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Class 10 - Chemistry - Study of Compounds Nitric Acid Solutions
Class 10 - Chemistry - Study of Compounds Nitric Acid Solutions
Chemistry
Chapter 10 – Study Of Compounds C Nitric Acid
INTEX QUESTIONS:
1. What is:
a) Aqua Fortis:
Ans: Nitric acid is called aqua Fortis. Aqua means water and Fortis means
strong, it is so called because nitric acid is a colorless liquid which is highly
corrosive. It reacts with nearly all metals (except gold) and converts them to
corresponding soluble nitrates. It can even dissolve silver which is not dissolved
in any other acid. It has a molecular formula as HNO3.
b) Aqua Regia:
Ans: Aqua regia (Latin for royal water) is a freshly prepared mixture of
concentrated hydrochloric acid and concentrated nitric acid mixed in the ratio of
3 : 1 by volume. It can dissolve gold and platinum. The acids combine to evolve
nascent chlorine (Cl). Nascent chlorine is very reactive and reacts with both gold
and platinum. Hence, gold and platinum are soluble in it
Au + 3 [Cl] ⟶ AuCl3
Pt + 4 [Cl] ⟶ PtCl4
Aqua regia helps to remove the dull layer from the surface of gold giving it a
shining look.
c) Fixation of Nitrogen:
Ans: The process of converting atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into useful nitrogenous
compounds such as ammonia etc. is known as fixation of nitrogen. The triple
bond of nitrogen breaks and nitrogen combines with hydrogen and oxygen to
form the nitrogenous compounds.
N2 + O 2 ⟶ 2 NO
Nitric oxide
Nitric oxide is further oxidized to nitrogen dioxide.
2 NO + O2 ⟶ 2 NO2
Nitrogen Dioxide
The nitrogen dioxide reacts with the atmospheric moisture or rain water in the
presence of oxygen in air and forms nitric acid which is washed down during rain
and combines with the salt present on the surface of the earth.
2 NO + O2 ⟶ 2 NO2
Ans: The ratio of ammonia and air taken in the process is 1:10. This means that
1 volume of ammonia will react with 10 volume of air.
Ans: Quartz used in this process is acid resistant and helps in the absorption of
nitrogen dioxide in water in a uniform manner to form nitric oxide when packed
in layers.
c) Conc. nitric acid prepared in the laboratory is yellow in colour. Why? How
is this colour removed?
Ans: Concentrated nitric acid prepared in the laboratory is yellow in color due
to dissolution of reddish-brown nitrogen dioxide gas in the acid. Nitric acid is
unstable to heat and sunlight and thermally decompose to form nitrogen dioxide
gas as shown below:
The yellow color of the acid can be removed by bubbling the dry air or carbon
dioxide, CO2 gas through the acid as it drives out the NO2 gas from the acid, which
is further oxidised to form the colorless nitric acid. Also by adding excess water,
nitrogen dioxide gas will dissolve in water and the yellow color of acid is
removed and hence the colorless nitric acid is obtained.
d) Give reasons for the following:
Ans: The iron becomes chemically inert or passive when dipped in concentrated
nitric acid due to the formation of the thin layer of oxide Fe3O4 on its surface.
This inert iron is known as passive iron. Passivity can be removed by heating the
passive iron with a strong reducing agent or by rubbing the surface of the passive
iron with the sandpaper.
Ans: Carbon and sulphur are the non-metals their reactions with nitric acid are as
follows.
Ans: Metal oxides behave as alkalis, react with nitric oxide and undergo a
neutralisation reaction to form the corresponding soluble metal nitrates and water.
Ans: Nitric acid acts as a strong oxidizing agent and readily oxidises non-metals,
metals, inorganic and organic compounds.
3 Zn + 8 HNO3 ⟶ 3 Zn(NO3)2 + 4 H2 O + 2 NO
Ans: Cupric oxide is a metal oxide which behaves as alkali and undergo
netralisation reaction when react with nitric acid. Hence, when cupric oxide reacts
with dilute nitric acid, it forms copper nitrate salts, and water.
Ans: Zinc reacts with nitric acid to form zinc nitrate, nitric oxide and water.
Nitric acid reacts with all metals except platinum and gold. The action of nitric
acid and metals depends upon the concentration of nitric acid and temperature.
Dilute nitric acid oxidises metals to their corresponding nitrates and evolves nitric
oxide.
d. Concentrated nitric acid is heated
Ans: Sodium hydroxide reacts with nitric acid to form sodium nitrate.
Sodium Nitrate
Ans: Copper oxide is a metallic oxide which behaves as basic oxide reacts with
nitric acid and undergoes a neutralisation reaction to form copper nitrate and
water.
d) Magnesium nitrate
Ans: Dilute solution of nitric acid reacts with magnesium and manganese to give
their nitrates and hydrogen gas. Hence, magnesium with dil. nitric acid forms
magnesium nitrate and hydrogen gas is evolved.
Mg + 2 HNO3 ⟶ Mg(NO3)2 + H2
Ans: Iron does not react with dilute nitric acid as it forms a layer of oxide over
its surface, but it reacts with concentrated nitric acid to form ferric nitrate and
liberates nitrogen dioxide gas.
Explanation:
2 Cu + O2 ⟶ 2 CuO (Oxidation)
EXERCISE QUESTIONS:
a. The nitrate salt which does not give a mixture of NO2 and O2 on heating
is:
I. AgNO3
II. KNO3
III. Cu(NO3)2
IV. Zn(NO3)2
Solution: II. KNO3 is the nitrate salt which does not give a mixture of NO 2 and
O2 on heating.
The alkali metal nitrates such as sodium or potassium nitrates when heated melts
into colourless liquids which decompose on heating to give oxygen gas. The
colourless liquid burns into flame due to the formation of oxygen gas when the
glowing splinter is brought near.
2 KNO3 ⟶ 2 KNO2 + O2
Colourless Crystalline
I. CuSO4
II. FeSO4
III. Fe2(SO4)3
IV. ZnSO4
Explanation: The brown ring is formed at the junction of ferrous sulphate and
sulphuric acid as the conc. sulphuric acid being heavier settles down and the
ferrous sulphate layer remains above it resulting in the formation of a brown ring
at the junction as the reaction given below:
FeSO4 + NO ⟶ FeSO4 . NO
I. NO
II. N2O
III. NO2
IV. N2O5
Ans: II. Lead nitrate decomposes on heating to give NO2.
Lead nitrate decomposes on heating to give lead oxide, nitrogen dioxide and
oxygen.
Yellow solid
2. Name
Ans: A nitrate of metal which on heating does not give nitrogen dioxide is
sodium nitrate.
Ans: A metal nitrate which on heating is changed into metal oxide is mercury
nitrate.
Ans: Nitric oxide is the oxide of nitrogen which turns brown on exposure to air.
2 NO + O2 ⟶ NO2
Nitric Oxide Nitrogen Dioxide (brown gas)
Explanation:
Alkali metals such as sodium and potassium nitrate melts into colourless liquid
on heating and decomposes to give oxygen.
2 NaNO3 ⟶ 2 NaNO2 + O2
2 KNO3 ⟶ 2 KNO2 + O2
All other nitrates except those of silver and mercury decompose to give their
oxides, nitrogen dioxide and oxygen.
Brown gas
2 AgNO3 ⟶ 2 Ag + 2 NO2 + O2
2 Hg(NO3)2 ⟶ Hg + 2 NO2 + O2
3. Mention three important uses of nitric acid. Give the property of nitric
acid involved in the use.
Ans:
4. (a) Explain with the help of a balanced equation, the brown ring test for
nitric acid.
Ans: In the brown ring test for nitric acid, the brown ring is formed at the junction
of ferrous sulphate and sulphuric acid as the conc. sulphuric acid being heavier
settles down and the ferrous sulphate layer remains above it is resulting in the
formation of a brown ring at the junction due to the formation of brown complex
compound as the reaction given below:
FeSO4 + NO ⟶ FeSO4. NO
b. Why is freshly prepared ferrous sulphate solution used for testing the
nitrate radical in the brown ring test.
Ans: A freshly prepared ferrous sulphate solution is used for testing the nitrate
radical in the brown ring test because on exposure to the atmosphere, it is oxidised
to ferric sulphate due to which it will not give the brown ring test.
5. From the following list of substances, choose one substance in each case
which matches the description given below:
2 NaNO3 ⟶ 2 NaNO2 + O2
2 KNO3 ⟶ 2 KNO2 + O2
When a glowing splinter is brought near the molten liquid, it burst into flames as
oxygen gas is evolved.
c. A substance which gives off oxygen and nitrogen dioxide when heated.
Ans: Lead nitrate off oxygen and nitrogen dioxide when heated.
Explanation:
All other nitrates except those of silver and mercury decompose to give their
oxides, nitrogen dioxide and oxygen.
Brown gas
2 Pb(NO3)2 ⟶ 2 PbO + 4
NO2 + O2
Zinc carbonate on heating form zinc oxide and carbon dioxide gas is evolved
leaving behind the yellow ZnO.
6. The action of heat on the blue crystalline solid X, gives a reddish brown
gas Y, a gas which re-lights a glowing splint and leaves a black residue. When
gas Z, which has a rotten egg smell, is passed through a solution of X. a black
ppt. is formed.
a. Identify X, Y and Z.
Ans: When copper nitrate [Cu(NO3)2] is heated, a brown color gas of nitrogen
dioxide NO2 with oxygen gas is evolved leaving behind a black residue of copper
oxide, CuO. As oxygen gas is evolved, glowing splints will re-lights.
Reddish brown
Explanation:
Salt of copper and their solution are blue in colour. Copper nitrate [Cu(NO3)2] is
a blue crystalline solid X, when heated, gives reddish brown NO2 gas, oxygen
gas which re-lights a glowing splint and leaves a black residue of CuO.
When a H2S gas, which has a rotten egg smell, is passed through a solution
of Cu(NO3)2, a black ppt. of CuS is formed.
Black ppt.
7. X. Y and Z are three crystalline solids which are soluble in water and have
a common anion. To help you to identify X. Y and Z, you are provided with
the following experimental observations. Copy and complete the
corresponding inferences in (a) to (e).
b. When X is heated, it melts and gives off only one gas which re-lights a
glowing splint.
Sodium and potassium nitrates or alkali nitrates melts into colorless liquid on
heating and decomposes to give oxygen.
2 NaNO3 ⟶ 2 NaNO2 + O2
Slightly delinquisent
Colorless Crystalline
When the glowing splinter is brought near, the colorless liquid, it re-lights due to
the evolution of oxygen gas.
Lead nitrate is Y which is a colourless crystalline solid when heated form a yellow
solid of lead oxide which fuses with glass and reddish brown nitrogen dioxide gas
is evolved along with oxygen.
When ammonium nitrate gives ammonia gas which is basic in nature and moist
red litmus paper blue.
Ans: X can be sodium and potassium nitrates and their reactions with
concentrated sulphuric acid (below 210°C) form. When sodium and potassium
nitrates react with concentrated sulphuric acid form nitric acid.
Ans: Y, which is lead nitrate decomposes on heat and form a yellow solid of lead
oxide which fuses with glass and reddish brown nitrogen dioxide gas is evolved
along with oxygen.
Ans: When concentrated nitric acid is added to copper turnings kept in a beaker,
dense reddish-brown fumes of nitrogen dioxide gas are evolved.
Reddish brown
8. (a) Dilute nitric acid is generally considered a typical acid except for its
reaction with metals. In what way is dilute nitric acid different from other
acids when it reacts with metals?
Ans: Generally, acids react with metals to form salts and hydrogen gas but not
the same case with nitric acid. Dilute nitric acid is considered a typical acid except
for its reaction with metals since it does not liberate hydrogen. It is a powerful
oxidising agent and the nascent oxygen formed oxidises the hydrogen to water.
b. Write the equation for the reaction of dilute nitric acid and conc. nitric
acid with copper.
Ans: The equation for the reaction of dilute nitric acid and conc. nitric acid with
copper is:
9. Explain why
a. Only all-glass apparatus should be used for the preparation of nitric acid
by heating concentrated sulphuric acid and potassium nitrate.
Ans: Only all-glass apparatus should be used for the preparation of nitric acid by
heating concentrated sulphuric acid and potassium nitrate because fumes of nitric
acid formed during the reaction are acidic and highly corrosive and react with
cocks, rubber etc. if used as stopper.
Ans: Nitric acid is kept in a reagent bottle for a long time because pure nitric acid
is unstable to sunlight and heat and to avoid its decomposition it is kept in reagent
bottle.
10. The figure given below illustrates the apparatus used in the laboratory
preparation of nitric acid.
a. Name A (a liquid), B (a solid) and C (a liquid). (Do not give the formulae).
Ans: Nitric acid decomposes to liberate nitrogen dioxide along with oxygen and
form water.
11. (a) A dilute acid B does not normally give hydrogen when reacted with
metals but does give a gas when reacts with copper. Identify B. Write
equation with copper.
Ans:
Name
of Inputs Equation Output
Process
Ostwald Ammonia 4 NH3 + 5O2 ⟶ 4 NO + 6H2O + Nitric Acid
Process + Air Heat
2 NO + O2 ⟶ 2 NO2
4 NO2 + 2 H2O + O2 ⟶ 4 HNO3
c. What is the property of nitric acid which allows it to react with copper?
Ans: When concentrated nitric acid is reacted with sulphur, dense brown fumes
of nitrogen dioxide are observed.
Ans: Lead nitrate decomposes on heating strongly in a test and brown gas of
nitrogen dioxide is observed.
Yellow solid
2012:
a. Name - the gas produced when copper reacts with conc. nitric acid.
Ans: Nitrogen gas is evolved when copper reacts with conc. nitric acid.
Reddish brown
Ans: When zinc nitrate crystals are strongly heated, brown fumes of nitrogen
dioxide gas is observed leaving behind the yellow residue of zinc oxide which
turns white when cooled.
Yellow(when hot),
white(when cold)
Magnesium reacts with dilute nitric acid to liberate hydrogen gas. - Correct.
Very dilute (about 1%) acid reacts with magnesium (and manganese) at room
temperature to give its nitrates and hydrogen gas. The oxidising action of the acid
is much reduced due to dilution of acid.
Mg + 2 HNO3 ⟶ Mg(NO3)2 + H2
(Very Dilute)
2013:
Ans: Nitrogen dioxide gas is evolved when sulphur is treated with conc. nitric
acid.
ii) A few crystals of KNO3 are heated in a hard glass test tube.
Ans: Oxygen gas is evolved when a few crystals of KNO3 are heated in a hard
glass test tube.
2 KNO3 ⟶ 2 KNO2 + O2
b. State two relevant observations for lead nitrate crystals heated in a hard
glass test tube.
Ans: The two relevant observations for lead nitrate crystals heated in a hard glass
test tube are:
ii) Yellow solid PbO which fuses with glass is formed as a residue.
Yellow solid
Ans: The balanced equation for oxidation of carbon with conc. HNO3 is:
2014:
Cold dil. nitric acid reacts with copper to form _________ (hydrogen,
nitrogen dioxide. nitric oxide).
Ans: Cold dil. nitric acid reacts with copper to form nitric oxide.
Nitric oxide
Conc.
Conc.
Reddish brown
2015
Non-volatile Acid
Ans: Nitric acid is the acid which is prepared by catalytic oxidation of ammonia.
2 NO + O2 ⟶ 2 NO2
Ans: When crystals of copper nitrate are heated in a test tube, the evolution of
brown gas of nitrogen dioxide is observed.
(i) Dil. HNO3 is generally considered a typical acid but not so in the reaction
with metals.
Ans: Generally acids react with metal to evolve hydrogen gas but not so for the
reaction of dil. HNO3 with metals because nitric acid acts as an oxidising agent
and oxidises the evolved hydrogen gas to water. Hence, dil. HNO 3 is not
considered a typical acid.
(ii) When it is left standing in a glass bottle concentrated nitric acid appears
yellow.
Ans: Concentrated nitric acid is unstable to sunlight and heat and so decomposes
when it is left standing in a glass bottle.
Reddish brown
The formed brown nitrogen dioxide gas dissolves in the nitric acid due to which
it appears yellow in color.