RUNNING EXPENDITURE OF 70-cc MOTORCYCLE BY PETROL AND

ACETYLENE

Wah Engineering College

GROUP MEMBERS

MUAHAMMAD SHOAIB UW-19-ME-BSC-003

MUHAMMAD SAAD UW-19-ME-BSC-009

ABDULLAH TAIMUR ALI UW-19-ME-BSC-017

SUPERVISOR
COL. HAFIZ SIBGHATULLAH FAZIL
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Wah Engineering College, Wah Cantt
2019
NUMBER OF MEMBERS 03

RUNNING EXPENDITURE OF 70-cc MOTORCYCLE BY

TITLE
PETROL AND ACETYLENE

SUPERVISOR Col Hafiz Sibghatullah Fazil Mechanical Department

MEMBER NAME REG # EMAIL ADDRESS STUDENT

SIGNATURE
Muhammad Shoaib Uw-19-me-bsc-003 Uw-19-me-bsc-003@wecuw.edu.pk
Muhammad Saad Uw-19-me-bsc-009 Uw-19-me-bsc-009@wecuw.edu.pk
Abdullah Taimur
Uw-19-me-bsc-017 Uw-19-me-bsc-017@wecuw.edu.pk
Ali Arain

CHECKLIST

Number of pages attached with this form

I/We have enclosed the soft-copy of this document along-with the YES / NO
codes and scripts created by ourselves

My/Our supervisor has attested the attached document YES / NO

 Supervisor
signature

DECLARATION

We hereby affirm that this project report represents our own original work, with proper
acknowledgment given to citations and quotations. Furthermore, we confirm that it has
not been previously submitted for any academic degree at Wah Engineering College or
any other educational institution. This project was conducted under the guidance and
supervision of Assistant Professor Col Hafiz Sibghatullah Fazil.

AUTHORS

MUHAMMAD SHOAIB
Reg# UW-19-ME-BSC-003

MUHAMMAD SAAD
Reg # UW-19-ME-BSC-009

ABDULLAH TAIMUR ALI

Reg # UW-19-ME-BSC-017
 CERTIFICATION

I hereby confirm that the project titled "Running Expenditure Of 70-Cc Motorcycle
by Petrol and Acetylene," submitted as part of the requirements for the Bachelor of
Mechanical Engineering degree, is a product of the student's independent efforts
conducted under my guidance. All the information presented in this report is entirely
original and has not been utilized for the attainment of any other academic degree.

Project Supervisor: COL HAFIZ SIBGHATULLAH FAZIL

Signature:

Date:

Chairperson (Mechanical): DR. YASIR

Signature:

Date:
 DEDICATION

To my loving family, dedicated supervisor [Col Hafiz Sibghatullah Fazil], supportive

mentors, cherished friends, and invaluable participants, I dedicate this thesis with
profound gratitude. Your unwavering belief, guidance, and contributions have been
the pillars of my success.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We begin by expressing our gratitude to the Almighty, Allah, who has endowed us with
the capability and potential to successfully accomplish this task. We also extend our
heartfelt thanks to Allah for enabling us to complete this Research Report within the
stipulated timeframe.
In addition, we would like to take this opportunity to convey our profound appreciation
and thanks to our supervisor, Col Hafiz Sibghatullah Fazil (Assistant Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wah Engineering College), for his unwavering
encouragement and invaluable guidance.
We also hold in high regard Col Hafiz Sibghatullah Fazil (Assistant Professor,
Mechanical Engineering Department, Wah Engineering College) for consistently
providing assistance and removing obstacles that we encountered during the project's
execution.
We find ourselves with limited words to express our deep and sincere gratitude to our
loving parents, whose prayers and unwavering support have been instrumental in
enabling us to accomplish this task.

Regards:

Muhammad Shoaib
Muhammad Saad
Abdullah Taimoor Ali
 ABSTRACT

This project leads to the idea of using acetylene gas as an alternate fuel for internal
combustion engine to overcome high prices of Gasoline. The study considered the heat
of reaction, flash point, burning rate and temperature produced by the acetylene in
comparison to Gasoline. This project executed on the motor bike. The acetylene
products analyzed for the environment friendly as well. Future Recommendations for
the IC engine running on acetylene are given in this report.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION ….……………………………………………………………..1
1.2 Acetylene Gas ….………………………………………………………….2
1.3 Problem Statement ….…………………………………………………......2
1.4 Objectives ………………………………………………………………....2
1.5 Scope of the project ….…………………………………………………….2

2. LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………………………………3

3. ACETYLENE PRODUCTION METHOD ...……………………………………7

3.1 Calcium carbide and water reaction ...……………………………………..7
3.2 Storage and handling ...…………………………………………………….7
3.3 Pressure regulation ...………………………………………………………7
3.4 Ignition source …………………………………………………………….7
3.5 Decomposition ...…………………………………………………………..7
4. FUEL PROPERTIES ……………………………………………………………..8
` 4.1 Calorific value …………………………………………………………….8
4.2 Acetylene and Gasoline Properties ……………………………………….8
5. METHODOLOGY ……………………………………………………………….8
5.1 Experimental work ……………………………………………………….8
5.2 Basic components of project ……………………………………………..8
5.3 Motor Bike ……………………………………………………………….9
5.4 IC Engine ………………………………………………………………..10
5.5 Mixture chamber ………………………………………………………...10
5.6 Gas storage cylinder ………………………………………......................11
5.7 Safety valve ……………………………………………………………...12
5.8 Pressure gauge ……………………………………………………………13
5.9 Gas kit ……………………………………………………………………14
6. OBSERVATIONS ……………………………………………………………….15
6.1 Reasons ……..……………………………………………………………15
6.2 Solution …………………………………………………………………..15
6.3 Further recommendations ………………………………………………..16
7. Calculation of Mass of Acetylene and Mass of Air for One Cylinder 70-Cc
Engine ……………………………………………………………………………….17
 7.1 Volume of cylinder...……………………………………………………..17
7.2 Mass of Air required in one suction stroke ……………………………….17
7.3 Mass of Acetylene required in one suction stroke ………………………..18
7.4 Graphical representation………………………………………………….19
7.5 Calculation for consumption of acetylene ………………………………..20
7.6 Theoretical Cost analysis.….……………………………………………..21
8. DISCUSSION …………………………………………………….........................22
9. CONCLUSION …………………………………………………………………..23
10. REFRENCES …………………………………………………………………...24
LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Properties of Acetylene and Gasoline …………………………………….....8

Table 2. Engine specifications ……………………………………………………….12
Table 3. Speed and Engine RPM …………………………………………………….
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Motor Bike ………..………………………………………………………..11
Figure 2. Mixture chamber …………………………………………………………...13
Figure 3. Emergency valve …………………………………………………………...13
Figure 4. Screw to close chamber …………………………………………………….13
Figure 5. Acetylene storage cylinder …………………………………………………14
Figure 6. Safety valve ………………………………………………………………...15
Figure 7. Pressure Gauge …………………………………………………………….15
Figure 8. Gas kit ……………………………………………………………………...16
1. INTRODUCTION

Internal combustion engines rely on various fuels, and a substantial portion of these
fuels is consumed within the transportation sector. Historical data reveals that the
transportation sector heavily depends on fuels, accounting for 95.1% of its energy
supply. Nevertheless, projections indicate a potential decrease to 91% by the year 2035.
Concurrently, the world's finite oil reserves are on track to depletion in the near future.
To extend this timeline, one approach involves curbing petroleum consumption by
diversifying the range of available fuels.
Gasoline and diesel, both derived from crude oil, possess advantageous characteristics
as fuels for internal combustion engines. However, their usage contributes to
environmental pollution. In light of the European Union's ambitious goal to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions by 80–95% by 2050 compared to 1990 levels, governments
worldwide are actively promoting research into and adoption of alternative fuels
sourced from renewable resources, with greater reserves and lower emissions.
Among these alternatives, gaseous fuels like biogas and hydrogen show significant
promise due to their reduced exhaust emissions and widespread availability. In this
project, we propose acetylene as a viable substitute for petroleum-based fuels in spark
ignition engines, as it can be produced from non-petroleum sources. Acetylene, a
synthetic gas derived from calcium carbide and water, exhibits excellent combustion
properties and can be used in internal combustion engines with appropriate safety
precautions.
Given the current context of dwindling fossil fuel reserves, it is imperative to explore
alternative fuels. While options such as LPG and CNG exist, their limitations
complicate widespread adoption. Among the array of alternatives, acetylene gas
emerges as a particularly promising fuel for internal combustion engines. By reducing
operational costs and minimizing pollutant emissions, acetylene proves to be a viable
choice from both economic and environmental standpoints, offering an eco-friendly
fuel option. With its notable ignition temperature and renewable energy sources,
acetylene establishes itself as an exceptionally suitable fuel for spark ignition engines.

1
1.2 Acetylene Gas
Acetylene (C2H2) is a colorless gas with applications as both a fuel and a foundational
chemical component. This compound is classified as an alkyne, characterized by its
unsaturation, resulting from a triple bond between its two carbon atoms (CCH bond).
Acetylene exists in an unstable state when in its pure form and is typically managed as
a solution. While pure acetylene lacks odor, commercial grades often possess a
distinctive odor due to the presence of impurities.

In the year 1836, Edmund Davy identified acetylene as a "new carburet of hydrogen."
It wasn't until 1860 that Marcelin Berthelot coined the term "acetylene." Berthelot's
method of acetylene production involved passing vapors of organic compounds, such
as methanol and ethanol, through a red-hot tube and collecting the resulting gas.
Additionally, he discovered that acetylene could be generated by electrically sparking
a mixture of cyanogen and hydrogen gases.

1.3 Problem Statement

Due to high price of Gasoline, there is a need to find alternate fuels that are cheap and
provide good efficiency. These alternate fuels should be in reach of common person.
An effort is made to study acetylene as an alternate fuel for the Gasoline engine. Now
a days, fuel (gasoline) resources are decreasing day by day in the world. So, there is a
need of alternate fuel that can easily be available in the world and engine can run
efficiently on it.

1.4 Objectives

• To analyze acetylene as alternate fuel as a cheap source of fuel

• Make a comparison between acetylene and gasoline.
• Utilize the acetylene in IC engine (70cc)

1.5 Scope of The Project

This project aimed to explore the scope of utilizing acetylene as an alternate fuel, with
a focus on assessing its feasibility, performance, and environmental impact. The
findings and recommendations of this project contributed to expanding the knowledge

2
base on acetylene as an alternate fuel, providing valuable ideas for future development
in alternate fuel for IC engines. This project can help out in future to modify it and
make it better.

3
2. LITERATURE REVIEW

P Kannan, P Viswabharathy, P Dinesh Kumar [2012]

Experiment study of carbide as an alternate fuel using in internal combustion engine
The search for an alternative fuel is one of the needs for sustainable development,
energy conservation, efficiency, management and environment preservation. Therefore,
any attempt to reduce the consumption of petrol and diesel possible alternative fuels is
mostly preferable. Many research activities were developed in order to study the
Internal Combustion Engines with alternative fuels.

S Durgan Nand, S PREM Pravash, S Roshan [2018]

Acetylene Gas used as Alternative Fuel in 4-Stoke Petrol Engine
Now a days most of the vehicles run with petrol, LPG, CNG. The need of hour is to
search for alternative fuel. Some option is acetylene gas is very good fuel for
automobile. With the traditional power sector hindered by fuel shortage and climate
changes, the promotion of green energy becomes the most prioritized objective of the
government. The ministry's move becomes significant because conversion to cleaner
energy sources is the best way to minimize global warming and to reenergize the global
economy. Among the available alternative gaseous fuels, acetylene caters to these needs
because of its property similarities with hydrogen. In this research, the suitability of
acetylene as an engine fuel is analyzed.

Kashti, Maharashtra, India [2019]

Water Engine by using Acetylene gas
Acetylene is one of the tested fuels. In this paper acetylene is one primary and alcohol
as a secondary fuel avoiding knocking for an IC engine. The search for an alternative
fuel is one of the needs for sustainable development, energy conservation, efficiency,

4
management and environmental preservation. Therefore, any attempt to reduce the
consumption of petrol and diesel possible alternative fuels is mostly preferable.

M Anand, G Devi, S Gokul Raghavendra, GS Prakasha, T Lakshmanan

Experiment study of carbide as an alternate fuel using in internal combustion engine.
The search for an alternative fuel is one of the needs for sustainable development,
energy conservation, efficiency, management and environment preservation. his is the
experiment that using the carbide as the alternative fuel for internal combustion engine
by converting the carbide as the acetylene using water. The brake thermal efficiency,
exhaust gas temperature, smoke emission, CO2 emission, NOx emission, hydrocarbon
emission, performance of the engine is studied under this Experiment

Salih Ozer, Mehmat Akcay, IIker Turgut Yilmaz (2020)

The effect of use of acetylene gas as an alternate fuel in a gasoline engine
In this study, the effect of the addition of acetylene gas to gasoline in different mass
ratios on exhaust emissions were investigated in a single-
cylinder gasoline engine. In internal combustion engines, the use of gas fuels is
becoming widespread due to its advantages such as low cost and being more
environmentally friendly. Acetylene is one of the gas fuels seen as an alternative to
petroleum-based fuels in internal combustion engines. In this experimental study, the
availability of acetylene gas, a gas fuel, at 1600 rpm, 2400 rpm and 3200 rpm engine
speeds in a spark plug-fired engine was investigated. Acetylene gas was added to
gasoline by 5% and 10% of the mass and its effect on exhaust emissions was studied.
The results showed that adding acetylene gas to gasoline by mass increased CO, CO2
and NOx emissions and exhaust gas temperature. HC, oxygen emissions and air supply
coefficient decreased.

Krishnasingh P. Bisen, Mayur R. Mehare, Prateek D. Mudliar 2020

Studies reveal that Acetylene gas produced from calcium carbide (CaC2) is renewable
in nature and exhibits similar properties to those of hydrogen. An experimental

5
investigation has been carried out on a single cylinder, Spark ignition (SI) engine tested
with pure petrol and petrol- Acetylene dual fuel mode with diethyl ether as oxygenated
additive. Experiments were conducted to study the performance characteristics of petrol
engine in dual fuel mode by aspirating Acetylene gas in the inlet manifold, with petrol-
diethyl ether blends as an ignition source. Fixed quantity of Acetylene gas was aspirated
and Blend of diethyl ether with petrol was taken and then readings were taken at various
loads. From the detailed study it has been concluded that the acetylene gas give gives
less emission than petrol. Dual fuel operation along with addition of diethyl ether
resulted in higher thermal efficiency when compared to neat petrol operation Acetylene
aspiration reduces smoke and exhaust temperature.

6
3. ACETYLENE PRODUCTION METHOD

3.1 Calcium Carbide-Water Reaction

This is the most common method of acetylene production, involving the

reaction between calcium carbide (CaC2) and water (H2O). The reaction
produces acetylene gas (C2H2) and calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 as a
byproduct.

3.2 Storage and Handling

Acetylene is a highly unstable and flammable gas. It is typically stored and
transported in specially designed cylinders, which helps stabilize the gas and
prevent decomposition. Strict safety guidelines followed for the proper storage,
handling, and transportation of acetylene cylinders to minimize the risk of fire
or explosion.

3.3 Pressure Regulation

Gas kit is used in this project to regulate pressure. Acetylene cylinder is filled
with acetylene gas to use as an alternate fuel in IC engine. Proper pressure
regulation is crucial to prevent excessive pressure build-up, which can lead to
cylinder rupture or explosion.

3.4 Ignition Source

Acetylene is highly reactive and can ignite even at low concentrations when
exposed to an ignition source, such as sparks, flames, or electrical equipment.
Spark plug is used in this project to ignite the acetylene.

3.5 Decomposition
Acetylene is sensitive to shock and heat. If exposed to these conditions,
acetylene can decompose explosively. Therefore, it is essential to handle
acetylene cylinders with care and avoid rough handling or exposure to high
temperatures.

7
4. FUEL PROPERTIES

4.1 Calorific Value

The calorific value calculated using the enthalpy of formation (∆Hf) of the
reactants and products involved in the combustion reaction. However, there is
no access to real-time data or the specific enthalpy values for acetylene and
gasoline. Instead, the typical calorific values for acetylene and gasoline are
provided below:
 Calorific value of acetylene: Approximately 48.5 megajoules per kilogram
(MJ/kg)
 Calorific value of gasoline: Approximately 45.8 megajoules per kilogram
(MJ/kg)

4.2 Acetylene and Gasoline Properties

Properties of acetylene, including density, Air/Fuel ratio, auto ignition

temperature and calorific values. These properties compared to gasoline to
assess any potential impacts on combustion processes in the motorbike engine.
The fuel properties provided a comprehensive understanding of the physical and
chemical characteristics of acetylene as an alternative fuel. This information is
crucial for evaluating its compatibility with the motorbike engine, combustion
efficiency, and potential emissions formation. By comparing these properties to
gasoline, the feasibility of using acetylene as an alternative fuel source can be
assessed in terms of its potential benefits and challenges. Some properties are
given below:

Properties Acetylene Gasoline

Formula 𝐶2 𝐻2 𝐶8 𝐻18
Density kg/𝑚3 1.092 800
Auto ignition temperature ℃ 305 246
Stoichiometric Air Fuel ratio 13.2 14.7
Flammability limit (%) 2.5-8.1 1.2-8
Lower calorific value (MJ/Kg) 48.5 45.8
Table 1. Properties of acetylene and gasoline

8
o5. METHODOLGY
5.1 Modification in bike
Use of Acetylene as an Alternate Fuel in IC Engine, the overview of the project in three
steps is as follows:
Step 1:
The first step involves the production of acetylene gas through the Calcium Carbide
reacting with water in the reaction chamber.
𝐶𝑎𝐶2 + 2𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝐶2 𝐻2 + 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
The calcium carbide and water put together into the reaction chamber. Due to reaction
of calcium carbide and water acetylene gas is formed.
Step 2:
In this step, the acetylene gas is stored in the storage cylinder and the pressure is
measured by the pressure gauge. In this step, the produced gas is stored in the cylinder
and is passed through the pipes.
Step 3:
The gas passed in the pipe in a very sophisticated manner and then pipe is joined to the
gas kit then joined to the carburetor. Then gas kit has two pipes attached to the
carburetor, one pipe for acetylene and one for air.

5.2 Basic Components used to modify bike

1. Motor bike (70)

2. Storage cylinder
3. Reaction/mixture chamber
4. Pressure gauge
5. Safety valve
6. Calcium Carbide
7. IC engine
8. Gas kit

9
5.3 MOTOR BIKE

The 70cc internal combustion engine of the motorcycle has been adapted to operate
using an alternative fuel source, acetylene gas.

Fig.1: Motor Bike

The experimental setup involves modifying the motorcycle's fuel delivery system to
accommodate the acetylene fuel. This include installing an acetylene storage tank, and
adjusting the air-to-fuel ratio for optimal combustion. Safety measures taken into
consideration when handling acetylene due to its high reactivity and potential for
combustion hazards.
The various basic components used to modify are given 70-cc bike are given.

10
 5.4 IC Engine:
A 70-cc engine is employed for modification purposes, and its specifications are
outlined as follows.

Engine type Single Cylinder, Four Stroke, Air cooled

Bore & Stroke 47.0 x 49.5 mm

Piston Displacement 70cc

Compression Ratio 8.8:1

Starting Kick Starter

Ignition Capacitor Discharge Ignition (CDI)

Transmission Type Four Speed Constant Mesh (Multi disc wet type clutch)

Chassis Type Back Bone Type Iron Pipe Swing Arm

Length*Width* Height 1897*751*1014 (mm)

Wheel Base 1200mm

Ground Clearance 135mm

Dry Weight 82 Kg

Table 2. Engine specifications

5.5 MIXTURE CHAMBER:

The first step involves the production of acetylene gas through calcium carbide reacting
with water. This reaction take place in mixture chamber installed in a bike separately
𝐶𝑎𝐶2 + 2𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝐶2 𝐻2 + 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
The mixture chamber contains two parts, the one where water and calcium carbide is
putted and second in which the first part is placed. A head and screw are used to close
the mixture chamber tightly. An emergency valve is installed on the upper side of
mixture chamber. Which is used when extra gas formed in the chamber to released extra

11
gas in emergency case. This valve can be used as a water inlet into the chamber. A pipe
or a syringe tube is used to add water in the chamber but basically water and calcium
carbide placed together in the first part and the head of chamber closed after that with
screw. The material of chamber is Iron that can bear temperature of acetylene gas.

Fig.2: Mixture chamber

Fig.3: Emergency valve Fig.4: screw to close chamber

5.6 GAS STORAGE CYLINDER:

The cylinder used in this project made up of steel. This strong

material can with stand high pressure and extreme
temperature. In this cylinder acetylene gas is stored after
formed in reaction chamber. In this cylinder maximum 14 bar
pressure can be stored easily. The dimension of the cylinder
11.5 inches in length and 4.5 inches in diameter.
Fig 5. Acetylene storage cylinder
In this cylinder an exothermic reaction take place on which
acetylene is formed through the reaction of calcium carbide and water.

12
5.7 SAFETY VALVE

A safety valve for a gas cylinder serves as a critical safety measure to prevent over
pressurization. Its primary function is to release excess gas when the pressure inside the
cylinder surpasses safe limits, safeguarding both the cylinder and the surrounding
environment from potential risks.

In this experiment a safety valve of 8 bar is installed on the acetylene gas cylinder .so
when the gas exceed pressure from 8 bar the safety valve opens and releases extra gas.
The cylinder has storage capacity of 14 bar but in this project a safety valve of 8 bar is
used for extra safety.

Fig.6 Safety valve

5.8 PRESSURE GAUGE
A pressure gauge is a measuring instrument used to indicate and quantify the pressure
of a fluid or gas within a system. It provides a visual
representation of the pressure, typically in units such as
pounds per square inch (psi), bar, kilopascal (kPa), or
other pressure units.
The pressure gauge of 17 bar is used in this project the
pressure gauge is used to measure the pressure and
quantity of gas in the cylinder.
Fig 7 Pressure Gauge

13
5.9 GAS KIT

A gas kit, also known as a gas regulator, is a device used to control the flow and pressure
of gas from a high-pressure to normal pressure that is needed. The working of a gas kit
involves several components and processes:
Inlet Connection:
The gas kit is connected to the gas cylinder or supply through an inlet connection. The
connection may vary depending on the type of gas and cylinder being used.
Pressure Reducing Mechanism:
Inside the gas kit, there is a pressure reducing mechanism that reduces the high pressure
from the gas cylinder to a safe and usable level. This mechanism often consists of a
diaphragm or piston that responds to the pressure difference between the high-pressure
source and the desired output pressure.
This is typically achieved through a flow control valve, which can be adjusted to
increase or decrease the gas flow. The flow control valve is usually located downstream
of the pressure reducing mechanism.
Overall, the gas kit, when connected to an engine, works by regulating the gas pressure,
controlling the flow rate, and ensuring a consistent and appropriate supply of fuel to the
engine. It helps optimize the fuel-air mixture, enhance combustion efficiency, and
contribute to the proper functioning of the engine.

Fig 8 Gas kit

14
6. OBSERVATIONS
When acetylene gas from an external source and air from the bike's original intake
entered the engine through the carburetor, following problems were faced:

 Appearance of Black smoke

 Engine Missing
 Engine shutoff unexpectedly after varying throttle
6.1 REASONS
 Reasons of black smoke
o If a motorcycle was smoking excessively from the exhaust, the first
and most common reason, especially among older motorcycles, was
due to worn-out piston rings. The piston rings sealed two
compartments of the engine away from each other. The piston rings
sealed the top half of the cylinder, which was the combustion
chamber, and sealed the bottom half, which was the crankcase.
o The crankcase is full of oil and that oil is squirting and splashing up
against the bottom of the piston and against the other components
in your engine to keep them lubricated.
o The second most common reason a motorcycle will smoke is if you
have an oil leak and oil is getting onto the outside of the engine and
then burning off from the heat. This will cause smoke that comes
directly from the engine itself.
 Reasons of engine missing and shutoff
Spark Plug Issues:
Faulty or improperly gapped spark plug can cause misfires.
Ignition System:
Faulty ignition coils or module led to inconsistent sparks.
Electrical Problems:
Wiring issues or damaged sensors disrupt engine operation.
Throttle Cable:
Loose or damaged cables affect throttle response.
Electrical Connections:
Poor wiring can cause intermittent shutdowns.

After checking all the aforementioned reasons in the bike, it was observed that
all the systems of the bike were functioning perfectly. After opening the engine,
the piston rings were found to be in good condition, with no signs of oil mixing
or oil leakage in the combustion chamber. The reasons of engine missing and
shutoff mention above were not present in the bike. The spark plug was clean
and new, the ignition system was operating properly, the wiring was in good

15
condition, the throttle cable was functioning well, and all the electrical
connections that could cause engine misfiring and shutdown were working
perfectly.
After confirming that all systems of the bike were in perfect condition, it was
determined that the primary underlying cause of these issues was a mixture
problem. This mixture problem resulted in engine missing, engine shutoff, and
the emission of black smoke from the bike.
6.2SOLUTION
After careful and thorough analysis of the issues encountered during
experimentation and the potential reasons behind them, the following solution
was implemented:
Gas kit helped to combat problems faced which include:
 Proper Air fuel mixture
 Pressure regulation

The use of a proper air-fuel mixture reduced incomplete combustion during

experimentation after using a gas kit. As a result, the formation of black smoke
decreased, engine misfiring was reduced, and the engine didn't shut off when
pushed to full throttle.
The gas kit regulates the pressure to blend the air-fuel mixture within the
venturi. This is achieved by creating a pressure difference between the low-
pressure suction within the engine and the high-pressure throat tube connected
to the gas cylinder.

6.3 FURTHER RECOMMENDATION

Due to lack of time, more changings to make engine efficient was not
implemented. The engine can become more efficient through following
parameters.
 Venturi design modification
 Performance of engine on the test bench of CD 70 engine
 The acetylene gas consumption under load on the test bench
 Graphical representation of different parameters with different loads

16
7. Calculation of Mass of Acetylene and Mass of Air
for One Cylinder 70-Cc Engine
7.1 Volume of cylinder
Stroke length = 4.1 cm Cylinder Diameter = 4.7 cm
Chamber Height = 1.4 cm Cylinder Height = 4.5 cm

𝜋
Swept Volume = V = 4 𝑑 2 𝐿

By putting values
3.14
= × (4.7 × 10−2 )2 × 4.1 × 10−2
4

Swept Volume = 7.11 × 10−5 𝑚3 or 71 𝑐𝑚3

ℎ
Clearance volume = 𝜋𝑟 2 3 (for cone volume)

By putting values
4.7 1.4
= 3.14 × ( 2 )2 × 3

Clearance Volume = 8.09 × 10−6 𝑚3 𝑜𝑟 8 𝑐𝑚3

Total Volume = 𝑉𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒑𝒕 + 𝑽𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆

= 8 + 71
Total Volume = 79 𝑐𝑚3

7.2 Mass of Air required in one suction stroke

𝐾𝑔
𝜌 = 1.225 𝑚3 (Density of air)

𝑉 = 79 𝑐𝑚3 → 79 × 10−6 𝑚3

𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉
𝐾𝑔
𝑚 = 1.225 𝑚3 × 79 × 10−6 𝑚3

𝑚 = 0.0000967 𝐾𝑔

𝑚 = 0.0967𝑔

17
7.3 Mass of Acetylene required in one suction stroke
𝐾𝑔
𝜌 = 1.1 (Density of acetylene)
𝑚3

𝑉 = 79 𝑐𝑚3 → 79 × 10−6 𝑚3

𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉
𝐾𝑔
𝑚 = 1.1 × 79 × 10−6 𝑚3
𝑚3

𝑚 = 0.0000869 𝐾𝑔

𝑚 = 0.0869𝑔
Mass of air 0.0000967 𝐾𝑔 and mass of acetylene 0.0000869 𝐾𝑔 are for full
volume 79 × 10−6 𝑚3 , but mixture of acetylene and air needed. So, following
calculations are for mixture:
Mass of acetylene required to mix with air using ratio of 13:1
Air/fuel ratio for acetylene in IC engine is 13:1.
Divided by 13 is due to 13:1 Air/fuel ratio 13th part of gas with respect to air
formed. So, this mass or quantity is used in one stroke.
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑦𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑒
= 13
0.0000869 𝐾𝑔
= 13

Mass of acetylene for mixture = 0.00668 𝑔

Mass of air required to mix with acetylene using ratio of 13:1
Mass of air used in one stroke in volume of 79 × 10−6 𝑚3 .
Mass of air obtained for volume of 79 × 10−6 𝑚3 minus mass of acetylene
obtained from dividing mass of acetylene for volume of 79 × 10−6 𝑚3 with
ratio 13:1
= mass of air - mass of acetylene
= 0.0000967 𝐾𝑔 – 0.00000668 𝐾𝑔
Mass of air for mixture = 0.09002 𝑔

18
7.4 Graphical representation
A four-stroke engine of 70-cc motorbike with one cylinder takes one suction
stroke in two revolutions to complete one engine cycle with the piston moving
through 180° to complete each step in the cycle. So, RPM divided by two
multiply by mass of air and acetylene gave quantity of air and acetylene used.
𝑅𝑃𝑀
× 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟/𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑦𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑒
𝟐
Speed in Km/hr Rpm
0 600
10 1000
20 1550
30 2250
40 3450
50 4500
60 6500
70 6750
Table 15. Speed and RPM

Graph 1

19
7.5 Calculation for consumption of acetylene
𝐾𝑚
70-cc Motor bike Company claims normal speed of 60 at which bike give best fuel
ℎ𝑟
𝐾𝑚 𝐾𝑚
average. So, cruising speed of 60 is taken as normal speed. And at 60 with 6500
ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟

RPM.

𝐾𝑚
Constant Cruising speed = 60 ℎ𝑟

At cruising speed RPM = 6500

𝐾𝑔
At 6500 RPM mass of acetylene = 0.0217 𝑚𝑖𝑛 (RPM and Mass of acetylene given

in graph 1).
𝐾𝑚
For speed of 60 bike needed 1 hour to cover 60 Km. So, mass of acetylene per
ℎ𝑟

minute multiply by time (1 hour or 60 minutes) gives quantity of acetylene used in

one hour.
= mass of acetylene × time
𝐾𝑔
= 0.0217 𝑚𝑖𝑛 × 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛

Quantity of acetylene used in one hour = 1.302 𝐾𝑔

For 60 km 1.302 𝐾𝑔 of acetylene required. Similarly for varying distance consumed
quantity of acetylene increased. After finding consumption quantity of acetylene for
different distances with above method, it is graphically shown below and the graph
𝐾𝑚
showing below gives value at constant speed of 60 ℎ𝑟 (cruising speed):

Graph 2

20
Using chemical balanced equation, the mas of calcium carbide is calculated for
production of 1.302 Kg of acetylene.
𝐶𝑎𝐶2 + 2𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝐶2 𝐻2 + 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
In 1 mole of calcium carbide contains 64 g and 1 mole acetylene contains 26 g. Through
equation 64 g calcium carbide form 26 g of acetylene after reacting with water. So, for
1 kg of acetylene 46.5 moles of calcium carbide is needed and 46.5 moles multiply with
64 g gives total quantity of calcium carbide for 1 kg acetylene.
= 46.5 moles × 64 g
Quantity of calcium carbide for 1 kg acetylene = 2976 g of calcium carbide
Similarly, when 46.5 moles multiply with 26 g of acetylene it gives 1 kg acetylene.
= 46.5 × 26
= 1219 g of acetylene (approximately 1.2 Kg)
For 1.2 Kg of acetylene 2967 g (almost 3 kg) calcium carbide in needed.
Derivation of General equation for consumption
𝑅𝑃𝑀
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = × 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑦𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑒
2
𝑅𝑃𝑀
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = × 𝜌 ×𝑉
2
where,
p = density of gas
V = volume of cylinder
Balancing the units of equation
𝐾𝑔 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣 𝐾𝑔
= × × × 𝑚3
𝑚𝑖𝑛 2 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚3
𝐾𝑔 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣
= × × 𝐾𝑔
𝑚𝑖𝑛 2 𝑚𝑖𝑛
1 𝑟𝑒𝑣
𝐾𝑔 = × × 𝐾𝑔 × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
2 𝑚𝑖𝑛
By putting formula of time
1 𝑟𝑒𝑣 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐾𝑔 = × × 𝐾𝑔 ×
2 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑

Unit balancing
1 𝑟𝑒𝑣 𝐾𝑚
𝐾𝑔 = × × 𝐾𝑔 ×
2 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑚
ℎ𝑟

21
 60 𝑟𝑒𝑣 𝐾𝑚
𝐾𝑔 = × × 𝐾𝑔 ×
2 ℎ𝑟 𝐾𝑚/ℎ𝑟
𝐾𝑔 = 𝐾𝑔
Units are balnced. Now final equation becomes, Divding by 13 because 13th part of
acetylene is mixed with air in cylinder.
60 𝑟𝑒𝑣 𝜌𝑉 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = × × ×
2 ℎ𝑟 13 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
𝜌𝑉 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 30 × 𝑟𝑒𝑣 × ×
13 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
At idle speed when bike starts, no distance and no speed but 600 rpm present at the idle
speed. So, consumption at idle speed is 0.0020
𝜌𝑉 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 30 × 𝑟𝑒𝑣 × 13 × 𝑛 × + 0.0020
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑

n is the number of cylinder used.

Using this equation and after calculation at different rpm, speeds and distances
following graph becomes:

Graph 3

22
Graph 3 shows that when distance is increased then consumption of acetylene also
increases. At idle speed when engine only starts then some quantity of acetylene is in
the cylinder. At different speeds consumption of acetylene is different.
Theoretical Cost analysis of petrol and acetylene
Engine runs on lean mixture so this cost analysis is theoretical. In 70-cc Motor bike 1
liter petrol gives 50 to 60 Km average and 1 liter cost is Rupees 306.21 while 1 kg of
acetylene needs 3 kg of calcium carbide that costs Rupees 1800 (600 per Kg). So,
acetylene is much expensive than petrol.

23
8. DISCUSSION
The project was undertaken to explore the feasibility of utilizing acetylene as an
alternative fuel within an internal combustion (IC) engine. Using theoretical
calculations to find out mixture and consumption of acetylene and the main thing was
that there was no proper design of venturi. Venturi should design in this project to note
out all parameters.
A significant point of consideration was that while the engine could indeed operate
using acetylene, its efficiency fell short in comparison to petrol. Petrol provided a
mileage of 50 to 60 kilometers per liter, with a liter of petrol priced at Rupees 293 per
liter. In contrast, acetylene proved to be a more expensive option. The production of 1
kilogram of acetylene cost of Rupees 1800 per Kg. Consequently, the expense
associated with acetylene rendered it less cost-effective than petrol. While the engine
could function using acetylene, it was unable to deliver a satisfactory fuel efficiency in
comparison to petrol.
After analyzing all the facts about acetylene as an alternative fuel during
experimentation, it was not recommended as a cost-effective alternative due to its high
expense. Therefore, petrol remains the best fuel option, offering better fuel efficiency
at a more affordable price compared to acetylene.

24
9. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the project aimed to assess acetylene's viability as an alternative fuel for
internal combustion engines. While the engine could operate with acetylene, its
efficiency lagged behind that of petrol. With petrol delivering 50 to 60 kilometers per
liter at a price of Rupees 293 per liter, acetylene's higher production cost of Rupees
1800 per kilogram made it a less practical choice. Ultimately, the analysis indicates that
due to its expense, acetylene cannot rival petrol's superior fuel efficiency and
affordability.

25
11. REFERENCES

References
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combustion characteristics of the use of diesel-acetylene mixtures at different
loads in a ci engine. Retrieved from ResearchGate:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360444256_Experimental_assessme
nt_on_performance_emission_and_combustion_characteristics_of_the_use_of
_diesel-acetylene_mixtures_at_different_loads_in_a_ci_engine

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