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Maximum loading point in distribution system with renewable resources

penetration

Article · March 2015

DOI: 10.1109/IRSEC.2014.7059767

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 Maximum Loading Point in Distribution System with
Renewable Resources Penetration
Khaled Ras Guerriche
Department of Electrical Engineering
Setif1 University
Setif, Algeria
kguerriche@gmail.com
Abstract— In the recent years a large power oscillation have
being seen in the distribution power system as a result of the
integration of distributed generation resources (DGs). So a static
and dynamic modeling of this system must be understood in
order to ensure the reliable operation of the distribution system.
The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of various small
scale DG types on the voltage stability and the overall system
loadability. The study has been carried out using the IEEE 33-
Bus radial distribution system. Continuous power flow method is
used to test the increasing loadability margin and it is found that
the type of DG units significantly decreases or increases the
loadability margin of the power distribution system.
Keywords-Distributed Generation; Voltage Stability Analaysis;
Maximum Loading Margin; CPF; Renawable Resources
I. INTRODUCTION
In the traditional power system, most of power is produced
by a small number of large power plants placed at adequate
locations and that makes a big separation between the
production centers and consumers. However, the increasing
concerns of environmental and economical issues have change
the power system configuration and opened the door for more
sustainable electrical sources; so-called distributed generation
resources, which can be renewable or nonrenewable. Wind and
photovoltaic are the most used and encouraging distributed
generation technologies. Fuel cell (FC) also gained a big
interest due to their fast technology development and many
advantages that it has [1].
Many studies and investigations have been carried out in
order to achieve the desired performance in DG resources,
minimize power loss, improve the voltage profile, increase
reliability and improve the power quality parameters of the
electric grid. The effect of DG units on the distribution network
is investigated in [2-4]. A methodology to evaluate the impact
of wind generation on the voltage stability of a power
system is presented in [5]. In [6], the impact of small
photovoltaic generator (SPVG) on the operation of distribution
systems is examined. In [7], the impact of fuel cells (FCs)
and micro turbines (MTs), on power system stability for
various penetration levels are studied. The electrical impact of
solar PV penetration at the distribution level, and their effects
on the voltage profile when installed in rural radial lines is
examined in [8]. In [9], stability comparisons between
Prof. Tarek Bouktir acknowledges support from MESRS (Algeria), grant
number J0201220130046.
Tarek Bouktir
Department of Electrical Engineering
Setif1 University
Setif, Algeria
tbouktir@gmail.com
conventional synchronous generators and wind farms are done.
The authors use Power Voltage (P-V) curves for the analysis of
the static load margins. In [10], the stability analysis of selected
DG units (wind generators, and micro turbines) in a radial
distribution system is presented.
In this paper a comparison between three different DGs
technologies based on the maximum loading margin, is
presented, to show the impact of different DG types on the
static voltage stability in radial distribution system. Section II
explains the proposed distributed generation models. A brief
review about voltage stability analysis is presented in Section
III. Results are discussed in Section IV. And finally the
conclusion is given in Section V.
II. DISTRIBUTED GENERATION MODELS
Three distributed generation units types are studied here.
A. Wind Turbine Generator
Nearly all the wind turbines installed use one of the three
following generators:
 Squirrel cage induction generator.
 Doubly fed induction generator.
 Direct drive synchronous generator.
The data of wind turbine used in this work which is based on
squirrel cage induction generator are taken from [12]. It’s a
fixed speed wind turbine with a direct-grid connected induction
generator. This type of wind turbine is usually used in
distribution systems [13].
Fig.1 shows the simplified equivalent circuit of the fixed-speed
wind turbine. Where xm is the excitation reactance, x1 and x2
are the stator reactances respectively, r2 is the rotor resistance
and stator resistance is ignored, s is the slip.
 P+jQ Rs
X2 X1

r2 /s I
Ipv Id Rp
V
Xm V

Figure 1. Equivalent Circuit of the Fixed-Speed Wind Turbine Figure 2. Equivalent Circuit of the PV-Cell

The following equations can be obtained from Figure.1:

 V  Rs I  V R I
 P(s x
2 2
 r22 ) I  I pv  I 0 e ( kT / q ) a  1  s
(3)
V   Rp
r2 s  
v2 P x
Q  (  ) (1)
xm r2
x  x1  x2 Where

Which can be converted to: V,I : the terminal voltage and current for the PV-cell.

v 2 r2  v 4 r22  4 P 2 x 2 r22 Ipv : the current generated by the incident light.

S 2
2p x I0 : the leakage current of the diode.
(2)
v 2
v  v  4 P x
2 4 2 2
Q   f (v ) Rs, Rp : the equivalent series and parallel resistance.
xm 2x
Where q : the electron charge.
S : is the total power. k : Boltzmann constant (1.3806503 x 10-23).
Q : is the reactive power.
P : is the active power. T : the temperature of the p-n junction (in kelvin).
From (2) Q is a function of voltage and P is a constant. So, a : the diode ideality factor.
we will adopt the PV bus power flow model of fixed speed
wind generation bus, because from (2) the fixed speed wind
generation bus can’t deal with as PQ Bus in power flow C. Fuel Cell
calculation [14]. The fuel-cell is an electrochemical static energy conversion
device that converts the chemical energy to electrical energy
B. Photovoltaic Generator [17]. There are different types of fuel cell used in the
The photovoltaic generator (PV-cell) used here is based on distribution generation, SOFC (Solid Oxide Fuel Cell) and
current-source converter (CSC). Two models are proposed in PEMFC (Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell) [18-20]. In
[15], P-Q model (constant P and constant Q) for the this paper we use the FC based on [21]. Fig.3 shows the
representation of the constant power factor control and P-V equivalent circuit of the fuel cell.
model (constant P and constant V) for the representation of the
voltage control. The P-V model is used here. Fig.2 describes PWM
simple equivalent circuit of a PV-cell is given in fig.2 [16]. VS
L
VR
DC/AC
RR RS Rloss

V0 VDC
CR Cs

Figure 3. Equivalent Circuit of the Fuel-Cell


Where
V0 : the open circuit reversible cell potential .
VR : a signal representing the output from the reformer.
Rloss : nonlinear-loss resistance.
The Second one, in which there are two DG types
connected to the same optimal bus of the first scenario. The P-
V curves here are presented for two combined DG, so-called
hybrid system (Wind-turbine/PV-cell, Wind-turbine/FC).
This study is carried out using PSAT [22]. It is a MATLAB
toolbox for power system analysis. It includes power flow,
optimal power flow, continuation power flow (CPF), small
signal stability analysis and time domain simulation.

III. STABILITY ANALYSIS

a. Voltage Stability Analysis
The voltage stability is the ability of power system to
maintain steady voltages at all buses within acceptable limits
after a disturbance from a given initial operating conduction
[11]. The continuation power flow CPF is one of the most
common methods used in voltage stability analysis. It is used
to see the system responses to load variation in order to avoid
system collapse, ensure the security and to control the power
distribution. A P-V characteristic curve resulted from the CPF
analysis provides useful information about voltage stability and
study state stability limits (maximum loading points) at the
study state conditions.
b. Transient Stability Analysis
Transient stability is the ability of the power system to
return to stable operating point (synchronism) when subjected
to a severe disturbance (e.g fault, short circuit, tripping
generator or line) [11]. One of the most common methods for
transient stability analysis is based on the time domain
simulation. Time domain simulation technique is employed Figure 4. IEEE 33-Bus Radial Distribution System
here to evaluate the impact of DG type on the transient stability
of the distribution system. The voltage profile before (reference case) and after DG unit
installation is shown in Fig.5. The lowest voltage occurred in
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION the Bus 18 with the amount of 0.91 p.u. Notice an important
The IEEE 33-Bus radial distribution system which is used improvement of voltage profile after the installation of DG
here to test and compare the various types of DG units is unit compared to the reference case.
illustrated in Fig.4 this system consists of 33 buses and 32 lines
and has a voltage of 12.66kV, load size of 3.715MW and
2.3MVar. The size of the distributed generation unit used is 1.02
Refrence Case (system without DG)
30% of the total load. The DG unit voltage is 12.66kV, the system with DG unit

lower and upper voltage in the system is set between 0.95p.u

1
and 1.05p.u. This will be able to show the impact of the various
DG units on the loadability margin of the power system. In
order to give a clear evaluation of the different DGs units 0.98
impacts on the distribution system the study will be done with
Voltages [p.u.]

a fixed optimal placement and fixed DG penetration level. The

DG unit placement chosen under an optimization technique 0.96

with a fixed penetration level (30% from the total load).

The behavior of the under study system with various DG 0.94
types is studied for two different scenarios:
The first one, where there is only one type of DG units is
0.92
connected to the optimal bus. The P-V curves here are
presented for three DGs types; Wind turbine, photovoltaic cell 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
(PV-cell) and fuel cell (FC). Bus numbers
 Figure 5. Voltage Magnitude Profile for 33-Bus System with and without
DG Units 1.04

1.02
Fig.6 shows the P-V curve of the buses 1,18,33, and 6 1
simultaneously. A collapse or maximum loading point appear
0.98
where the system Jacobian matrix become singular at
λmax=3.610 p.u (refrence case). 0.96

Voltages [p.u.]
0.94

0.92
1.4 V
Bus1

0.9 VBus18
1.2 VBus33
0.88
V
Bus6

1 0.86
Voltages [p.u.]

0.84
0.8 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Loading Parameter  [p.u.]

0.6
V
Bus1 Figure 8. P-V Curves for 33-Bus System with PV-Cell
VBus18
0.4
V
Bus33

0.2 VBus6

0 1.02
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Loading Parameter  [p.u.]
1

0.98
Figure 6. P-V Curves for 33-Bus System without DG Units
0.96

0.94
Voltages [p.u.]

0.92

1.35 0.9
V
Bus1
V 0.88 VBus18
Bus1
1.3
VBus18 VBus33
VBus33 0.86
V
1.25 Bus6
VBus6
0.84
1.2
Voltages [p.u.]

0.82
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
1.15 Loading Parameter  [p.u.]

1.1
Figure 9. P-V Curves for 33-Bus System with Fuel Cell
1.05

From Fig.8 and 9 we can observe that the integration of PV-

1
Cell and FC improves the static voltage stability margin of the
0.95 system. Moreover the maximum loading parameter is
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Loading Parameter  [p.u.] considerably increased with a maximum value of 0.469p.u for
PV-cell and 0.494p.u for FC, mean λmax=4,079 and
λmax=4.104p.u which represent better performance than in the
Figure 7. P-V Curves for 33-Bus System with Wind Turbine
previous cases.
As can be seen from Fig.7 a considerable variation in the
maximum loading margin after the integration of wind turbine
compared to the case when the system is without DG unit.
From the P-V curves, the maximum loading parameter
decreases compared to the reference case.
 According to the results shown in Table.I the maximum
1.04
loading parameter is affected with the type of DG unit where
1.02 the DG unit can increase or decrease the maximum loading
margin. It is obvious that the PV cell and fuel cell give the
1
maximum loading margin with a maximum value of 0.469p.u
0.98 for PV-cell and 0.494p.u for FC, mean λmax=4,079 and
λmax=4.104p.u which represent better performance than in the
Voltages [p.u.]

0.96
previous cases.
0.94
V
Bus1
0.92
VBus18

0.9 VBus33 System with Wind Turbine

System with PV-Cell
V 1.1 System With FC
Bus6
System with Wind turbine/PV-Cell
0.88
System With Wind turbine/FC

0.86 1.05
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Loading Parameter  [p.u.]

Bus 18 Voltage [p.u.]

1

Figure 10. P-V Curves for 33-Bus System with Wind Turbine/PV-Cell 0.95

0.9
1.02

0.85
1

0.8
0.98 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time (s)
Voltages [p.u.]

0.96

0.94
Figure 1. Time Domain Simulation at Bus 18 for the Test System with
V Different DG
Bus1
VBus18
0.92
VBus33
Fig.12 shows a comparison of the voltage magnitude at bus 18
V
0.9 Bus6 for a fault clearing time after 1s for all cases. Noticed a quick
response in the case of FC and PV-Cell and the fault was
0.88
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
cleared after 0.692 s when the system with FC and after 1.629
Loading Parameter  [p.u.] s when the system with PV-Cell.

Figure 11. P-V Curves for 33-Bus System with Wind Turbine/Fuel Cell V. CONCLUSION
This paper present a simple comparison between three
The hybridization between two different DG units has its different DG technologies based on the maximum loading
effect in the distribution system as can be seen in the Fig.10
margin, in order to show the impact of different DGs types on
and 11. The static stability margin of the system is improved
the static voltage stability of the system. Found that the type of
compared to the first and second cases; and the new maximum
DG unit has a significant impact in the static voltage stability.
load parameter for this two last cases is λmax=3.216p.u and It can increase or decrease the maximum loading margin. As
λmax=3.179p.u mean that the maximum loading parameter is
can be seen from the results, the PV-Cell and fuel cell have the
reached with 0.394p.u and 0.431p.u. compared to reference
maximum loading margin compared to the wind turbine and
case. hybrid system. In the transient stability analysis the quick
response is noticed from the fuel cell and photovoltaic cell
TABLE I. MAXIMUM LOADING PARAMETER AT EACH CASE mean that this two DGs technologies can improve the ability
of the power system to return to stable operating point
λmax [p.u.]
(synchronism).
Without DG 3.610
Wind turbine 2.813
PV-Cell 4.079
Fuel Cell 4.104
Wind turbine /PV-Cell 3.216
Wind turbine/Fuel Cell 3.179
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resources in a micro-grid,” PhD dissertation, University of Toronto,
Toronto, July 2005.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
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[20] M.D Lukas, K.Y. Lee, H. Ghezel-Ayagh, “An Explicit Dynamic Model
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