8.1.

0 APPLIED SCIENCE

8.1.01 Introduction
The module unit is intended to equip the trainee with the
knowledge, skills and attitudes to enable him/her apply
engineering science relevant to electrical Engineering.

8.1.02 General Objectives

By the end of the module unit, the trainee should be able to:
a) apply relevant principles of applied science in solving
engineering problems
b) carry out experiments to verify scientific principles
c) demonstrate correct skills in data collection, analysis and
interpretation.

8.1.03 Module Unit Summary and Time Allocation

Applied Science
Code Sub Module Content
Unit Total
8.1.1 Foundations • Properties of matter 14
of Chemistry • Properties and effects of acids and
bases
• Properties and uses of Salts
• Atomic structure
• Chemical bonding
8.1.2 Light • Laws of reflection and refraction of 8
and Sound light
• Refraction of light through various
media
• Refractive indices of various media
• Location of images formed by
mirrors and lenses
• Power magnification and
magnification power of instruments
• Principle of operation of optical
instruments
• Polarization of light and its
applications

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 • Propagation and properties of sound
• Sound levels
8.1.3 Heat • Temperature and temperature scales 8
and conversions
• Types of thermometers
• Forms of heat transfer
• Determine heat capacities and latent
heat
• Terms used in calorimetry
• Graphs of change of state
• Applications of heat capacity and
latent heat
8.1.4 Density and • Terms used for solids, liquids and 8
Pressure gases.
• Determination of densities
• Archimedes principle, law of
floatation and buoyancy
• Calculation of density from relative
density
• Problems involving Archimedes
principle and Law of floatation
• Pressure and types of pressure
• Pressure in solids, liquids and gases
• Calculation of pressure
• Methods and instruments of
measuring pressure
• Practical applications of pressure
8.1.5 Work, Energy, • Definitions of terms and units 14
Power and • Forms, sources and types of energy
Machines • Law of conservation of energy
• Problems involving work, energy
and power
• Calculations of potential energy (PE)
and Kinetic Energy (KE) and the law
of conservation of energy
• Simple machines
• Calculations of Mechanical
Advantage (MA), Velocity Ratio
(VR) and efficiency
• Determination of the law of the

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 machine
• Problems involving practical
examples of simple machines
8.1.7 Magnetism • Terms used in magnetism 8
and Electro- • The compass
Magnetism • Lines of flux around a magnet
• Electromagnetism
• Electromagnetic induction
• Laws and rules of electromagnetic
induction
• Self induction
• Applications of electromagnetic
induction
8.1.8 Electro-Statics • Definition of electrostatics 4
• Types of charge and methods of
charging objects
• Sources of electrostatic charges
• Basic law of charge
• Capacitors and capacitance
8.1.9 Electro • Definition of terms 4
Magnetic • Properties of electromagnetic waves
Radiation • Methods of producing and detecting
radiations
• Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)
Total time 68

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8.1.1 FOUNDATIONS OF vi) Carry out tests on
CHEMISTRY metals and alloys

Theory Content
8.1.1T1 Properties of matter
8.1.1T0 Specific Objectives i) Elements
By the end of the sub- ii) Compounds
module unit, the iii) Mixtures
trainee should be able iv) Polarization
to: v) Ionization energies
a) state the properties 8.1.1T2 Properties and effects of
of matter. acids and bases:
b) describe the i) Type of Indicators
properties and ii) pH
effects of acids and iii) Oxides
bases iv) Hydroxides
c) describe the 8.1.1T3 Properties and uses of
properties and uses Salts
of salts i) Solubility
d) describe atomic ii) Conductivity
structure of iii) Effect of heat
elements iv) Preparation:
e) explain chemical v) Neutralization
bonding of vi) Precipitation
elements. 8.1.1T4. Atomic structure of
elements
Competence i) Structure of an atom
The trainee should have ii) Electric
the ability to: configuration
i) Prepare and work iii) Atomic Spectra
safely with chemicals iv) Bohr Theory
ii) Use the periodic v) Spectral Series
table of elements vi) Atomic number
iii) Verify applied vii) Periodicity
science principles 8.1.1T5 Chemical Bonding of
and apply them to Elements
ship systems i) Types of bonding
iv) Use common optical ii) Hydrogen
instruments iii) Covalent
v) Track and identify iv) Metallic
weather patterns v) Co-ordinate

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 vi) Van der Waal and refraction of
vii) Simple Molecules light
viii) Mole concept b) describe refraction
ix) Chemical equations of light through
x) Thermo chemical various media
equations
xi) Acid /base equations c) determine
xii) Redox equations refractive indices of
xiii) Bonding in carbon various media
compounds d) locate images
xiv) Covalent bonding formed by mirrors
formation and lenses
xv) Hybridization. e) determine power
magnification of
Practice lenses and
magnification
8.1.1P0 Specific Objectives power of
By the end of the sub- instruments
module unit, the trainee f) explain the
should be able to: principle of
a) identify and test acids operation of optical
and bases instruments
b) perform neutralization g) explain polarization
experiments of light and
c) prepare salts. describe its
applications
Content h) explain propagation
8.1.1P1 Identification Of Acids of sound and its
And Bases properties.
8.1.1P2 Neutralization i) explain sound
8.1.1P3 Salts levels, their
measurement,
8.1.2 LIGHT AND SOUND effects and
Theory application to noise
and noise pollution.
8.1.2T Specific Objectives
By the end of the sub- Content
module unit, the 8.1.2T1 Laws of reflection and
trainee should be able refraction of light
to: 8.1.2T2 Refraction of light
a) state and explain through various media
laws of reflection i) triangular prisms

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 ii) rectangular prisms ii) Glare reduction
iii) fluids iii) Photo elasticity
iv) convex and concave iv) Application of
prisms. polarized light
8.1.2T3 Refractive indices of v) Projecting images
various media vi) Projecting light
i) liquids vii) Safety in use of
ii) solids (glass) viii) polarized light
iii) gases (air)
8.1.2T4 Locating images formed 8.1.2T8 Propagation and
by mirrors and lenses properties of sound
i) plane mirrors i) Media
ii) curved mirrors ii) air
iii) lenses iii) solids
iv) convex iv) liquids
v) concave v) Properties
8.1.2T5 Power magnification of vi) refraction
a lens and the vii) diffraction
magnification power of viii) absorption
instruments ix) interference
i) lenses 8.1.2T9 Sound levels
ii) microscopes i) Measurement
iii) projectors ii) sound intensity
iv) binoculars iii) sound pressure levels
v) periscopes iv) Tolerable pressure
vi) telescope levels
8.1.2T6 Principle of operation of v) Sound pressure meter
optical instruments vi) Effects
i) lens formula vii) media effects
ii) images formed by viii) room design
lenses and mirrors ix) applications
iii) power magnification x) noise pollution
and magnification xi) noise reduction
power of lenses xii) mufflers
iv) microscopes xiii) dampers
v) telescopes xiv) acoustics
vi) projectors xv) ship whistle
vii) periscopes
viii) binoculars Practice

8.1.2T7 Polarization of light 8.1.2P0 Specific Objectives

i) Production

62
 By the end of the sub- f) describe methods
module unit, the trainee of determining heat
should be able to: capacities and
a) perform an latent heat
experiment to g) plot and interpret
calculate the velocity graphs of change of
of sound state
b) perform experiments h) explain
to measure sound applications of heat
levels. capacity and latent
heat.
Content
8.1.2P1 Velocity of sound Content
- Echo method 8.1.3T1 Temperature and
8.1.2P2 Sound levels temperature scales
measurement i) Absolute scale
ii) Celsius scale
iii) Fahrenheit scale
8.1.3 HEAT iv) Kelvin scale
v) Temperature scales
Theory conversions
8.1.3T2 Types of thermometers
8.1.3T0 Specific Objectives i) Mercury in glass
By the end of the sub- ii) Pyrometers
module unit, the iii) Constant volume gas
trainee should be able 8.1.3T3 Forms of heat transfer:
to: i) Conduction
a) describe various ii) Convection
temperature scales iii) Radiation
and conventions iv) Black body radiation
b) describe various v) Ultraviolet (u.v.) and
types of infrared (i.r.)
thermometers Radiation
c) describe forms of vi) Transmission
heat transfer vii) Absorption
d) solve problems viii) Reflection
involving heat 8.1.3T4 Calculations for
capacities, specific quantity of
heat capacities and i) heat
latent heat ii) Heat capacity
e) define terms used iii) Specific heat
in calorimetry capacity

63
 iv) Latent heat iv) Latent heat
8.1.3T5 Terms used in
calorimetry 8.1.4 DENSITY AND
i) Heat PRESSURE
ii) Specific heat
capacity Theory
iii) Heat capacity
iv) Latent heat of: 8.1.4T0 Specific Objectives
v) Fusion By the end of the sub-
vi) Vaporization/conden module unit, the
sation trainee should be able
vii) Sublimation to:
8.1.3T6 Methods of determining a) explain the terms
heat capacities and applied to density
latent heat and pressure
i) Mixture method b) determine densities
ii) Electrical method of solids, liquids
8.1.3T7 Change of state graphs and gases
8.1.3T8 Applications of heat c) explain
capacity and latent heat Archimedes
i) Refrigeration principle, law of
ii) Heat exchangers floatation and
buoyancy
Practice d) apply Archimedes
principle and law
8.1.3P0 Specific Objectives of floatation to
By the end of the sub- e) solve problems
module unit, the related to density
trainee should be able and pressure
to perform experiments f) calculate density
involving heat transfer, from relative
heat capacities, specific density
heat capacities and g) describe various
latent heat. types of pressure.
h) describe pressure in
Content solids, liquids and
8.1.3P1 Heat transfer gases
experiments: i) perform
i) Heat transfer calculations
ii) Heat capacity involving pressure.
iii) Specific heat
capacity

64
 j) describe v) Forces acting on
instruments of body in a fluid
measuring pressure vi) Velocity head
k) explain practical vii) Gases
applications of 8.1.4T8 Calculations involving
pressure. pressure:
i) Conversions.
Content ii) Pascal’s Law
8.1.4T1 Terms used for solids, iii) Pressure
liquids and gases measurements
i) Density 8.1.4T9 Instruments for
ii) Relative density measuring pressure
iii) Specific gravity i) Barometer
8.1.4T2 Determination of ii) Manometer
densities: 8.1.4T10 Practical applications of
i) Solids pressure
ii) Liquids i) Vacuum pump
iii) Gases Solids ii) Hydrometer
iv) Liquids iii) Hydraulic pump
v) Gases iv) Controlled Pitch
8.1.4T3 Archimedes Principle, Propeller(CPP)
Law of Floatation and
Buoyancy 8.1.5 WORK, ENERGY,
8.1.4T4 Calculation of density POWER AND
from relative density MACHINES
8.1.4T5 Application of
Archimedes Principle Theory
and Law of Floatation
to solve problems 8.1.5T0 Specific Objectives
8.1.4T6 Pressure and types of By the end of the sub-
pressure: module unit, the
i) Gauge pressure trainee should be able
ii) Absolute pressure to:
iii) Atmospheric a) define work,
pressure energy and power
8.1.4T7 Pressure in: b) describe energy
i) Solids c) state the law of
ii) Liquids conservation of
iii) variation with depth/ energy
density (Pascal’s d) solve problems
Law) involving work
iv) Transmission energy and power

65
 e) perform calculation 8.1.5T5 Calculations of different
on potential energy, forms of energy
kinetic energy and i) Potential Energy
f) law of (PE)
conservation of ii) Kinetic Energy (KE)
energy (linear and rotating
g) define terms as bodies)
used in simple iii) law of conservation
machines. of energy
h) explain practical 8.1.5T6 Terms used in simple
applications of machine
simple machines i) Mechanical
i) perform Advantage (MA)
calculations on ii) Velocity Ratio (VR)
mechanical iii) Efficiency
advantage, velocity 8.1.5T7 Practical applications
j) ratio and of simple machines
efficiency i) Pulleys
k) determine the law ii) Levers
of the machine iii) Inclined planes
using graphical and 8.1.5T8 Calculations involving:
l) analytical methods i) MA
m) solve problems ii) VR
involving practical iii) Efficiency
applications of 8.1.5T9 Determination of the
simple machines law of the machine
i) Graphical method
Content ii) Analytical method
8.1.5T1 Definitions 8.1.5T10 Problems involving
i) Work practical examples of
ii) Power simple machines
iii) Energy i) Pulleys
8.1.5T2 Forms, sources and ii) Levers
types of energy iii) Inclined planes
8.1.5T3 The law of conservation
of energy Practice
8.1.5T4 Work, energy and
power problems 8.1.5P0 Specific Objectives
i) Input By the end of the sub-
ii) Output module unit, the
iii) Uniform velocity trainee should be able
iv) Variable velocity to perform experiments

66
 to verify the law of 8.1.6T3 Calculations using gas
machines using laws
graphical and i) Boyle’s Law
analytical methods ii) Charles’ law
iii) Gas equation and
Content application
8.1.5P1 Determination and 8.1.6T4 Index law of expansion
verification of the law i) Adiabatic
of the machine ii) Isothermal
i) Graphical method iii) Polytropic
ii) Analytical method iv) The characteristic
equation of a gas
8.1.6 GAS LAWS Theory 8.1.6T5 The index law of
expansion
8.1.6T0 Specific Objectives i) derivation
By the end of the sub- ii) applications
module unit, the 8.1.6T6 Gas Laws graphs
trainee should be able
to: Practice
a) describe gas laws
b) derive the ideal gas 8.1.6P0 Specific Objectives
equation By the end of the sub-
c) perform module unit, the
calculations using trainee should be able
the gas law to perform experiments
equations to verify the index law
d) explain the index of expansion of gases
law of expansion of
gases. Content
e) derive and apply 8.1.6P1 The index law of
the index law of expansion of gases
expansion
f) plot and interpret 8.1.7 MAGNETISM AND
graphs for gas laws ELECTROMAGNETIS
M
Content
8.1.6T1 Gas laws: Theory
i) Definition of gas
ii) Gas laws 8.1.7T0 Specific Objectives
iii) Boyle’s law By the end of the sub-
iv) Charles law module unit, the
8.1.6T2 The ideal gas equation

67
 trainee should be able 8.1.7T 6 Laws and rules of
to; electromagnetic
a) define terms used induction
in magnetism i) Fleming’s Law
b) describe the ii) Lenz's Law
compass iii) Fleming’s right hand
c) plot lines of flux rule
around a magnet iv) Maxwell's Screw rule
d) define 8.1.7T7. Self-induction
electromagnetism 8.1.7T8. Common applications
e) describe of electromagnetic
electromagnetic induction
induction i) Electric bell
f) state laws and rules ii) Induction coil
of electromagnetic iii) Transformers
induction iv) Telephones
g) describe self- v) Speedometer
induction vi) Ignition systems etc
h) describe common
applications of Practice
electromagnetic
induction. 8.1.7P.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the sub-
Content module unit, the
8.1.7T 1 Definition of terms used trainee should be able
in magnetism to;
i) Flux and lines of flux a) Plot lines of flux
ii) Angle of around a magnet
inclination/dip b) Use a compass
iii) Magnetic induction
iv) 8.1.7T2 The Content
Compass 8.1.7P.1 Lines of flux around a
v) Earths Magnetic field magnet
vi) Points of compass 8.1.7P.2 Magnetic compass
8.1.7T 3 Lines of flux around a
magnet 8.1.8 ELECTROSTATICS
8.1.7T 4 Electromagnetism
- definitions Theory
8.1.7T 5 Electromagnetic
induction 8.1.8T0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the sub-
module unit, the

68
 trainee should be able vi) Energy stored in a
to: Capacitor
a) define electrostatics vii) Types of capacitors
b) explain methods of and their
charging of objects viii) applications
c) describe the
sources of 8.1.9 ELECTROMAGNETIC
electrostatic RADIATION
charges
d) explain the basic Theory
law of charge.
e) explain the 8.1.9T0 Specific Objectives
principle of By the end of this sub
capacitors and module unit, the
capacitance trainee should be able
to:
Content a) explain the
8.1.8T1 Definition of electromagnetic
electrostatics spectrum
8.1.8T2 Methods of charging b) explain the
objects properties of
i) Types of charge electromagnetic
ii) Methods waves
8.1.8T3 Sources of electrostatic c) explain methods of
charge producing and
i) Ebony detecting
ii) Glass rod electromagnetic
iii) Silk radiation
iv) Fur d) Describe the
v) Plastics operations and
8.1.8T4 Basic Law of charge working of a
8.1.8T5 Capacitors and Cathode Ray
capacitance oscilloscope
i) Storage of electrical
charge Content
ii) Relationship between 8.1.9T1 The electromagnetic
iii) voltage and charge spectrum
iv) Capacitor connection - Electromagnetic
v) Charging and radiation
discharging of a 8.1.9T2 Properties of
capacitor electromagnetic waves

69
8.1.9T3 Methods of producing
and detecting
electromagnetic
radiations:
i) X-rays
ii) Gamma rays
iii) Cathode rays
8.1.9T4 The Cathode Ray
Oscilloscope (C.R.O.).
vii)

70