Enockmosomi

1@gmai
l.
com

BASI
CPRI
NCIPLESOFCHEMI
STRY
PRACTICALS
(
enockmosomi
1@gmai
l.
com)

ByMr
.Mosomi

FORMOREE-
MATERI
ALS
What
sApp(
+254)0748842695
I
ntr
oduct
ion/
Rat
ional
e

Chemi st
ryisascience.
Chemi st
rypract
icalal
lovert
heworl
disemphasi
zedtoal
lcandi
dat
essit
ti
ngf
or
aChemi str
ypaper.
Thereareaboutsev enmainbasi
cuniver
sal
emphasi
sforal
lchemi
str
y
candidat
essitti
ngforachemistr
ypaper;

(
i)
Titr
ation/volumetri
canal y
sis
(
ii
)Thermochemi stry(
energychanges)
(
ii
i)
Chemi calkinet
ic(r
atesofreaction)
(
iv)
Qual i
tati
veanalysi
s(organi
c/inorgani
c)
(
v)Solubil
it
yandsol ubil
i
tycurves
(
vi)
Flamet est
(
vii
)Physical/generalchemistry

(
a)Ti
tr
ati
on/
vol
umet
ri
canal
ysi
s

Titr
ati
oni sdeterminingtheendpoi ntofthebur ettecontentsthatr
eactwi
th
fi
xed( usuall
y25.0cm3f rom api
pette)coni
cal flaskcont
ents.
Asev i
denceofat i
trationactual
l
ydoneexami ningbodyr equir
ethecandi
datet
o
recordtheirburet
ter eadingsbefor
eandaf terthet i
tr
ati
on.
 Enockmosomi
1@gmai
l.
com

ForKCSEcandi datesbur ett

ereadingsmustber ecordedinatit
rati
ontabl
ein
theformatpr ov
idedbyt heKeny aNat i
onalExami nati
onCouncil.
Asev idenceofallti
tr
ationactuall
ydoneKeny aNat i
onalExaminati
onCounci
l
requi
ret hecandidat
et orecordtheirburet
tereadingsbeforeandaf t
erthe
ti
trat
iont ocompletethet i
tr
ati
ontableinthef or
matpr ovided

Sampl
eTi
tr
ati
ont
abl
efor
mat

Fi
nalburett
ereading(cm3) 24.
0 24.
0 24.
0
I
nit
ialburet
tereading(cm3 0.
0 0.
0 0.
0
Vol
umeofsol utionused(cm3) 24.
0 24.
0 24.
0

Calculatet heav er
agev olumeofsol ut i
onused
24. 0+24. 0+24. 0 =24. 0cm3
3
Asev idenceofunder standingthedegr eeofaccur acyofbur ettes,allreadings
mustber ecor dedt oadeci mal poi nt.
Asev idenceofaccur acyincar r
yingt heoutt hetitrati
on, candidatesv alue
shouldbewi thin0. 2oft heschool value.
Theschool valueist heteachersr eadi ngspr esentedt ot heexami ning
body /counci lbasedont heconcent r
at ionsoft hesol uti
onss/ hepr esent edto
her/hiscandi dates.
Bonusmar ki sawar dedf oraveragedr eadi ngwithin0.1school valueasFi nal
answer .
Calculationsi nv ol
vedaf t
erthet i
trationr equi
recandi datest horoughpr acti
ce
mast eryont he:
(i)
relationshi pamongt hemol e,mol armass, mol eratios,concent rati
on,
mol ari
ty.
(ii
)mat hemat icalappl i
catonof1stpr
i inci pl
es.
Veryusef ulinformat ionwhi chcandi dat esforgetappearusual lyi
nt hebegi nni
ng
ofthepaperas:
“Youar epr ov i
dedwi th…”
Allcalculationmustbet othe4thdeci mal poi
ntunl esst heydividefullyt oa
l
esserdeci mal point.
Nev erroundof fanswer s.
b)Ther mochemi st
ry /energychanges

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Ener gyi sthecapaci tytodowor kwhi chi smeasur edi nJoul es(J)or (kJ).
Chemi cal/phy sical changest akepl acewi thabsor ption( Endot her mi c)or
evolut ion/pr oduct ion( Exot hermi c)ofheat .
Pract ical l
y:
(i)endot her mi cchangesshowabsor ptionofheatbyaf all /dr opi n
temper atureandhasa+∆H
(ii
)exot her mi cchangesshowev olution/pr oduct ionofheatbyar isei n
temper atureandhasa- ∆H
(ii
i)temper at urei smeasur eusi ngat her momet er .
(i
v)aschool ther momet eri sei thercol our ed(alcohol )orcol ourless( mer cury)
(v)Foraccur acy, candi dat esi nt hesamepr actical sessi onshoul duset hesame
typeoft her momet er .
(vi
)f al l/dr op( +∆H)i nt emper at urei smov ementoft hermomet erl evel
downwar d.
(vi
i)r ise( -∆H)i nt emper atur eismov ementoft her momet erl evelupwar ds.
Phy sical changeschangesmai nlyi nv olvemel t
ing/ freezing/ fussi onandboi li
ng
/vapour i
zat i
on.
Chemi cal changeschangesmai nl yinv olvedispl acement, dissol ving,
neut ralizat i
on
a).Ener gychangesi nphy sical pr ocesses
Mel ting/ freezi ng/ fusion/ solidificat i
onandboi l
ing/ vapor ization/ ev apor ationare
thet wophy sical processes.
Mel ti
ng/ f
reezi ngpoi ntofpur esubst ancesi sf ixed/ const ant .
Theboi l
ingpoi ntofpur esubst ancedependsonext ernal atmospher icpressure.
Mel ting/ fusi oni st hephy sical changeofasol i
dt ol i
qui d.Fr eezi ng/ fusioni sthe
phy sical changeofal i
qui dtosol id.
Mel ting/ freezi ng/ fusion/ solidificat i
onar ether efor etwoopposi tebutsame
rever siblephy sical processes.i .e
A( s) ========A( l
)
Boiling/ vapor ization/ ev apor at i
oni st hephy sical changeofal i
quidt o
gas/ v apour .Condensat ion/ li
qui dificat i
oni sthephy sical changeofgas/ v
apour
toliqui d.Boi li
ng/ vapor i
zat ion/ ev apor at i
onandcondensat ion/ l
iquidi ficati
onar e
theref or etwoopposi tebutsamer ever siblephy si cal processes.i .e
B( l) ========B( g)
Pract ical l
y
(i
) Mel t
ing/ li
qui difi
cat i
on/ fusi oni nv olvesheat ingasol i
dt oweakent he

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strongbondshol dingt hesol idpar ticlest oget her .

Sol idsar emadeupofv er yst rongbondshol dingt hepar t
iclesv erycl oset o
eachot her( Kinet icTheor yofmat ter
Onheat i
ngt hesepar ticl esgai nener gy /heatf rom t hesur roundi ngheat
sour cet of orm al iquidwi thweakerbondshol dingt hepar ticlescl oset oget her
butwi thsomedegr eeoff reedom.
Mel t i
ng/ fusi oni sanendot her mi c( +∆H) pr ocesst hatr equi re/ absor bener gy
from t hesur roundi ng.
(ii
)Fr eezi ng/ fusion/ solidificat ioni nv olvescool ingaal iqui dt or efor m/ rejoint he
ver yst rongbondst ohol dt hepar ticlesv er ycloset oeachot herassol idand
thusl oset hei rdegr eeoff reedom ( Ki net i
cTheor yofmat ter).
Fr eezi ng/ fusi on/sol i
di ficat ioni sanexot her mi c( -∆H) pr ocesst hatr equi re
par ticleshol dingt hel i
qui dt oget hert ol oseener gyt ot hesur roundi ng.
(ii
i)Boi li
ng/ vapor izat ion/ ev apor ationi nv ol vesheat i
ngal iqui dt ocompl etel y
break/ freet hebondshol di ngt hel iqui dpar t
iclest oget her .
Gaseouspar ti
cleshav ehi ghdegr eeoff reedom ( Kinet icTheor yofmat ter) .
Boi l
ing/ v apor izat ion/ev apor at i
oni sanendot her mi c( +∆H)pr ocesst hat
requi re/absor bener gyf rom t hesur roundi ng.
(iv)Condensat ion/ l
iquidif i
cat ioni sr ev ersepr ocessofboi l
ing/ vapor ization/
ev apor at i
on.
Itinv olvesgaseouspar ticlesl osi ngener gyt ot hesur roundi ngt of or m al iqui d.I
t
i
sanexot her mi c( +∆H)pr ocess.
Thequant i
tyofener gyr equi redt ochangeonemol eofasol i
dt oliqui dort o
for m onemol eofasol i
df rom l iquidatconst antt emper atur ei scal ledmol ar
ent hal py/ l
at entheatoff usi on.e. g.
H2O( s) - >H2O( l)∆H=+6. 0kJmol e-1 (endot her mi cpr ocess)
-
1
H2O( l)- >H2O( s)∆H=- 6.0kJmol e( exot her mi cpr ocess)
Thequant i
tyofener gyr equi redt ochangeonemol eofal iquidt ogas/ vapouror
tof or m onemol eofal iqui df rom gas/ vapouratconst antt emper atur eiscal l
ed
mol arent hal py /
lat entheatofv apour i
zat ion.e. g.
H2O( l)- >H2O( g)∆H=+44. 0kJmol e-1 (
endot her mi cpr ocess)
-1
H2O( g) - >H2O( l)∆H=- 44.0kJmol e( exot hermi cprocess)
• Todet er mi net heboi lingpoi ntofwat er
Pr ocedur e:
Measur e20cm3oft apwat eri ntoa50cm3gl assbeaker .Det ermi neandr ecor d
i
t stemper atur e.
Heatt hewat eronast rongBunsenbur nerf l
ameandr ecor di t
s

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temper at
ureaft
erev
eryt
hir
tysecondsf
orfourmi
nut
e
Sampl eresul
ts
Time 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240
(seconds)
o
Temper
at e(C) 25.
ur 0 45.
0 85.
0 95.
0 96.
0 96.
0 96. 0 98.
0 97. 0

Questi
ons
1.
Plotagraphoftemperatur
eagainstt
ime(
y-axi
s)
Sket
chgraphoftemperatureagai
nstti
me

Temper
atur
e
o
C

Ti
mei
nSeconds

2.
From t
hegr
aphshowanddet
ermi
net
heboi
l
ingpoi
ntofwat
er

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Note:
Wat erboisat100oCatseal
l evel /
oneat mospher
epressur
e/101300Pabutboi
l
s
o
atbelow100Cathi gheral
ti
tudes.
Thesampl er
esul
tsabov ear
ef rom Kir
iari
Girl
sHighSchool
-EmbuCountyon
o
theslopesofMtKeny ainKeny a.Waterhereboil
sat96C.
3.Calculat
ethemolarheatofvapor i
zati
onofwater.
(H=1.0,
O=16.O)
Wor king:

Massofwat
er=densi
tyxv
olume=>(
20x1)/
1000=0.
02kg

Quanti
tyofheatproduced
=massofwat erxspecif
icheatcapaci
tyofwat
erxt
emper
atur
echange
=>0.
02kgx4. 2x(96– 25)=- 5.964kJ

Heatofv
apor
izat
ionofonemoleH2O
= Quant i
tyofheat
MolarmassofH2O

=> -
5.964kJ = -
0. e-1
3313kJmol
18

Todet
erminet
hemel
ti
ngpoi
ntofcandl
ewax
Pr
ocedur
e

Wei ghexactl
y5.0gofcandlewaxintoaboil
ingtube.Heatitonast r
ongly
Bunsenbur nerf
lameuntil
itcompl
etelymelt
s.
Insertathermometerandremovetheboil
i
ngt ubefrom thefl
ame.Stir
cont i
nuousl
y.Deter
mineandrecor
dthetemper at
ureafterevery30secondsf
or
fourmi nut
es.

Sampl eresul
ts
Time 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240
(seconds)
Temper
atur
e 93.
0 85.
0 78.
0 70.
0 69.
0 69.
0 69.
0 0 65.
67. 0
o
(C)

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Questi
ons
1.
Plotagraphoft
emper
atur
eagai
nstt
ime(
y-axi
s)

b)Energychangesi nchemicalprocesses
(i
)Standardenthalpy/
heatofdisplacement∆Hᶿ d
(i
i
)Standardenthalpy/heatofneutrali
zati
on∆Hᶿn
(i
i
i)Standardenthalpy
/heatofsolution/di
ssol
uti
on∆Hᶿ
s

(
i) St
andar
dent
hal
py/
heatofdi
spl
acement∆Hᶿ
d

Themol arstandardent hal

py /
heatofdispl
acementmaybedefi
nedasthe
ener gy/heatchangewhenonemol eofsubstancei
sdispl
aced/
removedfr
om
i
t ssolutionatstandardcondi ti
ons
Somedi splacementreact i
ons
(i)
Zn( s)+CuSO4( aq)->Cu( s)+ZnSO4(aq)
2+
Ionicall
y: Zn(
s)+Cu ( aq)-
>Cu( s)+Zn2+(aq)

(
ii
)Fe(s)+CuSO4(aq)- >Cu(s)+FeSO4(aq)
2+
I
onicall
y:Fe(
s)+Cu ( aq)->Cu(s)+Fe2+(
aq)
(
ii
i)
Pb( s)+CuSO4(aq)- >Cu(s)+PbSO4(s)

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Thi sreactionst opsaf tersomet imeasi nsolublePbSO4(s)coat/

cover
unr eactedlead.
( i
v)Cl2(g)+2NaBr (aq)->Br2(
aq)+2NaCl (
aq)
Ionically:
- -
Cl 2(g)+2Br (aq)- >Br 2(
aq)+2Cl (aq)
Todet erminet hemol arstandardent hal
py /heatofdispl
acement(∆Hᶿ d)of
copper
Procedur e
Place20cm3of0. 2M copper(II
)sulphate(VI)solut
ionint
oa50cm3pl asti
c
beaker /calorimet er.
Det er
mi neandr ecor dthetemper atureofthesol uti
onT1.
Putal ltheZi ncpowderpr ov i
dedint otheplast i
cbeaker.Sti
rthemixtureusing
thet hermomet er.
Det er
mi neandr ecor dthehighestt emperat ur
echanget othenearest0.5oC-T2.
Repeatt heexper imentt ocompl etet abl
e1bel ow
Sampl eresul tsTabl e1

Exper
iment I I
I
o o
Fi
nal
temper
atur
eofsol
uti
on(
T)
2 30.
0C 31.
0C
o o
i
nit
ial
temper
atur
eofsol
uti
on(
T)
1 25.
0C 24.
0C
Changei ntemper at
ure(∆T) 5.
0 6.
0
Quest ions
1.
( a)Cal cul
ate:
(i)average∆T
Av erage∆T=changei ntemper atur
einexperi
mentIandII
o
=>5.0+6. 0 = 5.5C
2
(
ii)
thenumberofmol esofsoluti
onused
Mol esused=mol ari
tyxvolumeofsol uti
on = 0.2x20 =0. 004moles
1000 1000
(ii
i)theent halpychange∆Hf orthereacti
on
Heatpr oduced∆H=massofsol ution(m)xspecif
icheatcapaci
ty(
c)x∆T
=>20x4. 2x5.5=462Joul es=-0.462kJ
1000 1000
(iv)Stat etwoassumpt ionsmadei ntheabov ecal
culati
ons.
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Densityofsol uti
on=densi tyofwat er=1gcm-3
Specifi
cheatcapaci t
yofsol uti
on=Specificheatcapaci tyofwater=4.2kJ-1kg-
1
K
Thisisbecauset hesol ut
ioni sassumedt obei nfi
nitedi l
ute.
2.Calculatet heent hal
pychangef oronemol eofdi splacementofCu2+( aq)i
ons.
Molarheatofdi splacement∆Hd=Heatpr oduced∆H
Numberofmol esoff uel
=> 0.462kJ =-115. 5kJmol e-1
0.004
3.Wri
teani onicequat i
onf orthereacti
ont akingplace.
2+ 2+
Zn( s)+Cu ( aq)-> Cu( s)+Zn ( aq)
4.St
atet heobser v ati
onmadedur ingther eact i
on.
Bluecol ourofcopper (I
I)
sulphate(VI)fades/ becomesl essblue/
colour
less.
Brownsol i
ddeposi t
sarefor medatt hebot t
om ofr eactionvessel
/beaker.
5.I
ll
ustratet heabov ereactionusinganener gyl ev
el di
agr am.

8.Theenthalpyofdispl acement∆Hdofcopper(
II
)sulphate(VI)sol
uti
onis
-1
12k6kJmole. Calcul
at ethemolari
tyoft
hesoluti
ongi venthat40cm3ofthis
solut
ionproduces2. 204kJofenergyduri
ngadisplacementr eacti
onwit
h
excessir
onf i
lings.
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Numberofmol
es=Heatpr oduced∆H
Mol
arheatofdispl
acement∆Hd

=> 2.204kJ = 0.
0206mol
es
126moles

Mol
ari
tyoft
hesol
uti
on=molesx1000
Vol
umeofsol
uti
onused

= 0.
0206mol esx1000 =0. 5167M
40
Graphical deter
mi nat i
onoft hemol arenthal pyofdi splacementofcopper
Procedur e:
Place20cm3of0. 2M copper (
II
)sulphat e(VI )sol ut
ionintoacalori
meter/
50cm3
ofplasticbeakerwr appedi ncottonwool /tissuepaper .
Recor ditst emperat ureattimeT=0. Stirthesol uti
onwi ththethermometer
careful
lyandcont i
nuer ecor
dingt het emper atureaf t
erev er
y30seconds.
Placeal l
t he(1.
5g)Zi ncpowderpr ovidedaf ter1½ mi nutes.
St i
rthesol uti
onwi tht hethermomet ercar ef ul
lyandcont i
nuerecordi
ngthe
temper atureafterev ery30secondsf orfi
v emi nutes.
Det erminet hehighestt emper aturechanget ot henear 5oC.
est0.

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Quest i
ons
1.Showanddet erminethechangei ntemper ature∆T
From awel l
const r
uct
edgr aph∆T=T2–T1at150secondbyext rapolati
on
o
∆T=36. 5–25. 0=11. 5C
2.Calculatethenumberofmol esofcopper (
II)sulphate(VI
)usedgi
vent hemol
ar
2+ -
1
heatofdi splacementofCu ( aq) i
onsis125kJmol e
Heatpr oduced∆H=massofsol uti
on(m)xspeci ficheatcapacit
y(c)x∆T
=>20x4. 2x11. 5=966Joul es=- 0.966kJ
1000
Numberofmol es= Heatpr oduced∆H
Molarheatofdi splacement∆Hd
=>0. 966kJ = -0.007728mol es
-
3
125moles -
7.728x10 mol es
3.Whatwast heconcent r
at i
onofcopper (
II)
sulphate(VI)inmolesperlit
re.
Molar i
ty= mol esx1000
Volumeused
=>7.728x10-3mol esx1000=0. 3864M

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20
4.Theact ualconcentr
ationofcopper
(I
I)Sulphate(VI)sol
uti
onwas0. 4M.Explainthedif
ferencesbet
weent hetwo.
Practi
cal v
alueislowerthant heoreti
cal
.Heat/energylosstothesur r
oundi ngandthatabsorbedbythereact
ionvessel
decreases∆Thencel ower i
ngt hepracti
calnumberofmol esandmolarit
y
againstthetheoreti
calvalue

(c)Standardent halpy/heatofneut r
ali
zati
on∆Hᶿ n
Themol arst andar denthalpy /
heatofneutralizat i
on∆Hᶿ nisdefi
nedasthe
+ +
energy /
heatchangewhenonemol eofaH ( H3O ) i
onsr eactcomplet
elywit
h
-
onemol eofOH i onstoform onemol eofH2O/ water.
+ +
Neut ral
izati
oni st husar eact i
onofanaci d/H( H3O ) i
onswi t
habase/alkal
i
/
-
OH i onst ofor m saltandwat eronly
.
Strongaci ds/ bases/alkali
sar ecompl et
ely/fully/whol l
ydissoci
atedtomany
+ + -
freeions(H/ H3O andOH i ons).

(i
i)forstr ongacid/ base/alkal
ineut r
alization,noener gyi susedt odissociate
+ +
/i
onizesi ncemol eculeiswhol ly/
fullydi ssociated/ionizedi ntofreeH H3O and
-
OH i ons.
Theov erallenergyev olvediscompar ativelyhigher/mor et hanweakaci d-base/
al
kal ineut r
ali
zations.
Forst r
ongaci d-base/ al
kalineutrali
zat i
on, theent halpyofneut r
ali
zationis
-
1
const antatabout57. 3kJmol ei rrespect iveoft heaci d-baseused.
Thisi sbecausei onicall
y:
- +
OH( aq) +H ( aq)- > H2O( l
)
foral lwhol l
y/full
y/ completelydissoci atedaci d/base/ alkali

Weakaci ds/bases/alkali
sarepar t
ial
lydissociatedtofewf reeions(H+(H3O+
andOH-i ons)andex i
stmor easmol ecules.
Neutral
izati
onisanexot hermic(-
∆H)pr ocess.
Theener gyproduceddur ingneutrali
zati
ondependont heamountoff reeions
+ + -
(H H3O andOH) i
onsexi st
ingintheacid/ base/alkal
ireact ant
:
(i
)forweakaci d-base/al
kal
i neutr
alizati
on,someoft heener gyisusedto
+ + -
di
ssociate/ioni
zet hemol ecul
eint ofr
eeH H3O andOH i onsthereforethe
overal
lenergyev ol
v ediscompar ati
velyl
ower /lesser/
smal lerthanst r
ongacid/

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base/alkal
ineutr
ali
zat
ions.
Pract
icall
y∆Hᶿ ncanbedeter
minedasi
ntheexampl
esbel
ow:

Todet
erminet
hemol
arent
hal
pyofneut
ral
i
zat
ion∆HnofHy
drochl
ori
caci
d
Pr
ocedur
e

Place50cm3of2M hy drochl ori

caci di ntoacal ori
meter/200cm3pl ast
icbeaker
wrappedi ncottonwool /ti
ssuepaper .
Recor di tstemper atureT1.
Usingacl eanmeasur ingcy l
i
nder ,measur eanot her50cm3of2M sodi um
hydr oxide.
Rinset hebul boft hether momet eri ndi sti
ll
edwat er.
Det ermi net hetemper atur eoft hesodi um hy droxi
deT2.
Aver ageT2andT1t ogett hei ni
tialtemper atureofthemixtureT3.
Car efullyaddal lthealkali intothecal orimeter/200cm3pl ast
icbeakerwrapped
i
ncot tonwool /
tissuepapercont ai
ningt heacid.
Stirv i
gor ouslythemi xturewi ththet her momet er.
Det ermi net hehighestt emper aturechanget othenearest0.5oCT4asthefinal
temper atureoft hemi xtur e.
Repeatt heexper imentt ocompl etet able1.

(
ii
)enthal
pychange∆H ofneut
ral
izat
ion.
∆H=( m)massofsolut
ion(
aci
d+base)x(c)speci
fi
cheatcapaci
tyofsol
uti
onx
∆T(T6)=>(50+50)x4. 2x13.5=5670Joul es=5.67kJ

(
ii
i)t
hemolarheatofneut
ral
i
zat
iontheacid.
∆Hn =Ent
hal
pychange∆H => 5.
67kJ =56. e-1
7kJmol
Numberofmoles 0.1moles

(
c)Wr
it
etheioni
cequati
onfort
hereact
iont
hatt
akespl
ace
- +
OH( aq)
+H ( aq)-
> H2O(l
)

(
d)Thetheor
eti
cal
ent
hal
pychangei
s57.
4kJ.Expl
aint
hedi
ff
erencewi
tht
he
r
esult
sabove.

Thet
heor
eti
cal
val
uei
shi
gher

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Heat
/ener
gyl
osstot
hesur
rounding/
envi
ronmentlowers∆T/T6andthus∆Hn
Heat
/ener
gyi
sabsor
bedbythereact
ionvessel
/cal
ori
meter
/plast
iccupl
owers
∆Tandhence∆Hn

Sampl
eresul
ts

Exper
iment I I
I
o
Temper
atur
eofaci
dT1(C) 22.
5 22.
5
o
Temper
atur
eofbaseT2(C) 22.
0 23.
0
o
Fi
nal
temper
atur
eofsol
uti
onT4(C) 35.
5 36.
0
o
I
nit
ial
temper
atur
eofsol
uti
onT3(C) 22.
25 22.
75

Temper
atur
echange(T5) 13.
25 13.
75

(a)Cal
culateT6t heaver
aget emper
aturechange T6 =
o
13.25+13.75 = 13. 5C 2
(b)Whyshoul dt heapparatusbever
yclean?
Impur i
ti
espr esentint
heappar at
usreactswit
hacid/
basel
ower
ingt
heover
all
temperaturechangeandhence∆Hᶿ n.

(c)Calculatet he:
(i
)numberofmol esoftheacidused
numberofmol es=mol ari
tyxvolume => 2x50 = 0. 1moles
1000 1000
(e)Compar et he∆Hnoft heexperi
mentabov ewithsi
mi l
arexper
imentrepeat
ed
withneut ralizationofasol ut
ionof:
(i)potassi um hy droxi
dewi t
hnitri
c(V)aci
d
Ther esultswoul dbet hesame/ simil
ar.
Bothar eneut rali
zationreact
ionsofstrongacidsandbases/ al
kal
isthataref
ull
y
+ + -
/whol l
ydi ssoci atedintomanyf r
eeH /H3O andOH i ons.
(i
i)ammoni awi thethanoi
cacid
Ther esultswoul dbel ower/∆Hnwoul dbeless.
Bothar eneut rali
zationreact
ionsofweakaci dsandbases/ al
kal
isthatare

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par
ti
all
y/par
tl
ydi
ssoci
atedi
ntof
ewf
reeH+/H3O+andOH-i
ons.Someener
gy
i
susedtoioni
zet
hemolecul
e.

(
f)Dr
awanener
gyl
evel
diagr
am t
oil
l
ust
rat
etheener
gychanges

Theoreticalexampl es
1.Themol arenthalpyofneut rali
zat i
onwasexper iment aryshownt obe51. 5kJ
permol eof0. 5M hy drochlori
caci dand0. 5M sodium hy droxide.I
fthevolume
ofsodium hy droxidewas20cm3, whatwast hevolumeofhy drochlor
icacid
o
usedifther eactionpr oduceda5. 0Cr i
sei ntemper at
ur e?
Wor ki
ng:
Molesofsodi um hy droxi
de=mol arityxvolume
1000
=>0. 5M x20cm3=0. 01mol es
1000
Enthal
pychange∆H = ∆Hn => 51. 5 =0. 515kJ
Molessodi um hy droxide 0.
01mol es
Massofbase+aci d= Ent halpychange∆Hi nJoul es
Specifi
cheatcapaci t
yx∆T
=> 0.515kJ x1000 = 24. 5238g
4.
2x5
Mass/ volumeofHCl =Totalvolume–v olumeofNaOH
=>24.5238 -20. 0= 4. 5238cm3

Graphically∆Hncanbedet erminedasi ntheexamplebel ow:

Procedur e
Place8t esttubesi natesttuber ack.
Put5cm3of2M sodi um hydroxidesoluti
onintoeacht estt
ube.Measure25cm3
of1M hy drochloricacidinto100cm3pl asti
cbeaker.
Recor ditsiniti
altemper at
ureatv ol
umeofbase=0.
Putonepor ti
onoft hebaseintot hebeakercontaini
ngt heaci
d.
Stircarefull
ywi t
ht hethermomet erandrecordthehighesttemper
aturechange
o
tot henearest0.5C.
Repeatt hepr ocedur eabovewi t
hot herport
ionsofthebaset ocompletetabl
e1
below

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Vol
umeofaci
d(cm3) 25.
0 25.
0 25.
0 25.
0 25.
0 25.
0 25.
0 25.
0 25.
0
Vol
umeof 0 5.
0 10.0 15.
0 20.
0 25.
0 30.
0 35.
0 40.
0
al
kal
i(
cm3)
Fi
nal 22.
0 24.
0 26.
0 28.
0 28.
0 27.
0 26.
0 25.
0 24.
0
o
t
emper at
ure(C)
I
nit
ial 22.
0 22.
0 22.
0 22.
0 22.
0 22.
0 22.
0 22.
0 22.
0
o
temper
ature(C)
Changein 0.
0 2.
0 4.
0 6.
0 6.
0 5.
0 4.
0 3.
0 2.
0
temper
ature

Completethet abl
etodet erminet
hechangei ntemper atur
e.
Pl
otagr aphofv olumeofsodi um hydroxideagainsttemperat
urechange.
Fr
om thegr aphshowanddet ermine:
(i
)thehi
ghestt emper at
urechange∆T
∆T=T2- T1:highesttemperatur
e-T2(from ext
rapolatingacor
rect
lypl
ott
ed
gr
aph)lessl owesttemper at
ureatvolumeofbase=0- T1
o
=>28.7–22. 0=6. 70 C

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(i
i
)thev ol
umeofsodium hy
droxi
deusedf
orcompl
eteneut
ral
i
zat
ion
From corr
ect
lypl
ott
edgraph=16.75cm3

(
ii
i)Cal
cul
atet
henumberofmol
esoft
heal
kal
iused
MolesNaOH=molari
tyxvol
ume()
Vn=
1000

=> 2x16. 75=0.

0335mol
es
1000

(
iv)
Cal
cul
ate∆Hfort
hereact
ion.
∆H=massofsoluti
onmi xt
ure xcx∆T
=>(25.
0+16.
75)x4.2x6.7

=1174.845J = 1.
174845kJ
1000

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(i
ii
)Cal culatet hemol arent hal pyoft healkali
:
∆Hn=Heatchange =>1. 174845kJ
numberofmol es 0. 0335mol es
-1
=35. 0699kJmol e
(i)St andar dent halpy/heatofsol ution/dissol
uti
on∆Hᶿ s
Thest andar dent halpyofsol ution∆Hᶿ si
sdef i
nedast heener gychangewhen
onemol eofasubst anceisdi ssol vedi nexcessdist i
ll
edwat ertoform an
i
nf i
nitedi lutesol ut
ion.
Ani nfinitedi l
utesol uti
onisonewhi chist oodil
utet obedi lutedfurt
her.
Pract i
cal l
yt heheatofsol utioni sdet erminedbydi ssolvingaknownmass
/volumeofasol utei nknownmass/ v ol
umeofwat er /
solventanddet ermini
ng
thet emper aturechange.
Todet er minet heheatofdi ssol utionofammoni um ni t
rate(V)
Place100cm3ofdi sti
ll
edwat erint oapl asti
ccup/ beaker /
cal or
imeter
Putal lt he5. 0gofammoni um ni trate(v)/
potassium nitrate(V)/ammoni um
chloridei ntot hewat er.
Stirthemi xtureusi ngthet her momet erandr ecordt hetemper at
urechange
afterev er y½mi nutet ocompl et et able1.
Cont inuest irri
ngt hroughoutt heexper i
ment .

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(a)From thegraphshowanddet ermine:

(i)thehi
ghestt emper aturechange∆T
∆T=T2- T1:highestt emperature-T2(f
rom extr
apolatingacor r
ect
lypl
ott
ed
graph)lesslowestt emper atureatv olumeofbase=0- T1
o o
=>18. 7–22. 0=3. 3C (not- 3.
3 C)
(b)Calculatethetotal energychange∆Hdur i
ngther eacti
on
∆H=massofwat erxcx∆T
=>∆H=100x4. 2x3.3oC =+1386J = +1. 386kJ
1000
(c)Calculatethenumberofmol esofammoni um nit
rate(v)used
Mol es = mass => 5. 0 = 0. 0625mol es
mol armass 80

(
d)Whati
sthemolarheatofdi
ssol
uti
onofammoni
um ni
tr
ate(
V)
-
1
∆H=Heatchange = +1. 386kJ=+22.176kJmol
e
Numberofmol
e0. 0625moles

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(e)Whatwoul dhappeni fthedisti

l
ledwaterisheatedbeforeexper
imentwas
performed.
Theammoni um nit
rate(V)woul dtakel
esstimetodissolve.
I
ncr easeintemperaturereduceslatti
ceenergycausingendother
mic
dissollut
iontobef ast
er.
(e)I
llustr
atetheabovepr ocessonanener gylev
eldiagram

c)Chemi cal Kineti

c/ Rateofr eacti
on
Ther ateofachemi calreactioncanbedef i
nedasthetimetakenforaknown
amountofr eactant stof orm knownamountofpr oduct
s.
Somer eactionsar etoosl owt obedeterminede.gweather
ingother
sare
i
nst antaneous
TheSIuni toft imei sseconds.Mi nut
esandhoursarealsocommon.
Timei sdet er minedusi ngast opwatch/
clock
Candi datesusi ngst opwat ch/cl
ockshouldlear
nto:
(i
)Pressst ar tbuttonconcur r
entlywit
hstarti
ngoffdet
erminat
ionofareact
ion
usingonehandeach.
(i
i)
Pr essst opbut tonwhent hereacti
onisover.

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(ii
i)Recor dal l t
imesi nsecondsunl essspeci fi
ed.
(iv)Pressr esetbut tont obegi nanot hert iming
(v)Ignor et imebey ondsecondsf orst opcl ock/ wat chbey ondt hisaccur acy
(vi)Av oidacci dent al pressi ngofanybut tonbef orer ecordi ng
Itcanbev er yf rustrati
ngr epeat ingawhol eprocedur e
Thef ollowi ngf act orstheor eti
cal lyandpr actically
alter /
influence/ affect/det ermi net her at eofachemi calreact i
on:
(a) Concent rat i
on
(b) Temper ature
(a) Concent rat i
on
Ani ncreasei nconcent rat i
oni ncr easest her atet her ateofr eact i
onbyr educing
thet i
met akent ocompl etion.
Theor etical l
y, i
ncr easei nconcent rati
oni sadecr easei ndi st ancebet ween
react ingpar ticleswhi chi ncr easest hei rcol l
isionf requency .
Pr acticallydecr easingconcent r
at ioni sdi luti
ng/ addi ngwat er
Todemonst r
at et heef fectofconcent r ationonr eact ionr ate
Youar epr ov idedwi t
h
(i)sodi um t hiosul phat econt aining40gdm -3sol ut ionlabel edA
(ii
)2M hy drochl oricacidl abel edsol utionB
Youar er equi redt odet er mi net her ateofr eact i
onbet weensol utionAandB
Pr ocedur e
Measur e40cm3ofsol ut i
onA i nto100cm3gl assbeaker .Pl acei tont opofa
pen- mar k“ X” .Measur eanot her40cm3ofsol utionB.Si mul taneousl yput
sol uti
onBi nt osol uti
onAandst artof fast opwat ch/clock.Det erminet hetime
takenf ort hepen- mar k“ X”t obei nv i
si ble/obscur redf rom abov e.Repeatt he
pr ocedur ebymeasur i
ng35cm3ofsol ut ionBandaddi ng5cm3ofwat er.
Compl etet het able1bel owbyusi ngot herv aluesossol utionBandwat er

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Sampl
equest
ions

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(i
)Explaintheshapeoft hegraph
(Str
aightlinegr aphfrom t heori
gin)
Decreasei nconcent rationdecreasestherateofr eact
ion.Thehigherthe
concent r
ationofsol utionBt helessti
met akenformar kxt obe
obscur r
ed/ i
nv i
sibl
eduet oincr
easedcoll
isionfrequencybetweent hereact
ing
parti
cles.
(i
i)
From t hegr aphdet erminethet i
metakenf orthemar ktobeinvisi
bleat
37cm3
At37cm3t hen1/ t=>1/37=0. 027
From awel lplott
edgr aph:
1/t=0. 027=>16. 2602seconds

(i
i
)From thegr aphdeterminet
hevolumeofsol uti
onB at100seconds
100seconds=>1/ t=1/1000=0. 01
From awel lpl
ottedgraph:
At1/ t=0.01=>t hevol
umeofB =17. 0cm3
(i
i
i)Stateanot herfact
orthatwoul
daltert
her ateoftheabovereact
ion.
Temper at
ur e
(i
i
i)Stateanot herfact
orthatwoul
dnotaltertherateoftheabovereact
ion.
Surfacearea
Pressure
Catalyst

(b)Temper atur
e
Ani ncreasei ntemper at
urei ncreasest her ateofreaction.
o
Ani ncreaseof10 C/ 10Kpr act i
callydoublest herateofachemi cal
1
reaction/r
educest i
meofcompl et i
onby / 2.
Ani ncreasei ntemper at
urei ncreaset hekinet i
cenergyofr eacti
ngparti
cl
es
i
ncreasi ngtheircolli
sionfrequency
Practicall
y,incr
easei ntemper atureinvol
vesheat ingt hereactants
Ther esultsandpr esentationshoul dbeasi ntheeffectofconcent r
ati
on.
I
ncr easedt emper atur
er eversest het abl
eIt imeresults
i.elesst i
meast emper atureincr eases.

d)
Quali
tat
iveanal
ysis
Pr
ocessofidenti
fyi
ngunknowncompounds

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Compoundsmaybe:
(i)
Inorgani c
(ii
)organic
Inorganicanal y sis:
Thisi nvolvemai nlyident i
ficat i
onofi oniccompoundscont aini
ngcat i
onsand
anions.
Cat i
onspr esenti nani oni ccompoundsar ei denti
fi
edbyaddi ngapr ecipitati
ng
reagentt hatf ormsapr ecipi tateuni quet othecat ion/ si
nthecompound.
Themai npr ecipitatingr eagent susedar e:
2M NaOHand/ or2M NH3( aq)
Whenusi ng2M sodi um hy dr oxide:
(i)
Nowhi tepr ecipi t
at eisf or medi fK+andNa+i onsar epresent
+
(ii
)Nowhi t epr eci pi
tat ei sfor medi fNH4 i onsar epr esentbutacl ourlessgas
withpungentsmel lofur inei spr oducedwhi chmaynotber ecognizedina
school labor at oryexami nat ionset ti
ng.
Zn2+Pb2+Al 3+
(ii
i
)Whi tepr eci pitatet hatdi ssolv es/sol ublei nexcessi f
i
onsar epr esent .
(iv
)Whi tepr eci pitatet hatdonotdi ssolv
es/ insolubleinexcessi fBa2+Mg2+Ca2+
i
onsar epr esent .
(v)Bluepr ecipi tatet hatdonotdi ssolves/ i
nsol ubl
ei nexcessi fCu2+ionsar e
present .
(vi
)Gr eenpr eci pitatet hatdonotdi ssolves/insolubleinexcessi fFe2+ionsar e
present .
(vi
i)Brownpr ecipitatet hatdonotdi ssolves/ i
nsolubleinexcessi fFe3+ionsar e
present .

Whenusi ng2M aqueousammoni a

(i
)Nowhi tepr ecipi
tateisformedifK+, NH4+ Na+i onsarepresent
(i
i)Whit
epr ecipi
tat
et hatdissol
ves/sol ubl
einexcessi f Zn2+i
onsare
present.
(i
ii
)Whitepr ecipit
atethatdonotdi ssol
v es/i
nsolublei
nexcessifBa2+Mg2+Ca2+
Pb2+Al3+
ionsar epr esent
.
(i
v)Bluepr ecipit
atethatdi ssol
ves/solubleinexcesstoform adeep/royal
blue
2+
solut
ioninexcessi fCu i onsarepresent.
(v)Gr
eenpr ecipi
tatethatdonotdi ssol
ves/insol
ubleinexcessifFe2+ionsare
present.

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 Enockmosomi
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(v
i)Brownpr
eci
pit
atet
hatdonotdi
ssol
ves/
insol
ubl
ei fFe3+i
nexcessi onsar
e
present.

Anionspr esentinani oniccompoundsar eidenti

fi
edbyaddingaspecif
ic
precipitati
ngr eagentt hatf or
msapr eci pi
tateuni
quet ot
hespecif
icani
on/si
n
thecompound.
(i
)Lead( II
)nitr
ate(V)sol uti
on
Leadf or msi nsolublePbSO4, PbSO3,PbCO3,PbS, PbI PbCl
2, 2
PbSi sabl ackprecipitate,
PbI 2isay el
lowpr ecipitate.
Alltheot hersar ewhi tepr eci
pit
ates.
(a)I
faLead( II)
nitrat
e(V)sol uti
onisaddedt oasubstance/sol
uti
on/compound:
-
(i
)Ay ellowpptshowspr esenceofIi ons
2-
(i
i)Abl ackpptshowspr esenceofS i ons
esenceofSO42-, SO32-,
CO32-Cl
-
(i
ii
)Awhi tepptshowspr

(b)Ifthewhi teprecipitateisaddeddi luteni t

ric(V)acid:
2- 2-
(i
)Itdissolvest oshowpr esenceofSO3 , CO3
esenceofSO42-, -
(i
i)I
tper si
st/ remainst oshowpr Cl
(c)I
ft hewhi teprecipitateinb( i)i
saddedaci difi
edpot assi
um manganate(
VII
)/
dichromat e(VI )
(i
)acidifi
edpot assium manganat e(VII)isdecol or
ized/ or
angecolourof
acidif
iedpot assium dichr omat e(VI)turnst ogr eentoshowpr esenceofSO32-
(ii
)acidifi
edpot assium manganat e(VII)isnotdecol ori
zed/or
angecolourof
acidif
iedpot assium dichr omat e(VI)doesnott urnt
ogr een/r
emainsorangeto
2- 2-
showabsenceofSO3 / presenceofCO3
(c)I
ft hewhi teprecipitateinb( ii
)isboi l
ed:
-
(i)
Itdissolv est oshowpr esenceofCl
(ii
)I
tper sist/remainst oshowpr esenceofSO42-

(i
i
)Bari
um( I
I)nit
rate(V) /
Bar ium chlor
idesoluti
on
Bari
um(II
)nitrat
e( V)/Barium chl or
idesolut
ionpreci
pitatesBaSO4, BaSO3,BaCO3,
2- 2- 2-
fr
om SO4 , SO3 , CO3 i ons.
I
norgani
cqual i
tativ
eanal ysisrequir
econtinouspracticediscussion
Samplepr esent ati
onofr esult
s
Youareprov i
dedwi thsol idY(aluminium (
III
)sul
phate(VI)
hexahy drat
e).
Carryout

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thefol
lowingtestsandr
ecor
dyourobser
vat
ionsandinfer
encesi
nthespace
provi
ded.
1(a)Appearance
Observat
ions inf
erence
(1mark)

Whi
tecr
yst
all
i
nesol
i
d Col
our onsCu2+,
edi Fe2+,
Fe3+absent

(b)
Placeaboutahal
fspat
ulaf
ull
oft
hesol
i
dint
oacl eandr
yboi
l
ingt
ube.Heat
gentl
ythenstr
ongl
y.
Observat
ions i
nfer
ence
(1mark)

Col
ourl
essdropl
etsfor
medonthecool
er Hy drat
ed
compound/
compound
par
tofthet
esttube cont
ainingwaterofcr
yst
all
i
zat
ion
Sol
idr
emainsawhi t
eresi
due

(c)
Placeall
theremaini
ngporti
onofthesol
i
di natesttube.Addabout10cm3
ofdist
il
ledwater
.Shakethor
oughl
y.Divi
dethemixtur
ei nt
ofiv
eporti
ons.

Obser
vati
on Inference (
1mark)
Sol
iddissol
vestofor
m Polarsolublecompound
2+ 2+ 3+
acolourl
esssol
uti
on Cu , Fe , Fe absent

(i
)Tothefi
rstpor
ti
on,
addt
hreedr
opsofsodi
um hy
droxi
det
henaddexcessof
t
healkal
i.

Observati
on Inf
erence (1mar
k)
2+ 2+ 3+
Whi
teppt,solubl
einexcess Zn ,
Pb , Al

(i
i)
Tothesecondport
ion,
addt
hreedr
opsofaqueousammoni
athenadd
excessoft
healkal
i
.

Obser
vat
ion I
nfer
ence (
1mar
k)

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Pb2+, 3+
Whi
teppt
,insol
ubl
einexcess Al

(
ii
i)
Tot
het
hir
dpor
ti
on,
addt
hreedr
opsofsodi
um sul
phat
e(VI
)sol
uti
on.

Obser
vat
ion Inf
erence (
1mar
k)
3+
Nowhit
eppt Al

(i
v)I
.Tothef
our
thpor
ti
on,
addt
hreedr
opsofLead(
II
)ni
tr
ate(
IV)
sol
uti
on.
Preser
ve

Obser
vat
ion I
nfer
ence (
1mar
k)
CO32-,SO42-,SO32-,Cl
-
Whi
teppt ,

I
I.
Tot
hepor
ti
oni
n(i
v)Iabov
e,addf
ivedr
opsofdi
l
utehy
drochl
ori
caci
d.

Obser
vat
ion I
nfer
ence (
1mar
k)
SO42-,Cl
-
Whi
tepptper
sist
/remai
ns ,

I
II
.Tot
hepor
ti
oni
n(i
v)I
Iabov
e,heatt
oboi
l
.

Obser
vat
ion I
nfer
ence (
1mar
k)
Whi
tepptper
sist
/remai
ns SO42-,

Or
gani
canal
ysi
s:

Thi
sinv
olv
emai
nlyi
dent
if
icat
ionoft
hef
unct
ional
group:

(
i) -C=C- / =C=C= / C -C

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(
ii
) R OH

(
ii
i) R COOH /H+

Thesef
unct
ional
groupscanbei
dent
if
iedby
:

(i
)burning-asubst
ancewhi
ch“cat
chesfir
e”mustreduceinamount .
Candi datesshoul
dnotconfusebur
ningwithf
lamecol or
ation/
test
(i
i
) Decolori
zati
onofbromi
newater/
chlori
newater
/acidif
iedKMnO4/toshow
presenceof

- C=C- /-C =C - andR–OH

(i
i
i)Turni
ngorangeacidi
fi
edK2Cr2O7togreentoshowpresenceasinabove.
(i
i
i)pH 1/2/
3f orstr
ongl
yaci
dicsol
uti
ons.pH 4/
5/6forweaklyaci
dicsol
uti
ons
(i
v)Turni
ngbluelit
muspaperr
ed.redl
itmuspaperr
emaini
ngr edshow
+
presenceofH i ons

d)Flamet est
Thecol ourchangeonacl earcol
ourlessBunsenfl
ameisusefuli
nident
if
ying
somecat i
ons/met al
s.
Av erycleanmetall
i
cspatulaisrecommendedsi ncedi
rtobscur
es/changesthe
correctcolor
ati
ondisti
nctflamecolorati
onofsomecompounds

Bar
ium/
bar
ium sal
ts or
ange
Sodi
um/sodi
um sal
ts y
ell
ow
Pot
assi
um/
pot
assi
um sal
ts Pur
ple/
li
lac
Li
thi
um/
Lit
hium sal
ts Deep
red/
cri
mson
Cal
cium/cal
cium sal
ts r
ed
Copper
/coppersal
ts Bl
ue/gr
een

(
e)Phy
sical
chemi
str
y

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Chemi stryisasci encesubj ectt hati

ncorporat
emanysci entif
ictechniques.
Exami ningbody /counci l
,requiretabulat
edresults/dat
af rom thecandidate.
Thistabul atedresultsisusual l
yt henputinagr aph.
Thegener alphil
osophyofmet hodsofpr esentati
onofchemi strypracti
caldat
a
i
st hereforeav ai
labili
tyofev i
denceshowi ng:
(i
)Practicaldone( compl etetable)
(i
i)Accuracyofappar atusused( decimalpoint)
(i
ii
)Accur acy /
careindoi ngexper i
menttogetcol l
ecttrend(againstt
eachers
result
s)
(i
v)Graphi calwork(useofmat hemat icalsci
ence)
(v)Calculati
ons( Scienti
ficmat hemat i
calint
egration)

(
f)Sampl
epr
act
ical
s

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Name……………….
.……………………….
Class………….
.I
ndexNo…………….
.

Candi
dat
e’ssi
gnat
ure……………………………….
.

Dat
edone………………Dat
emar
ked………….
……Dat
erev
ised…………….
…..
….

233/3
CHEMISTRYPaper3
PRACTICAL.
Pre-
KCSEPract
ice1:
2013
MARKSSCHEME

I
nst ructi
ont oCandi date
Wr it
ey ournameandi ndexnumberi nthespacespr ovi
dedabove.
Si
gnandwr i
tethedat eofexami nat
ionint hespacesprovi
dedabove
Answeral lquesti
onsi nthespacespr ovi
ded.
Mat hemat icalt
abl esandelectroni
ccalculator
smaybeused.
Allwor ki
ngmustbecl earl
yshownwher enecessary.
Thispaperconsi stof8pr i
nt edpages.
Candi datesshoul dcheckt hequestionpapert oascer
taint
hatal
lthepagesar
e
printedandi ndicatedandt hatnoquest i
onsar emissi
n
Forexami nersuseonly
Quest i
on Maxi mum Candidat
es
scor e core

1 20 20

2 10 10

3 10 10

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Tot
alscor
e 40 40

1.
Youarepr ovidedwi t
h:
(i
)soluti
onLcont aining5.0gperli
treofadi basicor
ganicacidH2X.2H2O.
(i
i)
soluti
onM whi chi sacidi
fi
edpotassium manganat e(
VII)
(i
ii
)solut
ionNami xtureofsodium ethanedi
oat eandethanedioi
cacid
(i
v)0.1M sodi um hy droxidesol
uti
onP
(v)
1.0M sul phuri
c( VI)
Youarerequir
edt o:
(i
)standardizesolut ionM usingsoluti
onL
(i
i)
usest andar di
zedsol uti
onM andsol ut
ionPt odeterminethe%of
sodium et hanedi oat einthemixt
ure.

Procedure1
Fi
lltheburet
tewithsol
uti
onM.Pi pette25.0cm3ofsolutionLintoaconi cal
o
fl
ask.Heatthissol
uti
ontoabout70C( butnottoboil
).
Titratet
hehotsolut i
onL
withsolut
ionM unti
lapermanentpinkcolourjustappears.Shakethoroughly
duri
ngthet i
tr
ati
on.Repeatt
hisproceduret ocomplet
et able1.
Tabl
e 1
CT=1/2mk
DP=1/2mk
Tabl
e1
AC=1/2mk
1 2 3 AV=1mk
Finalburett
ereading 20.
0 20.
0 FA=1/
2mk

(cm3) 20.
0 Total
=3mk
I
nitialburet
tereading 0.
0 0.
0 0.0
(cm3)
VolumeofNused( cm3) 20.
0
20.
0 20.
0

(
2marks)
(a)
Cal
culat
etheav
eragevol
umeofsol
uti
onLused
(
1mk)
20.0+20.0+20.
0 = 20.
0cm3
3

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(b)
Giv
ent hattheconcentrat
ionoft hedibasicacidi
s0. esdm-3.
05mol det
ermi
ne
t
hevalueofxint heformulaH2X.2H2O( H=1.0,O=16.
0)
(1mark)
MolarmassH2X. 2H2O =mass/l it
re =>
mol es/litr
e
5.0g/l
itr
e = 100g
-3
0.05mol esdm
H2X.2H2O=100
X=100–( (2x1)+2x( 2x1)+( 2x16)=>100– 34=62

(c)Cal
cul
atet
henumberofmol esofthedi basi
cacidH2X.2H2O. ( 1mark)
Moles=molarityxpipett
evolume =>
1000
0.05x25 = 0. 00125/1. 25x10-3moles
1000
(d)Giv
enthemolerat
iomanganat e(VI
I)
(MnO4-):acidH2Xis2:5,
calculat
ethe
-
numberofmolesofmanganat e(VII
)(MnO4)i ntheaverageti
tr
e.(
1mar k)
2 -
MolesH2X = / 5mo l
esofMnO4
2
=> /5 x0.
0125/ 25x10-2mol
1. es= 0. 0005/5.0x10-4 mol es

(
e)Cal
cul
atet
heconcentr
ati
onofthemanganat
e(VI
I)
(MnO4-)i
nmolesperl
i
tre.
(
1mark)
Molesperl
it
re/mol
ari
ty= mol
es x 1000
av
eragebur
ett
evolume

0x10-4mol -
1
=> 0.0005/5. esx1000 = 0.
02083mol esl /M
24.0
Procedure2
Withsoluti
onM sti
lli
nthebur et
te,pipett
e25.0cm3ofsolut
ionNi ntoaconical
o
fl
ask.Heattheconicalf
laskcontaini
ngsol ut
ionNtoabout70C. Titr
atewhile
hotwithsoluti
onM.Repeatt heexper i
menttocomplet
etable2.
Table1
Table2( 2marks) CT=1/2mk
1
1 2 3 DP=/ 2mk
AC=1/2mk
Finalburet
ter
eading 12.5 12. 5 12. 5 AV=1mk
(cm3) FA=1/2mk
Tot
al=3mk
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I
niti
albur
ett
ereadi
ng 0.0 0.
0 0.
0
(cm3)
VolumeofNused(cm3) 12.
5 12.
5 12.
5

(a)Calculatet heav eragev ol

umeofsol ut i
onLused
(1mk)
12.5+12. 5+12. 5 = 12.5cm3
3
(b)Cal culations:
(i
)Howmanymol esofmanganat e(VI
I)ionsar econtainedintheaverage
volumeofsol utionM used?
(1mar k)
Mol es=mol ari
tyofsol ut i
onM xav eragebur et
tevolume
1000
-1
=>0. 02083mol esl/M x12. 5 = 0. 00026/2. 6x10-4moles
1000
(i
i)Ther eact i
onbet weenmanganat e(VII)ionsandet hanedioatei
onst hat
reactedwi thisasi nt heequat i
on:
- 2-
2MnO4 ( aq)+5C2O4 ( aq)+16H+( aq)- >2Mn2+( aq)+10CO2( g)+8H2O(l)
Calculatet henumberofmol esofet hanedioat eionst hatreactedwit
h
manganat e(VI I
)ionsi nt heav eragev olumeofsol uti
onM.
(1mar k)
From t hest oichiomet ri
c/ i
onicequat i
on:
-
mol er ati
oMnO4 ( aq): C2O42-( aq)=2: 5
2- 5 -
=>mol esC2O4 = / 2mo l
esMnO4
5
5x103mol
-
=> / 2x0 .
00026/2. es
-
4
= 0. 00065/6. 5x10 mol es

(i
ii
)Calcul
atethenumberofmol esofethanedioat
eionscontai
nedin250cm3
soluti
onN. (1mark)
25cm3pi pett
ev ol
ume - > 0.00065/6.5x10-4moles
-
3
250cm3 ->0.0065/ 6.
5x10 mol esx250 = 0. 0065/6.5x10-3
mol es
25
Procedure3
Remov esoluti
onM from theburet
teandrinseitwit
hdist
il
ledwater
.Fi
llt
he

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s
1
CT=/mk 2
1
DP=/mk 2
AC=1/2mk

What
sApp0748842695 AV=1mk
FA=1/
2mk Page|
33
Total
=3mk
 Enockmosomi
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buret t
ewi thsodi um hy dr oxidesol utionP.Pi pette25cm3ofsol utionNi nt
oa
conical fl
askandadd2- 3dr opsofphenol pht halei
nindicator
.Titratethi
s
solutionNwi thsol ut i
onPf rom thebur et t
e.Repeatt hepr oceduret ocomplet
e
table3.
Table3
1 2 3
Final bur etter eadi ng 12. 5 12. 5 12.5
(cm3)
I
nit i
al bur etter eadi ng 0.0 0.0 0.0
(cm3)
Vol umeofNused( cm3) 12.5 12. 5 12.5
(2mar k)
(a)Calcul atet heav er agev olumeofsol utionLused
(1mk)
12. 5+12. 5+12. 5 =12. 5 cm3
3
(b)Cal cul ations:
(i
)Howmanymol esofsodi um hy droxi desol utionPwer econtainedinthe
averagev olume?
(1mar k)
Mol es=mol ar ityofsol uti
onP xav eragebur ettevolume
1000
-
1
=>0. 1mol esl x24. 9 = 0. 00249/2. 49x10-3mol es
1000
(i
i)Givent hatNaOHsol ut i
onPr eact edwi ththeet hanedioateionsf r
om theaci
d
onlyandt heequat ionf ort her eactioni s:
2NaOH( aq)+ H2C2O4( aq) - > Na2C2O4( g)+ 2H2O( l)
Calcul atet henumberofmol esofet hanedi oicacidthatwer eusedi nthe
reaction. (1mk)
From t hest oichiomet ri
cequat ion,mol er atio
NaOH( aq) :H2C2O4( aq) = 2: 1
1
=> mol esH2C2O4 = / 2mo l
esNaOH
1
=> / 2x0 .00249/2. 49x10-3mol es
-
3
=0. 001245/ 1.245x10 mol es.
(i
ii
)Howmanymol esofet hanedioicaci dwer econtainedin250cm3ofsol uti
on
N?( 1mar k)

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25cm3pipet
tev
olume -> 0. 001245/ 1.245x10-3
250cm3 -
> 0. 001245/ 1.245x10-3mol esx250
25
-
2
= 0. 01245/ 1.245x10 mol es
(i
ii
)Det erminethe%bymassofsodi um et hanedi oateinthemi xtur
e
(H=1. 0,O=16.0,
C=12. 0andt otalmassofmi xture=2.0gi n250cm3sol ution)
(1mar k)
Mol armassH2C2O4=90. 0g
MassofH2C2O4i n250cm3=
molesi n250cm3xmol armassH2C2O4
-
2
=>0.01245/1.245x10 mol esx90. 0
=1. 1205g
%bymassofsodi um ethanedioat e
=(Massofmi xture -massofH2C2O4)x100%
Massofmi xtur
e
=> 2. 0-1.1205g =43. 975%
2.0
2.Youar eprovidedwith5. 0gsol idB.Youar et odet er
mi nethemol armassof
soli
dB.
Procedur e
Place100cm3ofl iquidLint oapl asticbeaker .Det erminei t
stemper at
ureand
recordi tattime=0i nTabl e2bel ow.St i
rcont inuouslyusi ngthether momet er
o
andr ecordt hehighesttemper aturechanget ot henearest0. 5Caf terev ery30
seconds.Af t
er120seconds, addal l
sol i
dB.Cont inuestir
ringandr ecorTdi
abn
legt
2he
1
temper aturetocompl etetable2. CT= /2mk
DP=1/ 2mk
Tabl e2
AC=1/ 2mk
Time 0. 30 60 90 120 15 18 21 24 27 30 TR=1/2mk
(seconds) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total=2mk

Temperat 20 20 20 20 18 16 14 14 15 16
o
ure(C)
(2mark)

(
a)Pl
otagr
aphoft
emper
atur
eagai
nstt
ime(
x-axi
s)(
3mar
ks)

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Graph
Scale(plot
scov erover1/2gr =1/
aphpaper) 2
mk
Labelli
ng(bothaxis)=1/
2mk
Plot
tingallpoints=1mk
Shape( Ext
rapolatedgraph)
=1mk

(
b)Fr
om thegr aphshowanddetermine(2mar k)
(i
)thehighesttemperat
urechange∆T
∆T =T2–T1 => 13.4-20= 6.6oC
Not
e∆Ti snot -6. 6oC
(i
i
)thet emperatur
eofthemixtureat130seconds
From extrapol
ati
onat130seconds =19. 2oC

(
ii
i)
thet
imewhenal
lthesol
i
dfi
rstdi
ssol
ved

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Fr
om ext
rapol
ati
onoft
hel
owestt
emper
atur
e =220Seconds

(d)Cal culatetheheatchangeforther eaction.(Assumedensi

tyofli
qui
dLis
-
3 -
1 -1
1.0gcm )speci fi
cheatcapaci
tyis4. 2Jkg K ( 1mark)
∆H=massofl i
quidLxcx∆T=>100x4. 2x6. 6=+2772J=+2. 772
kJ
1000
(e)Giv ent hemolarenthal
pyofdissolut i
onofSol i
dBinli
qui
dLi s+22.
176kJ
-
1
mol e, determinethenumberofmol esofBused( 1mark)
Mol esofB= ∆H => +2. 772kJ = 0.125moles
-
1
∆Hs +22. 176kJmol e

(
f)Cal
culat
ethemol
armassofB(1mar
k)
MolarmassofB = Massused => 5.
0 =>40g
Mol
esused 0.
125mol
es

3(a)
Youar eprovidedwithsol
i
dY.Carryoutthefoll
owingtestsandrecor
dyour
observat
ionsandi nf
erencesi
nthespaceprovi
ded.
(i
)Appearance
Observat
ions infer
ence
(1mark)
Whitecrystal
l
inesolid Col
ouredFe2+,Fe3+ ,
Cu2+i
onsabsent

(i
i)Pl
aceaboutahal fspat
ulafullofthesol i
dintoacleandr yboi
li
ngtube.Heat
gentlythenst rongly.
Observations i
nference
(1mar k)
Colour l
essdr oplet
sf or
msont hecool erpart
sof Hydrat
ed
compound/ salt
testtube
Solidremainwhi te
(i
i)Pl
aceal l
t her emaini
ngpor t
ionoft hesolidinatesttube.Addabout10cm3
ofdistil
ledwat er.Shakethoroughly.Dividethemixtureintofi
veport
ions.
Observation I
nference
(1mar k)

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Soli
ddissol
vest
ofor
m acol
our
lesssol
uti
on Col edFe2+,
our Fe3+ ,
Cu2+i
ons
absent

I
.Tothefi
rstpor
tionaddt
hreedr
opsofuni
versali
ndi
cator. (
1mar
k)
Observat
ion Inf
erence
pH=4 weakl
yacidicsol
uti
on

I
I.Tothesecondporti
on,
addthreedr
opsofaqueousammoni at
henaddexcess
ofthealkal
i.
Observat
ion I
nfer
ence
(1mark)
3+
Whiteppt,i
nsol
ubl
einexcess Al ,Pb2+

I
II
.Tot
hethi
rdport
ion,
addt
hreedr
opsofsodi
um sul
pidesolut
ion.
Obser
vat
ion I
nference
(
1mark)
3+
Noblackppt Al

I
V.Tothefourt
hport
ion,addt
hreedr
opsofaci
dif
iedLead(II
)ni
tr
ate(
IV)
sol
uti
on.
Heatt
oboil
Observati
on I
nference
(
1mark)
Whiteppt,per
sist
/remai
nsonboil
i
ng SO42-

(b)Youareprovi
dedwithsol
idP.Carr
youtthef ol
l
owingtest
sandrecordyour
observat
ionsandinf
erencesi
nthespaceprovided.
(i
)Placeaporti
onofsoli
dPonacl eanmetall
i
cspat ul
aandintr
oduceitona
Bunsenflame.
1
( /2mark)
Sol i
dburnswithayel
lowsootyfl
ame C C / / C C bonds

(i
i
)Addall
theremai
ningsoli
dtoabout10cm3ofwat
eri
natestt
ubeandshake
1
well
.Di
vi
dethemixturei
nto4port
ions.(/2mar
k)
Soli
ddi
ssolv
estoform acl
ourl
esssolut
ion Pol
aror
gani
ccompound
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he1stpor 1
I
.Tot ti
on,
testwi
thl
i
tmuspaper
s( /2mar
k)

Redl
it
muspaperremai
nred H+ i
ons
Bl
uel
i
tmuspapert
urnbl
ue

he2nd por 1
I
I.Tot ti
on,
addal
i
ttl
esodi
um hy
drogencar
bonat
e( /2mar
k)

Ef
fer
vescence/
fizzi
ng/
bubbl
es H+ i
ons

Col
our
lessgaspr
oduced

he3rdpor 1
I
II
.Tot ti
on,
andt
hreedr
opsofsol
uti
onM.War
m( /2mar
k)

Aci
dif
iedKMnO4i
sdecol
ori
zed R OH,C C /
/C C bonds

/
/sol
uti
onM i
sdecol
ori
zed

he4thpor 1
I
V.Tot ti
on,addthreedr
opsofbr
omi
newat
er(/2mar
ks)
Br
ominewateri
sdecolor
ized C C / / C C bonds

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233/3CHEMI STRY
Pre-KCSE2013
Practi
ce1
Moi HighSchool
-Mbi
rur
i

Requi
rementsforeachCandi dat
es:
0.05M Oxal i
caci dlabeledSol uti
onL
0.01M Pot assium manganat e( VI
I)label
edSol
uti
onM
0.03M oxal icacidlabeledSol utionN
0.1M Sodi um hy droxi
del abeledSolutionP
1.0M sulphur ic(VI
)acid.
150cm3di sti
lledwat erlabeledLi quidL
50cm3bur ett
e
25cm3pi pet t
e
Twocl eanconi calfl
asks
Pipett
ef i
ller
0
-10-110CTher momet er
Stopwat ch/ clock
200cm3cl eanbeaker

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5.
4gammoni um chloride/8.0gAmmoni um nit
rate(
V)l
abel
edSol
i
dB
weighed accurately
About2.0gofhy dratedAl uminium sul
phatelabel
edSol
idY
About2.0gofCi t
ricacidlabeledSolidP
Oneboilingtube
Si
xcleandr ytesttubes
Pai
rofli
tmuspaper s(redandbl ue)
Cl
eanmet all
icspatula

Accesst
obenchreagents/apparatus
Meansofheat i
ng
2M aqueousammoni a
0.
1M acidi
fi
edLead( I
I)
nit
rat
e(V)
Brominewater
0.
1M sodium sulphide
About0.1gSodi um hy dr
ogencarbonat
e
Univ
ersali
ndicatorsoluti
on
pHchart

Name……………………………………………….
IndexNumber……………..
233/3 Candidat
essi
gnat
ure………………
CHEMI STRY Dates………………………..
Paper3
PRACTI CAL
Pract
ice2012
1
2/ 4hours

Youar
eprovidedwi th:
- SolutionAcont aini
nganoxi di
zi
ngagentA;
- SolutionB, 0.
05M aqueoussodi um t
hiosul
phat
e;
- SolutionCcont aini
ngar educi
ngagentC;
- AqueousPot assium i
odide;
- SolutionD, st
archsoluti
on.
Youar
erequiredtodet er
mi nedthe:
Concentrati
onofsol uti
onA
Rat
eofr eactionbetweent heoxidi
zingagentAandther
educi
ngagentC.

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Pr
ocedur e1
1.Usi ngapi petteandpi pet t
ef i
lter,
place25. 0cm3ofsol uti
onAi ntoa
250ml coni cal f
lask.
2.Meassur e10cm3ofaqueouspot assi
um iodi deandaddi ttosoluti
onAi n
theconi cal flask.
Shaket hemi xture. Add10cm3of2M sul phur ic(VI)
acidtothemi xt
ureand
shake.
3.Fil
l abur ettewi thsol utionBandusei ttot i
tratet hemixtureintheconi cal
fl
askunt ilitj
ustt ur nsor angey el
l
ow. Add2cm3ofsol uti
onDt ot he
mi xtureint heconi cal f
lask. Shaket horoughly .Conti
nuet i
trati
ngunt i
lthe
mi xturejustt urnscol ourless.Recor dyourr esultsintable1bel ow.
4.Repeatt hepr ocedur eandcompl etetable1. Retaintheremai nderof
solutionAandDf orusei npr ocedureII
Tabl eI
I I
I II
I
Finalbur ettereadi ng 20.0 20.
0 20.
0

I
nit
ial
bur
ett
ereadi
ng 0.
0 0.
0 0.
0

Vol
umeofsol
uti
onBused(
cm3) 20.
0 20.
0 20.
0

(
4mks)
(
a)Cal
cul
atethe:
(
i)aver
agevol
umeofsol
uti
onBused(
1mk)
20.
0+20.0+20.
0√ = 20.0√cm3
3

(
ii
)numberofmol esofsodi
um thi
sulphat
e(1mk)
Moles=mol ari
tyxburet
tevol
ume
1000
=>0.05x20.0√ =0.001/1. 0x10-3√mol
es
1000

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(
b)GiventhatonemoleofAreact
swithsixmolesofsodium t
hiosul
phat
e
,
calculatet
he:
(
i)
numberofmol esofAthatwereused(1mk)
Mol
erat
ioA:B=1:6√
=>MolesA = 0. 0x10-3mol
001/1. es=0.00016/ 6x10-4√mol
1. es
6

(
ii
)concentr
ati
onofsol
uti
onAi nmolesperl
i
tre(
2mk)
Molari
tyofsol
uti
onA=mol esx1000
Pipett
ev ol
ume

=>0.
00016/
1.6x10-
4mol
esx1000√ =0.
008/
8.0x10-4M√
20

Pr
ocedur
eII

1.Labelsixt esttubesas1, 2,
3,4,5and6andpl acethem onat esttuberack.
2.Usingacl eanbur ett
e,measur ethev olumesofdi stil
ledwat erasshowni n
tabl
e2i ntot helabeledt estt ubes.
3.Usingabur ette,
measur et hev olumesofsol ut
ionAshowni nt abl
e2into
eachoft het esttubes.
4.Cleanthebur ett
eandr inseitwi t
habout5cm3ofsol utionC
5.Usingthebur ett
e, measur e5cm3ofsol ut
ionCandpl aceiti nt
oa100ml
beaker.
6.Usinga10ml measur ingcy l
inder,measur e5cm3ofsol uti
onDandaddi t
tothebeakercont ai
ningsol ut i
onC. Shaket hemi xture.
7.Pourthecont entsoft estt ubenumber1t ot hemi xturei nthebeakerand
immediat elystartof fst opwat ch/cl
ock.Swi rl
thecont entsoft he
beaker.
Recor dthet i
met akenf orabluecol ourtoappeari nt able2.
8.Repeatst eps5t o7usi ngt hecont entsoft est-
tube2, 3,4,5and6.
-
1
9.Completet able2bycomput i
ngRat e= 1 (
S)
Time
Tabl
e2(Sampl er esult
s)
Test
-t
ubenumber 1 2 3 4 5 6

Vol
umeofdi
sti
l
led 0 2 3 5 6 7

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wat
er(
cm3)

Volumeofsol
uti
on 10 8 7 5 4 3
A(cm3)

Ti
me(
seconds) 40.
0 60.
0 70.
0 90.
0 100.
0 110.
0

Rat
e= 1 (
S 0.
025 0.
0167 0.
0143 0.
0111 0.
0.1 0.
0083
-
1
)
2.
5x 1.
67x 1.
43x 1.
11x 1.
11x 3x10-
8.
3
t
ime 10-2 10-2 10-2 10-2 10-2

Pl
otagr
aphofr
ate(
y-axi
s)agai
nstv
olumeofsol
uti
onA(
3mk)

Sket
chgr
aphofr
ateagai
nstt
ime

Rat
e

S-1

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Vol
umeofsol
uti
onA(
cm3)
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(
b)Whatt
imewouldbetakenf
orthebl
uecol
ourt
oappeari
ftheexper
iment
wasr
epeatedusi
ng4cm3ofdist
il
ledwat
erand6cm3ofsol
uti
onA? (
2mk)

Fr
om acor
rect
lyplot
tedgr
aph
1/
tat6cm3=0. 0125√ => t=1/
0.0125=80seconds√

2.Youar epr ovidedwi thsoli

dE.Car r
youttheexper i
mentsbelow.Writ
eyour
obser vat
ionsandi nf er
encesi nthespacespr
ov i
ded
(a)Placeallsoli
di naboi l
ingtube.Add20cm3ofdi st
il
ledwaterandshakeunt
il
allthesoliddissolves.Labelthesolut
ionassoluti
onE. Usesol
utionEfor
exper i
ment( i
)and( i
i)
(i
)To2cm3ofsol utionEi nat estt
ubeineachofexper imentI
,I
I,
II
IandIVadd:

I
.twodropsofaqueoussodi
um sul
phat
e(VI
)
Obser
vati
on(
1mk) I
nfer
ences(
1mk)

Whi
tepr
eci
pit
ate Pb2+ Ba2+ Ca2+

I
I.
fi
vedropsofaqueoussodi
um chl
ori
de
Obser
vati
ons(1mk) I
nfer
ences(
1mk)

Whi
teppt Ca2+ Ba2+

I
II
.t
wodr
opsofbar
ium chl
ori
de

Obser
vat
ions(
1mk) I
nfer
ences(
1mk)

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Nowhi
teppt SO42- SO32- CO32-

I
V.t
wodr
opsofl
ead(
II
)ni
tr
ate(
V)

Obser
vat
ions(
1mk) I
nfer
ences(
1mk)
-
Nowhi
teppt Cl

(i
i
)To2cm3ofsol uti
onEinat estt
ube, add5dropsofaqueoussodi
um
hydr
oxide.
Addt hepi
eceofalumini
um foilpr
ovi
dedtothemixt
ureandshake.
Warmt hemixt
ureandtestanygasproducedwithbothbl
ueandredli
tmus
paper
s

Obser
vat
ions(
1mk) I
nfer
ences(
1mk)

Bl
uelit
muspaperremainblue
Redli
tmuspapertur
nblue NO3-
Eff
erv
escence/f
izzi
ng/bubbl
es

Not
e:
Sol
i
dEisCal
cium ni
tr
ate(
V)/Bar
ium ni
tr
ate(
V)

3.Youarepr ovi
dedwithsoli
dF.Car ryoutthefollowingtest.
Writ
eyour
observat
ionsandi nf
erencesinthespacespr ovided.
(a)Pl
aceallofsoli
dFi naboili
ngt ube.Addabout20cm3ofdi sti
l
ledwat
erand
shakeuntilall
thesoli
ddissolves.Labelthesolutionassolut
ionF.

Addabouthal
foft
hesol
i
dsodi
um hy
drogencar
bonateprovi
dedto2cm3of
sol
uti
onF
Obser
vati
ons(
1mk) Infer
ences(1mk)

Noef
fer
vescence/
fizzi
ng H+ absent

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(b)(
i)Addabout10cm3ofdi l
utehydrochl
oricacidtotherestofsolut
ionFi nthe
boil
ingt ube.Fi
lt
erthemi xture.Washtheresiduewithabout2cm3ofdi st
il
led
water.Drytheresiduebetweenf i
l
terpapers.Placeaboutonet hi
rdofthedr y
resi
dueonamet all
icspatulaandburnitinaBunsenbur nerfl
ame.
Obser vati
ons(1mk) I
nfer
ences(1mk)

Sol
i
dbur
nswi
thay
ell
ow soot
yfl
ame C C /
/ C C

(i
i
)Placeallt
her emai
ningr
esi
dueint
oaboili
ngtube.Addabout10cm3of
di
sti
lledwaterandshakethor
oughl
y.Ret
ainthemixtur
eforthet estsin(
c)
1 1
Obser v
ati
ons(/ 2mk) Inf
erences(/ 2mk)

Sol
i
ddi
ssol
vest
oacol
our
lesssol
uti
on Pol
arcompound

(
c)Di
vi
det
hemi
xtur
eint
otwopor
ti
ons:

(
i)
tothef
irstpor
ti
on,
addt
her
estoft
hesol
i
dsodi
um hydrogencarbonat
e
Obser
vat
ions(1mk) I
nferences(
1mk)

Ef
fer
vescence/
fizzi
ng H+

(
ii
)t
othesecondport
ion,
addt
wodr
opsofbr
omi
newat
er.
Obser
vat
ions(1mk) I
nfer
ences(
1mk)

Br
omi
newat
erdecol
ori
zed C C/
/ C C bonds

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