being collected but the actual generation
is much higher. Of the garbage being dumped in the bins, a considerable
amount is removed by rag pickers who then sort it out and sell them to those
who deal in recyclables like paper, plastics, metal, etc. This industry is one
that is large but informal where the rag pickers provide the recyclables and the
transactions run into cores of rupees. This informal industry helps in the
reduction of waste being transported to the dumping grounds. There are
people, generally known as kabadiwallas, who collect old newspapers,
magazines, metal scrap and other such items and sell them to shops dealing
in the same.
Besides cash transactions, the deals also involve barter; a popular
exchange being garlic against plastic.

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VARIOUS SCHEMES RUN BY BMC’S SWM DEPARTMENT

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 The central idea of this SMPA concept is Teamwork, coordination with
various agencies, public participation, awakening of the people, fining action,
Award for Outstanding work.

1. Name of the Scheme: - Swachcha Mumbai Prabhodhan Abhiyan (Vasti

Swachchata Yojana)
2. Slogan Of Scheme: - Cleanliness from Mind to City
3. Scope of Scheme: - The Slums within the Boundary of BMC jurisdiction
where the BMC are not able to reach and provide services.
4. Unit: - One Unit stands for 150 families or population on 750.
5. Vasti: - Every eligible organization will be allotted minimum five units and
maximum18 units slum area group for implementation of the scheme. This
slum area group is called as a “Vasti”.
6. Ward Office: - Municipal Administrative ward offices like A, B, C, D etc.
7. Nature of scheme: - Public awareness for public participation in respect of
“Swachcha Mumbai Prabhodhan Abhiyan”, Planning and implementing
Programs for promotion of cleanliness, keeping daily cleaning of habitat
throughout the day, doing classification of waste, composting, eradication
of mosquito breeding places, educating citizens for developing constructive
approach among them to establish civic discipline in people habitat through
government registered Local Institutes working for social cause in the
territory of concerned Municipal administrative office.
8. Shezaar Samiti: - In this Yojana for the purpose of getting support from the
people, sansthas should come forward for the establishment of Vasti Vikas
Yojana Shezaar samiti. This Shezaar samiti can be founded for the
population of one to five units as 1 unit.
Shezaar samiti is a formal arrangement and can be registered under the
act of charity commissioner or it can be a proposed registration. This
Shezaar Samiti can be comprised of executive committee members like
President, Secretary, treasurer etc and incumbent workers and is expected
that 50% of them are women representative. The Member of Shezaar
Samiti will participate in the implementation to get the participation of

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 people. There shall be an arrangement for awards to the Outstandingly
working Shezaar Samiti and its volunteers (Vasti Mitra).
9. Work order for the scheme: The ward office will allot the work order to
eligible sanstha for 12 Months- According to the further need & the
satisfactory work done by the sanstha will get the extension by verification
of evaluation.
10. Swacchata probadhan Advisory committee : The Hon. Mayor Mumbai
will be the president of advisory committee. The Hon. Commissioner will be
the Nimantrak of this committee. The other members of this samiti will
include all group leaders, departmental heads/ officers of various MCGM
departments, police officers, experts involved in various development
projects from Mumbai, eligible persons from education and management,
media persons etc. by the permission of Hon. Mayor Mumbai. The meeting
of advisory committee will be conducted in every three months.
11. Social organization: A govt. registered organization (adopting bye laws),
whose main aim is to clean the area and thus to improve the quality of
living by education, sports, social and cultural ways. Any such sansthas
working in interest of public with the active participation of public and has
ability to carry the area development project, also must have worked on
social activities for not less than two years and also have one year audit
report which is already working in the boundary limits of the concerned
ward office. Also, the sansthas which are part of Dattak vasti yojna and
those which are not penalized for more than 2 % of total assured grant of 2
years.
The common pool will be prepared from all the eligible sanstha. The
concern sanstha should fill the application as per sample application form
[Annexure-D] addressing to assistant municipal commissioner of the
concerned ward. For that kindly attached all the required document as per
mentioned in the form.

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 RASTYE SWACCHATA YOJANA (RSY)

For the Last few years, the Scheme is being implemented by Sweeping roads
in morning as well as in night time as when there is less disruption in the
sweeping work on all of pedestrians and Vehicles moving comparatively less
on the roads.

SWACHHATA DOOT:

Now the new concept is introduced by BMC to keep the the city clean the
primary work of a 'swachhata doot' is to focus on waste segregation and
ensuring that plastic bags aren't used. They have to inspect public toilets daily
and check the implementation of segregation of waste in 50 houses or five
housing societies per day.
To spread cleanliness awareness among citizens, the BMC has
appointed the first batch of 850 'swachhata doot' who will shoulder the
responsibility of ensuring waste segregation for scientific disposal.

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 COMPREHENSIVE MANAGEMENT OF CLEANLINESS OF BEACHES.

Mumbai is inland city surrounded by sea at all the three sides. The
Arabian Sea on the western side in Mumbai has several beaches. These
beaches are one of the recreation points in Mumbai and daily visited by many
people from residence of Mumbai, visitors from all corners of India as well
overall World. These visitors and small vendors generate lots of refuse every
day at beaches. The high and low tide brings large quantity of floating material
regularly & during monsoon it is in large quantity. Daily generated waste along
with floating material/ waste deposited on the sand surface along the length of
beach are required to be removed and cleared regularly to maintain the
Cleanliness and hygienic condition at entire beach area. During rainy season
at the time of high & low tide period, it brings huge amount of refuse/ floating
material along with water. The intensity of refuse / floating material during
rainy season is very high. It is the responsibility of successful bidder to clean
the beach clean 24X7.

Objectives of the Work:

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1. Ensuring complete cleanliness for the entire length and width of each
section of the beach to deliver a quality experience to
 the citizens residing adjacent to the beaches,
 the citizens visiting the beaches in early morning hours,
 the citizens visiting the beaches for recreation during peak visiting hours
(06.00 hrs to 12.00 hrs and 15.00 hours to 21.00 hours) on weekdays,
weekends and public holidays
2. The citizens visiting the beaches during ‘special events’ i.e., like Eid,
Ganpati Visarjan, Chatt Puja, Durga Puja, Navaratri, Holi, Diwali,
Dussera, Vishwakarma Visarjan or any other festivals or event of
celebration etc.
3. Minimizing pollution into the sea-water at the beaches by
 the visiting citizens
 the commercial establishments on the beach
 the hawkers on the beach and
 stray animals on the beach

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 ADVANCED LOCALITY MANAGEMENT
Advanced Locality Management (ALM) is local management of solid waste by
citizens who organize themselves to manage their waste. Wet waste is
segregated at household level and composted locally in any available area,
planters, etc., and sweepers or rag pickers take dry waste away. There are
many ALMs groups along with many vermi-compost pits spread over six
zones of the BMC’s jurisdiction. This way, approximately 20- 25 tons of
garbage per day is prevented from reaching the dump yards. An encouraging
fact is that women run 80% of these ALMs. The BMC has also established
vermicompost

projects on its own, one each in the eastern and western suburbs,
respectively, to demonstrate to the citizens, the benefits of vermi-culture
technology. The success of any ALM depends entirely upon people's
participation. Organization of the community, training and initiation is done
jointly by residents and BMC, and is initially funded by residents and the
Corporation. At later stages, the activities are completely funded by the
residents.

RECYCLING DEBRIS

Debris is recycled to make new construction-related products like bricks,

interlocking pavers. City and Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO) and
YUVA, an NGO, have collaborated on this effort to convert the debris and
reduce the load on dumping grounds. Presently, the plant in Navi Mumbai
converts three tons of debris per day. Set up in 1999, this plant is one of its
kind in the whole of India and has been successful in developing products
conforming to Indian Standard Codes of practice of the Central Government.
The plant has successfully completed recycling 1,000 tons of debris till date.

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 ROLE OF THE CITIZENS OF MUMBAI

The citizens of Mumbai have to be trained in the three 'Rs' with respect to
management of wastes.

Reduce

As the budget of the Municipal Corporation indicate, as much as 28% is spent

only on transportation of waste. There is an urgent need to reduce the waste
by cutting down on transportation. The reduction of waste can happen only
when we, as citizens of Mumbai, reduce waste generation in the first place.

Reuse

Simple habits like carrying a cloth bag while going shopping will be helpful to
reduce the need for plastic bags. Please do not buy any products in a
polythene bag and help the environment as a whole.

Recycle

To recycle, we should segregate our garbage at source. Wet garbage can be

recycled by composting or vermi-composting in your backyard or in the
vicinity. This will produce good manure that can be used for gardens and
lawns. The dry garbage can be given to the rag pickers who sell it to re-users.

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References:
This individual project is completed by gathering of information from web
search, Wikipedia and the BMC’s portal site.

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