Set Theory

Vishal
Set Theory

Vishal
Set Theory

Vishal
Set Theory

Vishal
Set Theory

Vishal
Set Theory
NAMING A SET:

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Set Theory

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Set Theory
ELEMENTS OF A SET;

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Set Theory
NUMBER OF ELEMENTS IN A SET

EMPTY SET

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Set Theory

Vishal
Set Theory
FINITE AND INFINITE SETS

 If a set is composed of a countable number of elements, it is called finite.

 If a set has an infinite number of elements, then it is called an infinite set.

 It becomes impossible to count the members of an infinite set. Therefore stating the

cardinality of an infinite set becomes impossible.

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Set Theory

Vishal
Set Theory
SET BUILDER NOTATION

Set builder notation is a simple way of describing the elements of a set, without listing all of

its members. This will be very useful when a set has a large number of elements, or, if the set

is an infinite set and has an infinite number of elements.

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Set Theory

Vishal
Set Theory
UNIVERSAL SET

 A universal set is a set containing all elements of a problem under consideration,

denoted by capital letter U.

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Set Theory

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Set Theory
SUBSETS

 There are many situations in which there are smaller sets within a larger set.

 Suppose X = {letters of the English alphabet}, and Y = {a, e, i, o, u}.

 Then the set X contains the set of vowels, we note that all the members of the set Y are

members of the set, X. Therefore, Y is a part of X or Y and is said to be a subset of X.

 If all the members of Y are members of X, then Y is contained in X, Y is a part of X or Y

is a subset of X. This is written as Y ⊂ X . The phrase ‘is a subset’ is symbolized as ⊂.

The symbol ⊄ is the symbol for ‘is not a subset of’.

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Set Theory
Set Theory – Mr G.

Vishal
Set Theory – Mr G.

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Set Theory – Mr G.

Vishal
Set Theory – Mr G.

COMPLEMENT OF A SET

 The complement of a set is the set of all the elements that belong to the Universal set,

except the members of the set itself. If the set is denoted by D, the complement of D is

denoted by 𝑫𝟏 𝑶𝑹 𝑫𝑪.

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Set Theory – Mr G.

Vishal
Set Theory – Mr G.

Vishal
Set Theory – Mr G.

EQUAL AND EQUIVALENT SET

 Two sets are equivalent if they have the same number of elements.

 If set X and set Y are equivalent, then n(X) = n(Y).

 For two sets to be equal, they must have the same number of elements and also the

same elements.

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Set Theory – Mr G.

Vishal
Set Theory – Mr G.

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Set Theory – Mr G.

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Set Theory – Mr G.

VENN DIAGRAMS

 A Venn diagram is a figure used to represent sets.

 The universal set is represented by a rectangle.

 The Venn diagram shows the relationships between the sets.

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Set Theory – Mr G.

Vishal
Set Theory – Mr G.

UNION OF TWO SETS

 When we combine two sets, another set is formed. This is referred to as the union of 2

sets.

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Set Theory – Mr G.

INTERSECTION OF TWO SETS

From the above example, it can be seen that when we combine sets, there are common

elements to both of the sets. We saw that M and N both contained the set { Harry, Jill }. This

means that both Harry and Jill studied both Mathematics and Additional Mathematics.

Therefore, we can state that the set which contains all the elements that are common to both

sets is called the intersection of the sets.

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Set Theory – Mr G.

Vishal
Set Theory – Mr G.

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Set Theory – Mr G.

DISJOINT SET

 When two or more sets have nothing in common with each other, they are referred to

as a DISJOINT SET.

 If D and E are two sets and they have no elements in common, they are called disjoint

sets. Their intersection is empty, so D ∩ E = { }.

 When disjoint sets are represented on a Venn diagram, they must be drawn separately.

The sets must not overlap, as shown, to illustrate that D E={ }

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Set Theory – Mr G.

Vishal
Set Theory – Mr G.

NUMBER OF ELEMENTS IN THE UNION OF 2 SETS

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Set Theory – Mr G.

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Set Theory – Mr G.

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Set Theory – Mr G.

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Mr. G
Venn Diagrams for Paper 1
Mr. G
Venn Diagrams for Paper 1

𝑜𝑟 (𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵)′
Mr. G
Venn Diagrams for Paper 1
Mr. G
Venn Diagrams for Paper 1
Mr. G
Venn Diagrams for Paper 1
Mr. G
Venn Diagrams for Paper 1
Week 3 Term 2 Homework
Jan 2020
Jan 2021
1) If P = {2, 3, 5, 7}
Q = {2, 3, 6}
S = {2, 4, 5}
Then P∩ (Q ∪ S) =
(a) {2}
(b) {2, 3}
(c) {2, 3, 5}
(d) {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

Item 8 refers to the following Venn diagram:

Q
P

In the Venn diagram, n(P) = 5, n(Q) = 9 and n(P∪Q) =10

2) What is n(Q∩P)?
(a) 1
(b) 4
(c) 5
(d) 9

3) Which of the following pairs of sets is an example of disjoint sets?

(a) E= {even numbers} and F = {odd numbers}
(b) P = {multiples of 2} and Q = {multiples of 3}
(c) X = {whole numbers} and Y= {rational numbers}
(d) G = {multiples of five} and H = {multiples of ten}

4) All students in a class play scrabble or checkers or both. If 36% of the students play
scrabble only, and 48% of the students play checkers only, what percentage of
students play BOTH games?
(a) 12
(b) 16
(c) 84
(d) 88
Item 11 refers to the following Venn diagram which shows 2 intersecting sets.
V
H

5 2 4

3
5) In the Venn diagram:
U = { students who play games}
H = { students who play hockey}
V = { students who play volleyball}

The number of students in each set is indicated. How many students play EXACTLY one
game?
(a) 6
(b) 7
(c) 9
(d) 11

Item 12 refers to the following Venn diagram which shows 2 intersecting sets which is
partially shaded

P Q

6) In the Venn diagram, the unshaded area represents:

(a) P’
(b) Q’
(c) P∩Q’
(d) Q∩P’
Jan 2022
May/June 2020