Hormones controlling Bone Development

In Preadolescence During puberty

1. Sex H.(Testosterone and estrogen)

(+) Growth plate (Initially)

 Growth H.  (+) Growth plate 2. at age 18 in females and 21 in males

sex hormones signal the growth plates

to stop growing

cartilage is replaced by bone tissue

Bone cells are regulated by hormones

↓↓Ca Blood level Parathyroid H. (PTH) (+) osteoclastscauses more bone to be dissolvedrelease Ca and P in Blood
↑↑Ca Blood level Calcitonin H. (+) Osteoblast  calcium and phosphate removed from blood and deposited in bone

Bones undergo repair

1. Break bone Blood vs. bleedProducing a mass of clotted blood (hematoma)

2. Fibroblasts migrate to the area Some Becomes chondroblasts
3. Together they produce a tough fibrocartilage called Callus between the two broken ends of the bone
4. Osteoclasts arrive  remove dead fragments of the original bone and the blood cells of the hematoma
5. Finally, osteoblasts arrive  deposit osteoid matrix + crystallization of calcium phosphate minerals, converting
the callus  bone.
N.B:
 Inflammation, swelling, and pain generally accompany the hematoma in the days immediately after a fracture
 A callus can be felt as a hard, raised ring at the point of the break.
 The repair process can take weeks to months, depending on your age and the bone involved.
 ↑Age Slows repairing Process
 apply weak electrical currents Attract osteoblasts, osteoclasts to area under repair increase rate of healing

The Skeleton
Classification of Bones:
P.O.C Long Short Flat Irregular
 bones of the  bones of the  cranial bones  coxal (hip) bones
Location limbs and fingers wrists  sternum  the vertebrae
 ribs
 as wide as they  thin, flattened, and  Variety of shapes
are long. sometimes curved that don’t fit into
the other
Description Discussed Before  a small amount of categories.
spongy bone
sandwiched
between two layers
of compact bone.

N.B: few flat and irregular bones, including the sternum and the hip bones, contain red bone marrow that
produces blood cells.
The Skeleton: The 206 bones of the human body and the various connective tissues (Cartilage, Ligaments) that
hold them together
Functions of Skeleton:
1. structural framework for support of the soft organs
2. Protects certain organs from physical injury. Ex: The brainIn the skull, heart and lungsThoracic cage
3. skeleton permits flexible movement of most parts of the body Because of the way the bones are joined
together at joints

P.O.C Skeleton
Axial Appendicular
consists of:
 the skull Consists of:
COMPONENTS  Sternum  Upper Limp + Shoulder Girdle
 Rips  Lower Limp + Pelvic Girdle
 Vertebral column

Skull

Cranial (8 Bones) Facial (14 Bones)

 Frontal Bone  Two nasal Bones
 2 Parietal Bones  Two Lacrimal Bones
 2 Temporal Bones  Mandible
 Sphenoid Bone  Two Maxillary Bones
 Occipital Bone  Two Palatine bones
 Ethmoid Bone  Two zygomatic bones
 Vomer
 Cranial Bones: flat bones in the skull that enclose and protect the brain
.
Bone Description

frontal bone comprises the forehead and the upper ridges of

the eye sockets

two parietal bones At the upper left and right sides of the skull

 forming the lower left and right sides of the skull

two temporal bones  Temporal bonepierced by External Auditory
meatus that allows sounds to travel to the
eardrum.

sphenoid bone  Between the frontal bone and the temporal bones
 Forms the back of both eye sockets.

 form the back and base of the skull

occipital bone  Near the base of the occipital bone is a large
opening called the foramen magnum

ethmoid bone  Contributes to the eye sockets and also helps

support the nose.
Facial Bones: compose the front of the skull
Bone Description
 two small, narrow bones underlie only the upper
Two nasal bones bridge of the nose
 The rest of the nose is made up of cartilage and
other connective tissue.
 at the inner eye sockets
Two Lacrimal Bones  are pierced by a tiny opening through which the
tear ducts drain tears from the eye sockets into
the nasal cavity
 Contains the sockets that house the lower row of
Mandible (Lower Jaw) teeth.
 Attached to the temporal bone by a joint that
allows us to speak and chew.
 On either side of the nose
two maxilla (maxillary) bones  form part of the eye sockets
 contain the sockets that anchor the upper row of
teeth
Two Palatine Bones Together with the Maxillary Bones Forms the Hard
Palate(roof of the mouth)
 Behind the palatine bones
Vomer Bone  part of the nasal septum that divides the nose
into left and right halves
two zygomatic bones Form the cheekbones and the outer portion of the
eye sockets.
N.B:
 Part of the space formed by the maxillary and nasal bones is the nasal cavity.
 Foramen magnum: is where the vertebral column connects to the skull and the spinal cord enters the skull to
communicate with the brain.

 Air Sinuses: Air spaces which make the skull lighter and give the human voice its characteristic tone
and resonance.

 Each sinus is lined with tissue that secretes mucus helps trap foreign particles in incoming air.
 The sinuses connect to the nasal cavity via small passageways through which the mucus normally drains.
 if you develop a cold or respiratory infection, the tissue lining your sinuses can become inflamed and block
these passages Sinus inflammation is called sinusitis.
 If fluid accumulates inside the sinuses, the resulting sensation of pressure may give you a “sinus headache.”
 The Vertebral column

Vertebral Column: is the main axis of the body

Functions of Vertebral Column:

1. It supports the head
2. protects the spinal cord
3. Serves as the site of attachment for the four limbs and various muscles.

Components of Vertebral Column:

 Column of 33 irregular bones called vertebrae that extends from the skull
to the pelvis.
 We classify the vertebral column into five anatomical regions:

Cervical (neck) 7 vertebrae.

Thoracic (the chest or thorax) 12 vertebrae.
Lumbar 5 vertebrae.
Sacral (in the sacrum or upper pelvic region) 5 Fused vertebrae
Coccygeal (the coccyx or tailbone) 4 fused vertebrae

N.B:
The coccyx is all that remains of the tails of our ancient ancestors. It is an
example of a vestigial structure no longer has any function.
The structure of Bony vertebra:
1- Body (Centrum)
2- Two transverse processes
3- Two Superior (Anterior) articulating processes
4- Two Inferior (posterior) articulating processes
5- Neural Spine
6- Neural ring: Surrounds the neural canal inside which the spinal Cord
extends to be protected

 Neighboring vertebrae are separated from each other by a flat, elastic,

Compressible intervertebral disk

 Intervertebral Disk composed of:

 Soft gelatinous center
 Tough outer layer of fibrocartilage.

 Functions of intervertebral Disk:

 serve as shock absorbers, protecting the delicate vertebrae from
The impact of walking, jumping, and other movements

 permit a limited degree of movement This lends the vertebral

Column greater flexibility, allowing us to bend forward, lean
Backward, and rotate the upper body.
N.B:
 This condition is referred to as a “herniated” or “slipped disk”

 It occurs most often in the lumbar vertebrae.

 The pain that accompanies a herniated disk can be corrected by surgery to remove the damaged disk,
relieving the pressure against the nerve.

 Surgical correction of a herniated disk reduces spinal flexibility because the two adjacent vertebrae must
be fused together with bone grafts.