Advanced Prestressed

Concrete Design
Sergio F. Breña
University of Massachusetts Amherst
 Course Overview
• Session 1: Introduction to Building Example, Torsion Design

• Session 2: Ledge Design

• Session 3: Bearing on Concrete and Dapped End Design

• Session 4: Design of Axially Loaded Members (Compression + Bending)

• Session 5: Corbel Design

• Session 6: Special Topics

 Introduction
• Throughout this course, design of different components of a typical
precast/prestressed building will be presented.
• The building selected was a parking garage located in a low seismic region.
• Background to the design provisions will be first presented followed by
use of design equations.
• The material presented assumes a basic knowledge of design provisions
for precast/prestressed concrete elements such as that provided in the PCI
Academy Basic Prestressed Concrete Class.
• Design procedures are based on the ACI 318-14 Code and the PCI
Handbook, 8th Edition (Chapter 5).
 Course Overview
• Session 1: Introduction to Building Example, Torsion Design

• Session 2: Ledge Design

• Session 3: Dapped End Design and Bearing in Concrete

• Session 4: Design of Axially Loaded Members (Compression + Bending)

• Session 5: Corbel Design

• Session 6: Special Topics

 Prestressed Concrete – Torsion Design
Learning outcomes
After completing this session, participants should:
• Understand the background of torsion design provisions in the PCI
Design Handbook
• Be able to apply equations for torsion design contained in the PCI
Design Handbook
 Prototype Building Description
• 3-Story Parking Garage
– 190’ – 0 ” by 122’ – 4”
– Double-tee floor system with 3 in. topping
supported on spandrels and inverted T-beams
– Selected double-tee span 60 ft 3 in. long
– Selected spandrel span equal to 46 ft 8 in.
– Typical floor-to-floor height 10’ – 85/8”
N
Building Plan (Typical)
A B
60’ - 3”

Double tees

Inverted tee

46’ - 8”
Spandrel beam

Selected design region

Parking Garage West Elevation (Grid A)
 Spandrel-Double Tee
Connection

Note that e is defined to

centerline of web.

e
Vu
Nu

Typical section along line A

(connection between double tee and spandrel)
 Ledge Loading and Support Details
COL

Reactions from
the columns

Load from
COL double-tee stems

Spandrel
Column

Typical section along line A Free-body Diagram –

(connection to columns) Spandrel Beam
 Loading Data
• Dead Loads (Normalweight concrete = 150 lb/ft3)
– Self weight of components
– Self weight of 3 in. topping

• Live Loads
– 40 psf typical floors (vehicular loading: ASCE 7-10)
– Note that in accordance with ASCE 7-10, it is not allowed to reduce live load in
floor members of passenger vehicle garages (ASCE 7-10 § 4.7.4)

• Other loads (snow, rain, ice) will not be considered in this example since
design is being conducted for a typical floor (not roof). These loads must
be considered for design of roof members in accordance with ASCE 7.
 Material Data
• Concrete (normal weight)
– f'c = 5000 psi
– f'ci = 3500 psi
• Reinforcing Steel
– Mild: Gr 60 fy = 60,000 psi
– Prestressed: Gr 270 Low relaxation 7-wire ½” strand
– WWF: Maximum permitted fy = 60,000 psi
2
Spandrel Beam Dimensions 1
46’ - 8”
Total spandrel length
COL
45’ - 0”
To column centerline
DT 12’-0” (typ); 80” deep spandrel DT 10’-0”;
length = 59.1 ft length = 59.1 ft

Pu-12 Pu-10
(typ)

6’ - 0” 5’ - 6” 5’ - 0”
3’ - 0”
Bearing length = 12” (see next slide) Pu-10 = Load in 10 ft DT
Span = 44’-6” Pu-12 = Load in 12 ft DT
Primary Cracking at Spandrel Ends and Support Details
44’ - 6”
To support centerline

Bearing
pads
(2)

Bearing
pad (1)
6” Note: A 1 in. gap is assumed between 12” 8”
12” ledge and face of column
 DT Tables for Preliminary Design
(PCI Design Handbook – Chapter 3)
 Loading per Double-Tee Stem
• Dead Load per stem (2 widths of DT considered)
– Self-weight (12DT28) = 0.639 kip/ft(59.1 ft)(1/2)(1/2) = 9.44 kip (previous slide: weight)
– 3” Topping = 37.5 lb/ft2 (1/1000)(59.1 ft)(0.5 x 12 ft)(1/2) = 6.74 kip
– PD = 9.44 + 6.74 = 16.18 kip/stem

– Self-weight 10 ft wide DT = 0.589 kip/ft(59.1 ft)(1/2)(1/2) = 8.70 kip

– 3” Topping = 37.5 lb/ft2(1/1000)(59.1 ft)(0.5 x 10 ft)(1/2) = 5.61 kip
– PD = 8.70 + 5.61 = 14.31 kip/stem
• Live Load
– PL = 0.040 kip/ft2(59.1 ft)(0.5 x 12 ft)(1/2) = 7.09 kip
– PL = 0.040 kip/ft2(59.1 ft)(0.5 x 10 ft)(1/2) = 5.91 kip

• Factored Load
– Pu = 1.2 PD + 1.6 PL = 1.2 (16.18) + 1.6 (7.09) = 30.8 kip/stem
– Pu = 1.2 PD + 1.6 PL = 1.2 (14.31) + 1.6 (5.91) = 26.6 kip/stem
 Background
• Spandrel beams are subjected to a
combination of moment (M), shear (V), and
torsion (T)
• Design of spandrels must account for the
combined effects of these forces and
moments
 Factored Moment Diagram
Section X (ft) Vu (kip) Tu (kip-ft) Mu (kip-ft)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Support CL 0.0 136.5 97.4 0.0
Face 0.5 136.0 97.4 68.1
at ‘d’ (*) 1.0 135.6 97.4 131.5
Stem 1 2.5 134.3 97.4 338.5

Moment (kip-ft)
2.5 103.5 71.8 338.5
Stem 2 8.5 98.2 71.8 943.6
8.5 67.4 46.1 943.6
Stem 3 14.5 62.1 46.1 1332.2
14.5 31.3 20.4 1332.2
Stem 4 20.5 26.0 20.4 1504.3
Length (ft)
20.5 -4.8 -5.2 1504.3
(*) d is NOT the effective depth of spandrel
Center 22.3 -6.3 -5.2 1494.6
At this point e and d must be estimated to compute Tu Estimates for d and e:
and the location of the critical section, respectively. A d = 8” - 1.5”- 3/8”- 0.5” = 5.6” ≈ 0.5’
subsequent slide will elaborate on these values. e = ¾ x 8” + 4” = 10”
 Factored Shear and Torsion Diagrams
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

200 150
150 100
100

Torsion (kip-ft)
50
Shear (kip)

50
0 0
-50 0 10 20 30 40 50
-50
0 10 20 30 40 50
-100
-150 -100
-200 -150
Length (ft) Length (ft)
 Flexural Design (1/2)
Flexural reinforcement will only be designed at midspan (Mmax). It will be assumed that
section is prestressed. This will be discussed later.

Use: From reinforced concrete design:

f’c = 5,000 psi
fy = 60,000 psi fy 60000 psi
m= = = 14.12
bw = 8 in.
d = 80 in. -2.5 in. = 77.5 in.
0.85 f c' (0.85 )(5000 psi)
Mu = 1504 kip-ft
Mu 1504 kip - ft (12 in / ft )
Rn = = = 0.417 ksi
φbw d 2
(0.9 )(8 in)(77.5 in) 2

Note that d here is taken from

compression face of spandrel.
 Flexural Design (2/2)
1  2mRn 

ρ= 1− 1−
m  fy 

1  2(14.12)( 417 psi) 
ρ=  1− 1−  = 0.0073
14.12  60000 psi  d 5 no. 9

As = ρbw d = 0.0073(8 in)(77.5 in) = 4.5 in2

Ledge
Use 5 no. 9 (As = 5.00 in2)
bw
Actual d = 76.71 in. (1.5 in. cover and 1 in. spacing between layers).
Design with 5 No. 9 bars still works.
 Critical Section for Shear and Torsion
ACI 318-14

§9.4.3.2 - If support reaction compresses bottom of beam and loads are applied at or
near top of beam:
For non-prestressed components, critical section is located at d from face of
support.
For prestressed components, critical section is located h/2 from face of support.
§R 9.4.3.2 - …loads acting near the bottom of a beam. In this case, the critical section
must be taken at the face of the support.
§9.4.4.3 - Sections between face of support and critical section are permitted to be
designed for Tu at the critical section unless concentrated torsional moment occurs
between these sections.
 Critical Section for Shear and Torsion
PCI 8th ed.
§5.3 - Critical section for shear and torsion is to be as defined in ACI 318-14 §9.4.3.2.
Indirectly loaded precast components (load applied near bottom of component as in L-beams
or inverted T-beams), critical section can be taken at face of support (conservatively).
§5.4.1 – Critical section is located at d, measured from bottom of component to point of
application of load (only for purpose of defining critical section).
d Critical section Centroid of flexural steel from bottom of beam:
80”-76.71” = 3.29”
e = 10 in.
d = 8” – 3.29” = 4.71”
P P There is very little difference in shear and torsion
d = 4.71 in. from the assumed value of d = 5.9” so the values in
the previous table will be used.
Face of support
 Spandrel Design Background
• ACI 318-14 torsion design method is based on thin-walled tube space-truss
analogy (introduced into ACI 318-95). Prior to 1995, ACI contained torsion
provisions only applicable to reinforced concrete (nonprestressed) members. This
former torsion design method was modified by Zia-McGee and later modified by
Zia-Hsu for use in prestressed concrete members.

• Two Methods are in the PCI Design Handbook.

– Zia-Hsu Method
– Slender Spandrel Beam Method (New for 8th Edition)

• This course will present the methods included in the PCI Handbook. Note that the
design methods, although presented in the torsion section of the handbook, are
really torsion-shear design methods.
 Is it Permitted to Design for Torsion using
the Procedures in the PCI Handbook?
ACI 318-14
§ 9.5.4.6 – allows use of an “alternative design procedure” for sections with
h/bt ≥ 3 (typical of spandrels) if adequacy of the procedure is demonstrated
by analysis and verified by testing.

§ 9.5.4.7 – allows use of open web reinforcement (not closed hoops) for
precast sections with aspect ratio h/bt ≥ 4.5 as an alternative design
procedure if adequacy is demonstrated by analysis in substantial agreement
with tests.
Note: bt is the width of the web (notation in PCI Handbook is b in some sections).
 Torsion Design
• Zia – Hsu Method
Tu ≤ φTn = φ (Tc + Ts )
Tu = factored torsion, kip-ft.
Tc = torsion resisted by concrete, kip-ft.
Ts = torsion resisted by transverse reinforcement (closed
hoops), kip-ft.
φ = strength reduction factor for torsion = 0.75

Calculations will be illustrated for the section at ‘d’ from face of

support. Calculations for other sections must be performed and
were done for this example using a spreadsheet.
 Minimum Torsion
Eq. 5-42
(
Tu (min) = φ 0.5λ f c
'
∑x 2
)
y γ
Assume non-prestressed (for now) so γ = 1.0
𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢(min) = 0.75 0.5(1.0 5000 psi(5632 in3) 1.0
Tu (min) = 149,300 lb− in = 149.3 kip − in
f pc See next slide for
γ = 1 + 10 '
Tu = 1156 kip − in > 149.3 kip − in
f c
calculation

Torsion must be considered in design

Tu = factored torsional moment.
x = short side of section component rectangle, in.
y = long side of section component rectangle, in.
λ = concrete unit weight factor (1.0 for normalweight).
γ = prestress level factor
fpc = average prestress at section (after losses).
 Calculation of Σx2y Term
PCI 8th ed.
For an irregular section, “section may be divided into component rectangles such
that the quantity Σx2y is maximized; however any overhanging flange width used in
design should not be taken greater than three times the flange thickness.”

Option 1 Option 2
80”
∑x 2
y = 8 2 (72) + 8 2 (16) ∑x 2
y = 8 2 (80) + 8 2 (8)
8”
∑x 2
y = 5632 in3 ∑x 2
y = 5632 in3
8”

16” Same value in this case.

 Maximum Factored Torsion
PCI 8th ed.

Maximum Tu and Vu checks required to avoid over-reinforcing section that could

potentially cause a diagonal compression failure of concrete.

Eq. 5-43
 1  1
φ   K t λ f c' ∑ x 2 y 0.75  (12) 5000 psi (5632 in3 )
3 3  1 
Tu (max) =   =   = 1100 kip − in
 K tVu 
2
 12(135.6 kip) 
2
 1000 
1 +   1 +  
 30CtTu   30(0.11)(1169 kip − in) 

Tu = 1169 kip − in > 1100 kip − in NG! Must change section or

add prestress
See next slide for calculation of Ct and Kt
Prestressing and Torsion Constants
For original non-prestressed beam γ = 1.0
 f pc 
K t = γ 12 − 10 ' 
 fc 
  0 
K t = 1.0 12 − 10  = 12
  5000 

Note d is measured from compression

face to centroid of tension steel

bw d (8 in)(76.7 in)
Ct = = = 0.11 /in
∑ x 2
y 5632 in 3
 Possible Solutions
• Change section dimensions
– Not feasible. Normally these are defined at the start of the project.

• Increase concrete strength

– Possible if only a minor adjustment needs to be made. Might work in this case since increasing
to 6000 psi concrete will increase Tu(max) to approximately 1200 kip-in.

• Add prestressing
– Typically prestressing would be used in long-span spandrels anyway. Prestressing would be
used instead of mild reinforcement for flexural strength.
– For illustration of calculations in this example, prestressing strand will be used. Flexural
strength will be revised to account for prestressing.
 2 – ½”
8”
Revise Flexural Design
strand
f’c = 5,000 psi
fpu = 270,000 psi
γp = 0.28
40” β 1 = 0.80
bw = 8 in.
dp = 68 in. (only consider strand in bottom half of spandrel)
2 – ½”
Aps = 8(0.153 in2) = 1.224 in2
strand 78” 80” Mu = 1504 kip-ft
dp=68” 𝐴𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑠𝑠 1.224 in2
𝜌𝜌𝑝𝑝 = = = 0.00225
𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝 (8 in)(68 in)

Eq. 5-1
2 – ½” 𝛾𝛾𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑓𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
strand 2” 𝑓𝑓𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝑓𝑓𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 1 − 𝜌𝜌𝑝𝑝 ′ + ′ 𝜌𝜌 − 𝜌𝜌′
𝛽𝛽1 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
4 – ½” Note: Only flexural reinforcement shown for
strand 16” clarity.
 Revise Flexural Design
From flowchart in PCI-DH Fig. 5.2.2:
𝛾𝛾𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑓𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
𝑓𝑓𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝑓𝑓𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 1 − 𝜌𝜌𝑝𝑝 ′ + ′ 𝜌𝜌 − 𝜌𝜌 ′
𝛽𝛽1 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
= 0 because ρ and ρ’ are zero
0.28 270 ksi
𝑓𝑓𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 270 ksi 1 − 0.00225 = 258.5 ksi
0.80 5 ksi

𝐴𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑓𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 (1.224 in2 )(258.5 ksi)

𝑎𝑎 = = = 9.3 in
0.85𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 0.85(5 ksi)(8 in)

𝑎𝑎 9.3 in 1
𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛 = 𝐴𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑓𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝 − = 1.224 in2 258.5 ksi 68 in − = 1670 kip − ft
2 2 in
12
ft
𝜙𝜙𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛 = 0.9 1670 kip − ft = 1503 kip − ft ≈ 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 = 1504 kip − ft OK
 Prestressing Constant Kt (revised)
Prestressed Spandrel Beam:
Use the 8 – 0.5 in. strands with fse = 170 ksi
Aps = 8 (0.153 in2) = 1.224 in2 Revised values:

f se 170 ksi 𝑓𝑓𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 0.181 ksi

 tr = db = (0.5 in) = 28.3 in. 𝛾𝛾 = 1 + 10 = 1 + 10 = 1.17
3 3 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ 5 ksi
Critical section for torsion location (from
beam end): x = 12 + 5.3 = 17.3 in. 𝑓𝑓𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 0.181 ksi
𝐾𝐾𝑡𝑡 = 𝛾𝛾 12 − 10 = 1.17 12 − 10 = 13.6
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ 5 ksi
𝑥𝑥 17.3 in
𝑓𝑓𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 170 ksi = 103.9 ksi
ℓ𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 28.3 in
𝑃𝑃𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑓𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝐴𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑓𝑓𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = =
𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔
(103.9 ksi)(1.224 in2 )
𝑓𝑓𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = = 0.181 ksi
704 in2
 Maximum Factored Torsion (Revised)
Eq. 5-43

1 1
𝜙𝜙 𝐾𝐾 𝜆𝜆 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ ∑ 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 0.75 13.6 (1.0) 5000 psi 5632 in2 1
3 𝑡𝑡 3
𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢(max) = = = 1190 kip − in
2 2 1000
𝐾𝐾𝑡𝑡 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 13.6(135.6 kip)
1+ 1+
30𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡 𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 30(0.097)(1169 kip − in)

𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑 8 in 68 in
𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡 = = = 0.097/in
∑ 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 5632 in3

𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 = 1169 kip − in < 𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 max = 1190 kip − in OK! Design can proceed
 Maximum Factored Shear
Eq. 5-44
𝜙𝜙𝜙𝜙𝜙𝜙 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑 0.75(10)(1.0) 5000 psi(8 in)(68 in) 1
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢(max) = = = 137.5 kip
2 2 1000
30𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡 𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 30(0.097/in)(1169 kip −in)
1+ 1+
𝐾𝐾𝑡𝑡 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 (13.6)(135.6 kip)

𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 = 135.6 kip < 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 max = 137.5 kip OK! Design can proceed
 Concrete Torsion-Shear Interaction
Equations for concrete contribution to torsion and shear account for simultaneous
occurrence of shear and torsion in a given cross section. For the critical section located at
10.7 in. from center of support:

𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐′ 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐′
𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐 = Eq. 5-45 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = Eq. 5-46
2 2
𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐′ /𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐′ /𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢
1+ ′ 1+ ′
𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 /𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐 /𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢

Where:
𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐, 𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐′ = nominal torsional moment strength of concrete under combined
shear and torsion, and under pure torsion, respectively.
𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐, 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐′ = nominal shear strength of concrete under combined shear and
torsion, and under pure shear, respectively.
 Concrete Nominal Strength for Pure Shear
(Prestressed Components)
PCI 8th ed.
PCI Design Handbook§5.3.2 refers to ACI 318-14 to calculate nominal concrete shear
strength. Vc may be determined with Eq. 5-24 (see below for validity) or the minimum of Eqs. 5-
25 and 5-28:

 Vu d p  Eq. 5-24
 '
Vc =  0.6λ f c + 700 bw d ≤ 5.0λ f c' bw d
 Mu 
≤ 1.0
Eq. 5-24 is only valid if Peff ≥ 0.4(Apsfpu + As fy )
Otherwise Eq. 5-25 and Eq. 5-28 apply:
Vc = min[Vci , Vcw ] Peff = Apsfse = 208.1 kip
VM 0.4 Aps fpu = 132.2 kip Use Eq. 5-24
'
Vci = 0.6λ f b d p + Vd + i cre
c w
M max
( )
Vcw = 3.5λ f c' + 0.3 f pc bw d p + V p
 Calculation of Vc’
For the critical section:
Vu = 135.6 kip
Mu = 131.5 kip-ft =1578 kip-in
Eq. 5-24
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝 1
𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = 0.6𝜆𝜆 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ + 700 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑 = 0.6 1.0 5000 psi + 700 1.0 8 in 68 in = 403.9 kip
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 1000

𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝 (135.6 kip)(68 in)

= = 5.84 Use 1.0
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 1578 kip − in

1
𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 ≤ 5.0𝜆𝜆 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑 = 5.0 1.0 5000 psi 8 in 68 in = 192.3 kip Governs
1000

𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐′ = 192.3 kip

 Concrete Contribution to Torsion and
Shear
1
𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐′ = 0.8𝜆𝜆 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ � 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 2.5𝛾𝛾 − 1.5 = 0.8 (1.0) 5000 psi 5632 in2 2.5(1.17) − 1.5)
1000
𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐′ = 454 kip − in

𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐′ 454 kip − in

𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐 = = = 437.9 kip − in Eq. 5-45
2 2
𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐′ /𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 454/1169
1+ ′ 1+
𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 /𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 192.3/135.6

𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐′ 192.3 kip

𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = = = 50.8 kip Eq. 5-46
2 2
𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐′ /𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 192.3/135.6
1+ ′ 1+
𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐 /𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 454/1169
 Closed Stirrup Contribution to Torsion
Tu Tu
= Tc + Ts Solving for Ts: Ts = − Tc
φ φ
 Tu 
 − Tc  s
At f yt α t x1 y1 φ 
From truss model: Ts = At =  Eq. 5-47
s α t x1 y1 f yt

Ts= contribution of closed stirrups to torsion, kip-in.

At = required area of one leg of closed tie, in.2
x1 = short side of closed tie, in.
y1 = long side of closed tie, in.
s = stirrup spacing
αt = [0.66 + 0.33 y1/x1] ≤ 1.5
fyt = yield strength of transverse reinforcement, psi
 Closed Stirrups Required for Torsion
Eq. 5-47
𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 1169 kip − in
− 𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐 − 437.9 kip − in (12 in)
𝜙𝜙 0.75
𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡 = = = 0.434 in2 /ft
𝛼𝛼𝑡𝑡 𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦1 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 (1.5)(4.5 in)(76.5 in)(60 ksi)

This is for one leg of closed stirrup and is added to the area required for shear.

y1 x1= 8” – 2[1.5”+0.5(0.5”)] = 4. 5”
No. 4 stirrups assumed
y1= 80” – 2[1.5”+0.5(0.5”)] = 76.5”
76.5
α t = 0.66 + 0.33 = 6.27 → 1.5
4 .5
x1
 Web Reinforcement Required for
V
Shear V
Solving for Vs: Vs = − Vc
u
u
= Vc + Vs
φ φ
Av f yt d Vc reduced because of interaction with
Vs =
s torsion
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 135.6 kip
− 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 𝑠𝑠 − 50.8 kip (12 in)
𝜙𝜙 0.75
𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 = = = 0.382 in2 /ft
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑 (60 ksi)(68 in)
This value corresponds to two legs of
transverse steel.
Use no. 4 @ 3.75”
in2 in2 in2
𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 + 2𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡 = 0.382 + 2 0.434 = 1.25 (0.20 in2) x (2 legs)x 3.2
ft ft ft bars/ft =1.28 in2/ft
 Minimum Area of Closed Stirrups
bw s 2 b s
( Av + 2 At )min = 50 γ ≤ 200 w Eq. 5-48
f yt f yt

𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑠𝑠 2 (8 in)(12 in) in2

50 𝛾𝛾 = 50 1.17 2 = 0.110 Governs
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 60,000 psi ft

bw s (8 in)(12 in)
200 = 200 = 0.320 in2 /ft
f yt 60000 psi

Note that ACI 318-14, § 9.7.6.3.2 requires that torsion reinforcement be

provided for a distance of at least (bt + d) beyond the point required by
analysis.
R9.7.6.3.2
This is because torsional diagonal tension cracks develop in a helical form.
This same distance is required for longitudinal torsion reinforcement.
 Longitudinal Steel Required for Torsion
PCI 8th ed.
PCI Design Handbook states that “To resist the longitudinal component of the diagonal tension
induced by torsion, longitudinal reinforcement approximately equal in cross sectional area to
that of stirrups for torsion and effectively distributed around the perimeter (spaced ≤ 12 in.)
should be provided.” This is in addition to longitudinal steel required for flexure.

A is determined as the largest 2𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡

value that results from: 𝐴𝐴ℓ = 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 Eq. 5-49
𝑠𝑠

400𝑥𝑥 𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 2𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡

and 𝐴𝐴ℓ = − 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 Eq. 5-50
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝑉𝑉 𝑠𝑠
𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 + 𝑢𝑢
3𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡
 Maximum A
Value of A calculated from Eq. 5-50 need not exceed the value obtained by substituting
the following for 2At/s:
𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑓𝑓𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤
50 1 + 12 ′ ≤ 200
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦

𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 (8 in)
200 = 200 = 0.027 in
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 60,000 psi

𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑓𝑓𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 (8 in) 0.181 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

50 1 + 12 ′ = 50 1 + 12 = 0.0096 in Governs
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 60,000 psi 5 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

in2
2𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡 0.434
=2 ft = 0.0723 in > 0.0096 in
Use 2At/s in Eq. 5-50
𝑠𝑠 12 in/ft
 Longitudinal Steel Required for Torsion
2𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡 2(0.434 in2/ft)
𝐴𝐴ℓ = 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 = 4.5 in + 76.5 in = 5.86 in2 Eq. 5-49 Governs
𝑠𝑠 12 in/ft

Distributed along height on both faces.

400𝑥𝑥 𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 2𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡

𝐴𝐴ℓ =
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝑉𝑉
−
𝑠𝑠
𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 Eq. 5-50
𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 + 𝑢𝑢
3𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡

400(8 in) 1169 kip − in 2(0.434 in2 /ft)

𝐴𝐴ℓ = − 4.5 in + 76.5 in = −2.77 in2
60,000 psi 1169 kip − in + 135.6 kip 12 in/ft
(3)0.097/in

Use 9 no. 5 into span + 9 no. 5 U-bars at beam end + 3 – ½” strands

each face: Total A = 6.50 in2
 Reinforcing Pattern – Zia-Hsu Method
COL CL
No. 5 @12” (typ, additional No. 5 @12” (typ, No. 4 closed stirrups (typ)
U-bars at both ends) longitudinal) Spacing given at bottom
36” 2 – ½” top strands
(3’ – 0”) 8 – ½” strands

1 ⅞” 12 @ 6”= 72” 14 @ 12”= 168” 2”

10 @ 3.75”= 37.5”
(3’ – 1 ½”) (6’ – 0”) (14’ – 0”)
 8”
2 – ½” top strand
(not fully
Cross Section at
stressed) As
No. 5 @ 12” ±
End
Note:
Av+2At This section corresponds to the section of
# 4 closed stirrups maximum shear and torsion. As torsion
2 – ½” strand (spacing shown in and shear decrease toward the center of
elevation) 80” the span, the need for transverse and
As longitudinal torsion reinforcement will
No. 5 @ 12”± decrease.
(U-bar at ends)
Also, design of hanger reinforcement is not
included in this module. It will be
2 – ½” strand presented in the module corresponding to
8”
4 – ½” strand ledge design.
16”
 Slender Spandrel Beam Method
• Objectives:
– Simplify design of slender spandrels
– Offer option of using open web reinforcement instead
of closed hoops for torsion to facilitate fabrication
• Limits
– Spandrel simply supported and loaded along bottom
– Web laterally restrained at two points at each end
– h/bw ≥ 4.5
Research reference: Lucier, G., Walter, C., Rizkalla, S., Zia, P., and Klein, G. (2011). “Development of a rational
design methodology for precast concrete slender spandrel beams”, Report No. IS-09-10, Constructed Facilities
Laboratory, North Carolina State University, 2010, 193 pp. (Available on PCI website for members)
 Design Regions
h 2h Variable to midspan
2
1

h
2 θ = 45° θ = 30°
a 1

End region Transition region Flexure region

From: Lucier, G., Walter, C., Rizkalla, S., Zia, P., and Klein, G. (2011). “Development of a rational design
methodology for precast concrete slender spandrel beams: Part 2 , analysis and design guidelines”, PCI Journal,
Vol. 56, No.4 (Fall), pp. 106-133.
 dw
Notation for Slender
As
(full length) Spandrel Method
Asi
(L-bar, C-bar
Aso at ends)*
Interior face
h
*Testing by Lucier et al. (2011)
Exterior face As showed that top hook was not needed
(U-bar at ends) for interior vertical reinforcement,
Vu except for the end of ledge beam (2 C-
bars at end typically).
Flexural
reinforcement
Ledge or corbel
b
 Components of Torsional Moment
The torsional moment is broken up into its components normal (n) and tangential (t)
to the cracked surface. The normal component generates twist of the section; the
tangential component generates out of plane bending of the section.

Tub = Tu cos θ t
Tub
θ Tu
θ Tu x

n
Tut = Tu sin θ
Tut θ

3D View
Side Elevation
 Plate Bending Component of Torsion
t Tub Tub ≤ φ f Tnb

Tnb = As" f y d w

As” Tu cos θ
C As" =
φ f f ydw
fy As” dw

As” is the area required to resist the bending moment generated about
t-axis (Tub), and dw is equal to the distance between the compression
force and the tension force (centroid of As”). Note the strength
reduction factor for flexure is used!
 Plate Bending Component of Torsion
As” is an area perpendicular to the diagonal crack that forms at an angle θ. Using this
area, equivalent areas in the vertical (Asv) and longitudinal (As) directions are
determined.
Tu cos θ The horizontal projection of the
"
As = diagonal crack is:
φ f f ydw
h h cos θ
θ  ch = =
h Asv tan θ sin θ
Asv = As" cos θ Then, the vertical steel area per
θ As” unit length is:

ch Asv Tu cos θ sin θ

≥
Tu cos 2 θ s φ f f y d wh
Asv ≥
φ f f ydw
 Plate Bending Component of Torsion
For θ = 45o
Asv Tu
Asv Tu cos θ sin θ ≥ Eq. 5-52
≥ s 2φ f f y d w h
s φ f f y d wh
For θ = 30o
Area needed on inside face of beam for torsion Asv Tu
(plate bending). ≥ Eq. 5-53
s 2 .3 φ f f y d w h

As is determined following a similar approach, leading to the following equation used
for design. In this case As represents the total longitudinal area throughout the
depth, h:
Tu cos θ sin θ This equation depends on the angle of the assumed crack
As ≥ inclination within each design region (details later).
φ f f ydw
 Twisting Component of Torsion
(Maximum Torsion) X f c'
dw

Internal forces and torsion acting Tut ≤ φTnt

Hnt
on diagonal section
1  h2 
1 h 1 Tu ≤ φ s X f
c
'
 3 d w
H nt =   dw X f c
' 6  sin θ 
 2 sin θ  2

(2/3) h/sin θ
h/sin θ
 d wh2 
Calibrated Tu ≤ φ s  2.4 f c'
3

experimentally  6 sin θ  Tnt

1  h2  For θ = 45o
Tnt = X f '
 2 d w
c
6  sin θ  (
Tu ≤ φ s 1.13 f c' d w h 2 ) Eq. 5-51 Hnt
X f c'
 Twisting Component of Torsion
Tut = 97.4 kip - ft = 1169 kip - in Maximum in end region
 d wh2 
Tu ≤ φ sT nt= φ s  2.4 f c'
3

 6 sin θ 
For θ = 45o (End region)
(
Eq. 5-51 Tu ≤ φ s 1.13 f c' d w h 2 )
1
φ sT nt= 0.75[1.13 5000 psi (6.5 in)(80 in)2 ] = 2493 kip − in
6.5” 1000
Section is adequate: Tut,max < φsTnt
8”
dw = 8 – 1.5 in = 6.5 in.
 Interior Vertical Reinforcement
Reinforcement required for face plate bending
+ ½ required for shear As
(full length)
Asi  Av 
=  Asv +  / s Eq. 5-54
s  2 Aso Asi

Asi Tu cos θ sin θ Vu / φ s − Vc

= +
s φ f f y d wh 2 f yd As
(U-bar at ends)

Av Vu / φ s − Vc
≥
s f yd
 Interior Vertical Reinforcement (End Region)
Asi  A 
Eq. 5-54 =  Asv + v  / s
s  2
For θ = 45o As

Eq. 5-52
Asv
=
Tu
=
(97.4 kip - ft )(12 in/ft ) = 0.021 in2 /in
s 2φ f f y d w h 2(0.9)(60 ksi)(6.5 in)(80 in) Aso Asi

𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 135.6 kip

From shear design 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 𝜙𝜙𝑠𝑠 − 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 0.75
− 87.7 kip in2 As
≥ = = 0.023
𝑠𝑠 2𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑 60 ksi 68 in in (U-bar)

in 2
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 in2 0.023 in in2 in2 Use no. 4 @ 6 in.
= 0.021 + = 0.033 (0.40 )
𝑠𝑠 in 2 in ft for end region
 Interior Vertical Reinforcement (Transition Region)
Asi  A 
Eq. 5-54 =  Asv + v  / s
s  2
For θ = 30o As

Eq. 5-52
Asv
=
Tu
=
(71.8 kip - ft )(12 in/ft ) = 0.013 in2 /in
s 2.3φ f f y d w h 2.3(0.9)(60 ksi)(6.5 in)(80 in) Asi
Aso
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 100.3 kip
𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 𝜙𝜙𝑠𝑠 − 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 0.75
− 87.7 kip in2
From shear design ≥ = = 0.012
𝑠𝑠 2𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑 60 ksi 68 in in As
(U-bar)

in 2
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 in2 0.012 in in2 in2 Use no. 4 @ 10”
= 0.013 + = 0.019 (0.22 )
𝑠𝑠 in 2 in ft
 Exterior Vertical Reinforcement
½ reinforcement required shear – reinforcement
required for face plate bending As

Vs Term neglected
(conservative)
Aso Asi
Aso Vu / φ s − Vc Tu cos θ sin θ
≥ −
s 2 f yd φ f f y d wh
As
(U-bar at ends)
Aso Av Vs
Eq. 5-56 ≥ =
s 2 2 f yd
 Exterior Vertical Reinforcement
Aso Av V
Eq. 5-56 ≥ = s As
s 2 2 f yd
(full length)
Recall Vu = 135.6 kip at critical section (1 ft from support) Asi
Aso
135.6 kip
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 − 87.7 kip in2
≥ = 0.75 = 0.011
𝑠𝑠 2𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑 2 60 ksi 68 in in As
(U-bar at ends)
min (Av/s) = 50 bw/fy=50 (8 in)/60,000 psi = 0.007 in2/in

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 in2 in2 Use WWR 6 x 6 - W6.5 x W6.5

= 0.011 (0.13 ) (Aso/s)prov = 0.13 in2/ft
𝑠𝑠 in ft
 Longitudinal Web Reinforcement
Tu cos θ sin θ As
As =
φ f f ydw (full length)

For θ = 45o Tu Aso Asi

(End region) As = Eq. 5-57
2φ f f y d w
Tu As
For θ =30o As = Eq. 5-58 (U-bar at ends)
(Transition region) 2 .3 φ f f y d w

Tu = maximum torsion within each design region

φf = 0.9 (strength reduction factor for flexure)
 Longitudinal Web Reinforcement
Note: Although this reinforcement is needed on the inside face for plate bending, PCI-DH § 5.4.2 requires it
to be placed in both faces
For θ = 45o (End region)
Tu (97.4 kip - ft)(12 in/ft)
Eq. 5-57 As = = = 1.66 in2 As
2φ f f y d w 2(0.9)(60 ksi) (6.5 in) (full length)
Use 3 no. 4 U-bars (L = 8’ – 0”)
+ 6 no. 4 full-length bars (13” spacing ±) Aso Asi
For θ = 30o (Transition region)
Tu (71.8 kip - ft)(12 in/ft)
Eq. 5-58 As = = = 1.07 in2 As
2.3φ f f y d w 2.3(0.9)(60 ksi) (6.5 in) (U-bar at ends)
Use 6 no. 4 full-length bars (13” spacing ±)
Tu = maximum torsion within each design region
φf = 0.9 (strength reduction factor for flexure)
 Reinforcing Pattern – Slender Spandrel
COL
96”
Method CL

(8’ – 0”) No. 4 @26” ± No. 4 @13” ±

(additional U-bars at No. 4 L-bars interior face
2 no. 4 C-bars interior (typ, longitudinal)*
both ends) (spacing indicated
face below)*

5 no. 9 (flexural reinforcement)

2” 6” 15 @ 6”= 90” 16 @ 10”= 160” 3 @ 12”= 36”

(7’ – 6”) (13’ – 4”) (3’ – 0”)
*Use WWR 6 x 6 - W6.5 x W6.5 for web reinforcement on outside face
 Check for End Region Cracking under
Eccentric Service Loads
 4 f'   4 5000 psi  (8 in)(80 in)
c
Eq. 5-59 Vcr =  bw h =   = 51.7 kip
 (1 + 2e / bw ) 1 + 2(10 in)/(8 in)  1000

Service loads/DT stem : VD = 16.2 kip VL = 7.1 kip (12 ft DT)

VD = 14.3 kip VL = 5.9 kip (10 ft DT)

Vserv,end = 108.0 kip (Left end reaction) > Vcr Cracking expected

Assumes a tension stress limit of concrete equal to: 6 f c'

 Check for Out of Plane Bending near
PCI 8 ed. Beam End
th

§5.4.3 “…when the reaction is not colinear with applied loads…the resulting out-of-plane
bending may require additional vertical and horizontal reinforcement” [near beam ends].
The necessary reinforcement for this provision can be calculated using Eq. 5-60 (below).

Tu 1169 kip - in
Eq. 5-60 Awv = Aw = = = 1.81 in2
2φf y ju d w 2(0.9)(60 ksi)(0.9)(6.63" )
ju= factor used to approximate moment arm between tension and compression
force couple = 0.9
This area of steel must be distributed vertically and horizontally over a distance equal
to the distance between torsion connections, hs = 56 in.

Horizontally, arrangement of no. 4 bars @ end works.

Vertically, no. 4 bars at 6” works.
 End of Session 1 - Questions?
• Session 1: Introduction to Building Example, Torsion Design

• Session 2: Ledge Design

• Session 3: Bearing on Concrete and Dapped End Design

• Session 4: Design of Axially Loaded Members (Compression +

Bending)

• Session 5: Corbel Design

• Session 6: Special Topics