Unit 3 in English

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Rudra’s IAS CLASS NOTES MPPSC (Pre) New Syllabs 2020
Rudra’s IAS – 284, zone-II MP NAGAR BHOPAL 9098200428 (C.M. MISHRA)

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Rudra’s IAS
A PREMIER INSTITUTE OF CIVIL SERVICES
MPPSC (Pre) 2020

UNIT -2
IN ENGLISH
FOR
MPPSC
(New Pattern)
By- C.M. MISHRA

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Wildlife in Madhya Pradesh

Situated as a heartland of India, Madhya Pradesh is known for its abundance of natural resources,
especially the diversity of forests and wildlife. Forests plays important rolefor preservation of soil and
water. Different forest cover mountain ranges and their watershed of Madhya Pradesh make it able to
nurture the population based on agriculture and agriculture. Tropical dry, deciduous teak, mixed and sal
forests are found in these forests. Sal forests are found in Mandla, Dindori, Shahdol and Balaghat. Bushy
forests are found in Chambal region Gwalior, Shivpuri, Bhind and Datia. Apart from miner forest
products and medicinal plantsforest of Madhya Pradesh provides bamboo and other timbers.
Forest Department was established in Madhya Pradesh in the year 1860. Madhya Pradesh has 13 percent
of the total forest wealth and 7 percent of the wildlife conservation area of the nation. Madhya Pradesh is
the most forest cover state in the country. 30.7 percent of total area of state is forst cover. The per capita
forest area in Madhya Pradesh is 0.16 km2 while the national average is 0.07 km2. There is 16 forest
circles in Madhya Pradesh. Khandwa forest circle is the largest circle.
Madhya Pradesh's first forest policy was made in 1952. The new forest policy of Madhya Pradesh was
announced on 4 April 2005. Madhya Pradesh is the first state in the country to do hundred percent
nationalization of forests (1964). Tendu patta was first nationalized forest product of state. Madhya
Pradesh has 41 percent teak trees in the country. Teak trees are found in 17.88 percent of the total forest
area of the state. 50 percent of Sal trees of nation is found in Madhya Pradesh. There are sal trees in 16.54
percent of the total forest area of the state.
Balaghat district is the highest forest covered district of state. One of the four Regional Research Centers
of Dehradun State Forest Research Institute is established in Jabalpur of Madhya Pradesh. Madhya
Pradesh Forestry Scheme was started in September 1995. Forest Government College was established in
Balaghat in the state in 1979. Madhya Pradesh Eco Tourism Development Board was formed on 12 July
2005 by the government. Madhya Pradesh Pollution Control Board is situated in Bhopal. Madhya Pradesh
Lake Conservation Authority has been established in 2014. Environmental Planning and Coordination
Organization (EPCO) was established on 5 June 1981 for pollution control in Madhya Pradesh.
Classification of forests
Tropical forests are commonly found forest in Madhya Pradesh. But due to variations in water, air, soil,
temperature and rainfall, variety of vegetations are also found in state. On the basis of these variations,
the forests of the state are divided into the following four parts-

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Tropical wet deciduous forest

Tropical wet deciduous forests are extended across theBalaghat, Chhindwara, Seoni, Jabalpur, Mandla
and Shahdol districts of state. These forests are found in areas with more than 120 cm of rainfall in the
state. The trees in these forests drop leaves for a short time. The major tree of these forests is Sal but teak
is also found in areas with black soil.
Tropical dry deciduous forest
Tropical dry deciduous forests in the state are spread across the northern parts of Shahdol and Jabalpur
forest circles and the entire northern and western Betul Hoshangabad, Khandwa, Indore, Ujjain, Bhopal,
Sagar, Rewa, Shivpuri and Gwalior forest circles. The plants in these forests drop their leaves before the
arrival of summer to meet the water shortage. Teak is the main plant of these forests; however mixed
forests are spread over a wide area.
Thorny bushes
The thorny bushes of the state are mainly spread in the Chambal valley. The northern and western part of
the state receives low rainfall.
Subtropical forest
These forests are found on the high peaks of Satna and Vindhyan. Plants of these forests do not fall leaves
together. Similar forests are found on PachmarhiMountains.
Administrative Classification of Forests
Reserved forest
The reserve forest in the state is spread over an area of 61886 km2 which is 3.72% of the total forest area
of the state. Traffic, pastoral wood cutting in these forests are considered to be a punishable offense and
administrative rules are very strict. The highest percentage of reserved forests are found in Khandwa
Forest Circle and the lowest in Chhatarpur Forest Circle.
Protected forest
The protected forests in the state are spread over an area of 31098 km2. The management of these forests
is under the supervision of the administration. Pastoral activities and cutting of trees are permitted under
special circumstances in these forests. Distribution of protected forests is complementary to reserved
forests. The highest percentage of protected forests are found in Rajgarh and the lowest percentage is
found in Ujjain.
Unclassified forest

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The unclassified forests in the state are spread over an area of 1705 km2. Pastoral activities and cutting of
forests are allowed in these forests.
Forest wealth
The forests of Madhya Pradesh are quite rich in terms of forest wealth. The following forest produce is
collected from the state forests -
Teak
Teak trees are spread over an area of 18332.67 square kilometers in the state. These forests are found in
the northern region of black soil with 75–125 cm rainfall. Their timber is used for making houses and
wooden items. These trees are found more in the Bori valley of Hoshangabad.
Sal
50 percent of Sal plants of the country are found in Madhya Pradesh. These plants are spread in 16.54
percent of the total area of the state. Sal wood is used in making of railway sleepers and timber. This plant
is found in the red yellow soil area of the state. Sal trees are most commonly found in Mandla district.
Bamboo
Bamboo is found in the southern and eastern districts of the state and in Shahdol, Anuppur, Balaghat,
Betul, Khandwa and Hoshangabad. Bamboo is used in paper factories of Amalai and Nepanagar.
Balaghat and Hoshangabad are the major bamboo producing districts.
Khair
There are factories for making catechu in Shivpuri and Banmore in Madhya Pradesh. These factories use
wood of Khair found in forests of Shivpuri, Sheopur, Guna and Morena. Khair plants are also found in
Sagar, Jabalpur, Damoh Umaria district in the state.
Lac
Lac is produced in the districts of Mandla, Jabalpur, Seoni, Shahdol and Hoshangabad in Madhya
Pradesh. The state produces 40000 tonnes per annum, it is used in cosmetics. Lac is a natural resin that is
emitted by an insect. For this reason, it is called a boon of nature. Thousands of lac insects colonize the
branches of the host trees and secrete the resinous pigment.In scientific language, lac is called lecifer
lacca. Lac insects hosted on plants of Kusum, Khair, Plum, Palash, Shisham, Gular, peepal and Babool.
Harra
Harra is mainly obtained from the forests of Chhindwara Balaghat, Mandla, Sheopur and Shahdol. It is
used in medicine making and tanning.

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Gum plant
Gum is produced from forests of Gwalior, Shivpuri and Khandwa. It is used in food, paint industry, paper
painting, pharmaceutical industry, cosmetic etc.
Tendu leaves
Madhya Pradesh is the largest producer of Tendu Leaves. Tendu leaves are used to make bidis. The bidi
industry is mainly developed in Sagar, Jabalpur, Shahdol and Sidhi. The state of Madhya Pradesh alone
produces 60% of the bidi production of the country.
State Forest Policy 2005
The new forest policy of the state was approved by state Council of Ministers on 4 April 2005. Earlier,
the state forest policy 1992 of undivided state was applicable in Madhya Pradesh. In the earlier forest
policy, where only the conservation of forests was given priority, in the present policy, the emphasis has
been laid on the management of forests as well as protection. In the management of forests, the
participation of local people is given priority.
In the earlier policy, forest management work was done through contractors under strict control of the
department, in the current policy, forest development has been given importance by public participation.
In the new forest policy, special emphasis has been laid on production of timber wood as well as
production, processing and value addition of small forest produce and medicinal species. To take action to
change the revenue of forest villages into sensitive villages, to introduce special security arrangements in
sensitive areas and to provide weapons to the forest personnel as per the requirements are the objects of
new forest policy.
Major Forest Institute
Indian Institute of Forest Management Bhopal
Indian Forest Research Institute Regional Branch Jabalpur, Headquarters- Dehradun
Forest Management Education Institute and Balaghat
College
Tropical Forestry Institute Jabalpur
Sanjeevani Sansthan Bhopal Link Road 1
National Park in Madhya Pradesh

Kanha Kisli National Park

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Kanha Kisli National Park is the largest national park in Madhya Pradesh located in Mandla and Balaghat
districts. Its area is 940 km2. It was declared a sanctuary in 1933 and a national park in 1955. The state
animal reindeer of Madhya Pradesh is found in this park. Kanha is the only national park with an
aerodrome. In 1973, it has been brought under tiger conservation project.
Bandhavgarh National Park
Bandhavgarh National Park is surrounded by mountain ranges of the Vindhyan. It is located in Umaria
(437 sq km) district. It is a national park surrounded by 32 hills. It was declared a national park in 1968.
The Charan Ganga River passes through it. Caves and 200-year-old fosils have been found inside this
park.
Maghav National Park
In ancient times, this area located in Shivpuri district was the royal hunting ground of the Maharaja of
Gwalior. In 1958, it was given the status of a national park. Tropical mixed dry forests are found in the
national park. The Manihar River flows in the National Park. NH-3 passes through this national park. Its
area is 355 sq km. is. In this Park, George Castle was built in 1911 by the then ruler of Gwalior Jeevaji
Rao Scindia. This castle was built by Jivaji Rao Scindia for one night stay of King George V of England.
Panna National Park
Panna National Park is located in the north-central part of Madhya Pradesh. Reptile Park was established
in 1981 and Project Tiger in 1994. Cane Gharial Wildlife Sanctuary, Gangou Forest Area etc. come under
Panna National Park.
Sanjay Dubri National Park
Sanjay National Park is located in Sidhi district. The park is spread over the states of Madhya Pradesh and
Chhattisgarh. It was founded in 1981 and was incorporated into Project Tiger in 2008. Its area is 466.7 sq
km.
Pench National Park
This national park is spread across Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh Seoni and Chidwara districts.
Situated on bank of Pench River, this park is called Pench National Park. This national park was
established in 1999. Mowgli land (239 sq km) is related to this.
Satpura National Park

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This national park is located in Hoshangabad district. The Panchmarhi and Bori sanctuaries come under
the Satpura National Park. It was established in 1981. Dhupgarh, the highest peak of Madhya Pradesh, is
located in Satpura National Park. It was included in Project Tiger in 1999–2000. Its area is 543 sq km. is.
Van vihar National Park
It is situated in the capital of Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal. It was established in 1979. It is spread over the
area 4.45 sq km. It is also called modern zoo. It is the only national park in the state situated in the middle
of the urban area. It is also famous for the snake park.
Fossil National Park
It was declared a national park in 1983. It is located in Dindori district. These botanical fossils are about 7
million years old. It is spread over 0.27 acres, from which many varieties of quartz stone are obtained.
Dinosaur National Park (Dhar)
This is notified in 2011 as national park. It is located in 'Kukshi' of Dhar district. 6.5 million years old
fossils of dinosaurs have been found from here.
Tiger Project
The Government of India and the World Wildlife Fund together started the tiger project in 1973. Madhya
Pradesh has been given the status of Tiger state due to 19 percent of India's and 10 percent of the world's
tigers found in Madhya Pradesh. In Madhya Pradesh, 6 national parks and one wildlife sanctuary have
been kept under the Tiger Project.
(1) Sanjay (Sidhi)
(2) Satpura (Hoshangabad)
(3) Kanha Kisli (Mandla)
(4) Panna (Panna)
(5) Bandhavgarh (Umaria)
(6) Pench (Chhindwara / Suture)
(7) Ratapani (Wildlife Sanctuary Raisen / Sehore)
Proposed National Park
(1) Mandhata Omkareshwar - Khandwa
(2) Gir lions from Gujarat have been brought to the 'Palpur Coono-Morena' Wildlife Sanctuary.
EPCO - Environment planing and coordination orgnagation
Its headquarters is located in Bhopal. Its task is to plan for environmental development.

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Wildlife Sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh

Systematic and well-planned efforts were made for the promotion and conservation of wildlife in Madhya
Pradesh. So far, there are a total of 25 wildlife sanctuaries in Madhya Pradesh, which have been
established under the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972.
1. Bori - Hoshangabad
2. Karera - Shivpuri
3. Fen-Mandla
4. Bagdara - Sidhi
5. Ratapani - Raisen
6. Ghatigaon - Gwalior
7. Gandhisagar - Mandsaur
8. Khevani Sanctuary - Dewas, Sehore
9. Ken Ghariyal - Chhatarpur
10. Narsingarh - Rajgarh
11. Rashtriya Chambal Gharial - Morena
12. Nauradehi - Sagar
13. Pachmarhi - Hoshangabad
14. Kuno Palpur - Sheopur, Morena
15. Pench - Seoni, Chhindwara
16. Panapatha - Shahdol
17. Sanjay Dubri - Sidhi
18. Sindori - Raisen
19. Son Ghariyal Sanctuary - Sidhi, Shahdol
20. Sardarpur - Dhar
21. Sailana - Ratlam
22. Ralamandal - Indore
23. Orchha - Tikamgarh
24. Gangau - Panna
25. Kalibhit - Betul
26. Durgavati - Jabalpur

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27. Surmania - Khandwa

28. Kattiwada - Alirajpur
29. Mandhata – Khandwa
Important sanctuaries of Madhya Pradesh

For Gharyal
1 Chambal National Wildlife Sanctuary - Sheopur, Morena
2. Son River Wildlife Sanctuary - Sidhi, Shahdol
3 Ken River Wildlife Sanctuary - Panna, Chhatarpur
Kharmour and Dudhraj for birds
Sailana - Ratlam (smallest)
Sardarpur - Dhar
Son chiraiya
Ghatigaon - Gwalior
Karera - Shivpuri
For cow
Gau Sanctuary - Salaria, Susnair, Agar Malwa
Jararu Dham Gau Sanctuary, Village Margaron, Block Batiyagarh, Damoh September 2016
For tiger
Ratapani
Biosphere reserve
The idea of a biosphere reserve area came into existence in 1973-74 with the UNESCO's Man and
Biosphere Program. Its objective is to establish ecological balance preservation and enhancement of the
relationship between human and environment. Total three National Parks of Madhya Pradesh are included
in the list of Biosphere Reserves.
1 Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve
Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve is located in the Satpura range. This conservation area was created in 1999
by the Government of India. In 2009, UNESCO designated it the status of a Biosphere Reserve.
Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve is spread over Hoshangabad, Betul and Chhindwara districts of Madhya
Pradesh. The total area of the Biosphere Reserve is 4926.28 square kilometers. It includes three wildlife
conservation units - Bori Sanctuary (518.00 sq km) Pachmarhi Sanctuary (461.37 sq km) and Satpura

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National Park (524.37 sq km).Satpura National Park is authorized as the core area and the remaining
40101.91 sq km, the remaining area including Bori and Pachmarhi sanctuary, serves as buffer zone.
2. Amarkantak Achanakmar Biosphere Reserve
Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve is spread in two states Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.
Its total area is 3835.51 sq km.
3 Panna Biosphere Reserve
Recently, Panna Biosphere Reserve has been included in the global list of Biosphere Reserves under
UNESCO's Man and Biosphere Program. This is the 12th Biosphere Reserve of India included in this list.
Panna Biosphere Reserve located in the Vindhyan mountain range is spread in Panna and Chhatarpur
district of Madhya Pradesh. Ken Riverflows through the middle of national park from south to north.
Panna National Park was declared a tiger reserve by the Government of India in the year 1994. In 2011, it
was declared a Biosphere Reserve by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. In
addition to the tiger, animals like leopard, nilgai, chinkara, chital, spotted cat, porcupine and sambar and
more than 200 species of birds, including red-headed vulture, bar-headed goose, honey buzzard and
Indian vulture, are included in this reserve. Here crocodiles and crocodiles are also found in the Ken
River.
Some Important facts
1. Bandhawgarh National Park has the highest density of Tiger.
2. The first white tiger of word was found in Bandhawgarh.
3. Words first white tiger safari was opened in Madhya Pradesh has Mukundpur, Satna on third April
2016
4. Mogli Land is established in Pench National Park Seoni.
5. NH-3 Passes through Madhav National Park Shivpuri.
6. NH-7 Passes through Pench National Park Seoni.
7. Smallest sanctuary of State is Ralamandal (Indore)
8. Largest Sanctuary of State is Nauradehi (Sagar)
9. George Castle is situated in Madhav National Park (Shivpuri)
10. Palpur Kuno (Sheopur) has satup for the conservation of Gir Lion Set.
11. In Madhya Pradesh Total Teak (Sagaun) Volume is 17.8 Percent.
12. Dudhraj which is the state bird of state is found in Sardarpur Wild Life Sanctuary.

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13. Highest forest revenue is collected from Jabalpur and Least from Gwalior
14. MP rank first position in Tendu Patta Production which is used in Bidi Making.
15. Top Three districts have highest forest cover are Balaghat Rewa, Chhindwara and Least forest
covered district are Ujjain, Shajapur and Bhind.
16. Social ForestryScheme was started in 1976.
17. Antelope (Bara Singha) was declared state animal on 1st Nov 1981.
18. Madhya Pradesh first forest Policy was launched in 1952.
19. The Newest forest policy of state is launched on 4th April 2005.
20. Madhya Pradesh forest Protection Act was coming into Existence in 1974.
21. Madhya Pradesh Biodiversity board was formed on 13thJan 2000 by the state government.
Chaired by Chief Minister and Consists of 34th Members.
22. Lokvaniki Yojana was started by the Madhya Pradesh Government in 1999.
23. Panna is known as the Amla district.
Rivers of Madhya Pradesh

The state of Madhya Pradesh has an extensive network of rivers having grate rivers basin and water
shade of a number of rivers. Drainage system of Madhya Pradesh includes some major rivers Traversing
Important River are Narmada Chambal, Tapti, Betwa, Sindh, Kali, Son etc.
1. Narmada Basin
The Narmada River is the longest river in Madhya Pradesh. The river travels distance 1312 km and
1077km in Madhya Pradesh. TheNarmada river rises in Amar kantak plateau of Maikal Range in
Anooppur District. It is also known as rewa and Mahakala in Ancient time. Major tributaries are
Banjar, Hiran, Dodi, Shakkar, Kolar, Tawa, Jobat Etc. Narmada is the fifth longest river in India and
its fall into gulf of Cambay in Arebian Sea Near Bharuch in Gujarat. Maheshwar and Tripuri known
as tewar are situated on Narmada river in Jabalpur district.
Improtant Hydropower Project on Narmada
1. Indira Sagar Punasa District Khandwa

2. Omkareshwar District Khandwa
3. Maheshwar District Khargaun
4. Sardar Sarovar Nayagaon Vadodara Gujarat

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2. Chambal River Basin

Chambal river was called Charmavati in ancient time Chambal is the biggest tributary of Yamuna
rises from Janapaw mountain in Vindhyan range in Indore district and flows north word through
Ujjain Ratlam and Mandsore. It meets the Yamuna near Etawah in Uttar Pradesh. It is travels 965
km distance. Major tributary of Chambal Banas, parvati, Kali, Kshipra, Sindh, and Three major dam
are constructed on the river of Chambal- Gandhi Sagar, Rana Pratap Sagar and Jawahar Sagar.
Important Hydropower Project on Chambal

1. Gandhi Sagar Mandsore
2. Jawahar Sagar Kota (Rajasthan)
3. Rana Sagar Chittoor Rajasthan
3. Son River Basin

Son Rivers emerges from Amarkantak in Maikal Range of Anooppur district. The total length of this
river in Madhya Pradesh 784 km. It meets Ganga in Bihar Near patna. The major tributary of soan
are Johila Mahanadi, Gopad and Banas. Bansagar Dam constructed in the river of Son.
Important Hydropower Project on Son
Ban Sagar Devlond (Shahdol)

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4. Tapti river Basin

Tapti River originates from Multai in Betul district. It flows west ward and falls in Arabian Sea.
Total Length of Tapti River is 725 km. It falls Gulf of Cambay in Arabia sea.
Important Hydropower Project on Tapti
Ukai (Surat), Gujarat
5. Betwa river Basin

Betwa River was called Betravati in ancient times. It originates Kumragaon near Raisen district of
Madhya Pradesh. It also flows through Uttar Pradesh after Madhya Pradesh and meets Yamuna at
Important Hydropower Project on Tapti
Rajghat Lalitpur (Uttar Pradesh)
Hamirpur in Uttar Pradesh the major tributary of Betwa is Kaliasot, Halali, Budhna, Dhasan, Betwa
river is also called Ganga of Madhya Pradesh (According to pollution). Total length of Betwa river
590 km.
6. Ken

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The river emerges out from Vindhyachal in Katni district total length of this river 427 km. and meets
in Yamuna river tributary are sonar, copra, urmil.
7. Kshipra
Kshipra Rivers originates from Kakribardi pahadi in Indore. Total length of Kshipra 195 km and its
meet with Chambal River
8. Tawa
Tawa River is originated from Mahadev Hills in pachmarhi. Tawa River is the tributary of Narmada
river. Tawa dam is situated on Tawa river near Hoshangabad.
Narmada Shira Link Project
1. Source – Sisalia (Khargone)

2. Destination – Ujjaini village (Indore)
3. Length – 47 km
4. Pumb – 432 Carore
Cities and their river banks

Narmada river (Rewa, Maikal Putri, Saptganga) Amarkantak, Jabalpur, Hoshangabad, Nemawar,
Punasa, Omkareshwar, Maheshwar, dhar,
Narsinghpur, Barwani, Barwah, Mandleshwar
Chambal (Charmawati) Nagda, Shyorpur, Muraina, ratlam, Mhow.
Betwa (Betrawati) Bhojpur Temple, Sanchi, Vidisha, Orcha.
Kshipra (Awanti) Ujjain
Khan Indore
Mahi Dhar
Parvati Sehore, Ashta, Rajgarh, Shajapur
Tons Satna
Wainganga Balaghat
Sindh Datia, Shivpuri
Kalisindh Sonkakcha, bagli, Dewas
Tawa Panchmadhi, tawa nagar

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Tapti Multai Burhanpur

Shivna Mandsore
Important water falls in Madhya Pradesh

Water fall River place
Chachai Bihad river Rewa 130 m
Kewti Mahana river (tributary of Tons)
Pandhaw Ken river near panna
Chulia Chambal
Patalpani Chambal
Rahatgarh Bina
Bhalkund Sagar
Apsara Panchmadhi
Daches Panchmadhi
Rajat Panchmadhi
Raneh Ken
Purba Tons
Gatha Ken river
Dhuandhar Narmada
Kapildhara Narmada
Dugdhdhara Narmada
Shahastra dhara Narmada

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Mountain Ranges and Hills of Madhya Pradesh

Vindhyan Range
Vindhyan Range is a block mountain. It is second oldest mountain in India after Aravalli mountain. It is
in the east-west direction from Jobat in the state of Gujarat to Sasaram in the state of Bihar over a
distance 1,200 km. It runs parallel in north of Narmada river. A series of hills connects the Vindhya
extension to the Aravalli Range near Amarkantak. Vindhyan Range can be divided into Western part and
Eastern parts.
Western part of Vindhyan Range
It is extended from pavagarh Gujaratat to Sagar district of Nadhya Pradesh.
Pavagadh Hill
Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park was inscribed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site in
2004.The Maha Kalika Mata Temple, located on top of the 800 meters high Pavagarh Hill, is an
important shrine in the region.
Vindhyan range in Madya Pradesh start from Jhabua district. In Jhabua rock phosphate is mined from
Vindhyan range.
Mandu hills
Mandu is a small town situated in Western part of Vindhyan Range in Dhar district. It is also called city
of joy. The Bagh Caves are a group of nine rock-cut monuments, situated among the southern slopes of
the Vindhyan in Bagh town of Dhar district. National Dinosaur Fossil Park is also situated near Bagh.
Mahi River
Mahi River originates in the Mahi Kanta hills, from the northern slopes of Vindhyas at an altitude of 500
m near village Bhopawar, Sardarpur tehsil in Dhar district. The total length of Mahi is 583 km.
Kakri Bardi hills
Kakri Bardi hills ae the part of Vindhyan range in Indore. These hills are origin of sacred Shipra River.
Ujjain is situated at bank of Shipra. Simhastha Maha Kumbha takes place on the bank of Shipra River
after every 12 years.
Janapav hills
Janapav hills are situated at Mhow in Indore district at altitude of 881 m from sea level. Chambal river
originates from a tank situated on this hill near Manpur Indore. It is also considered birth place of Lord
Parasuram. The highest peak of Malwa Plateau is Sigar top which is 881 meter high. Sigar top is situated

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in south of Mhow. The second highest peak of this plateau is Janapav 854 meter high and the third
highest peak is Ghajari 810 meter high.
Tekari
Chamunda mata and Tulja Bawani temple is situated on a small hill (Tekari) of Vindhyan Range in
Dewas.
Bhopal
Bhopal is situated in 5 small hills of Vindhyan Range with an average elevation of 500 meters. There are
5 important hills in Bhopal named Shyamla hills, Neori hills, Arera hills, Katara hills and Idgah hills
(SNAKE).
Salkanpur hills
Salkanpur hills are situated in south-east of Bhopal in Vindhyan range. It is a sacred siddhpeeth of
Vindhyavasni Beejasan devi.
Bhimbetka
The Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka is 45 kilometres south-east of Bhopal in the Raisen District at the
southern edge of the Vindhya hills. South of these rock shelters are successive ranges of the Satpura hills.
It is inside the Ratapani Wildlife Sanctuary, embedded in sandstone rocks, in the foothills of the Vindhya
Range. The site consists of seven hills: Vinayaka, Bhonrawali, Bhimbetka, Lakha Juar (east and west),
Jhondra and Muni Babaki Pahari.
Bundelkhand plateau
Bundelkhand plateau is surrounded by Panna Range, Bijawar Range and Chanderi Pat in three directions.
The average elevation of the plateau is 300 to 450 meters. In Datia district the peak of Siddhababa is the
highest peak of Bundelkhand, which is 1172 meters tall. Granite rocks are obtained here. This plateau is
made up of granite, Gneiss and Precambrian rocks.
Eastern part of the Vindhyan Range
Eastern part of Vindhyan Range is divided into Bhander Range, Panna Range, Kaimur Range and
Vindhyachal Range.
Bhander Range
It is extended from Sagar to Katangi of Jabalpur district. Sadbhana peak situated in Damoh district near
Singrampur is highest peak of Bhander range. It is also highest peak of Vindhyan Range. It is also known
as Kalumar peak.Bhander Range works as a watershed between Yamuna and Son drainage system.

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Kaimur Range
Kaimur Range is the eastern portion of the Vindhya Range, about 483 kilometres (300 mi) long,
extending from around Katangi in Jabalpur district of Madhya Pradesh to around Sasaram in Rohtas
district of Bihar. It runs north of the Son River.
It passes through the Katni, Satna Rewa and Mirzapur. Ken river originates from Kaimur hills in Katani.
In Maihar (Satna) it is called Trikut Parvat. Maa Sharda Devi temple is situated at Trikut parvat on an
elevation of 600 feet from sea level.
In Rewa and Mirzapur Kaimur range is called hills of Vindhyachal. Temple of maa Vindhyavasini devi is
situated in Vindhyachal hills in Mirzapur.
Kaimur Range forms the watershed or divide for two rivers Tamsa or Tons (a tributary of Ganga River) in
the north and Son in the south.
Kaimur Range is origin of Tons, Bihad, Mahana and Belah Rivers. It consists a number of falls like
Purwa or Tons Falls (70m) on the Tons River (in Rewa district), Chachai Falls (127m) on the Bihad
River, the Keoti Falls (98m) on the Mahana River, a tributary of Tons River. Kaimur Range is famous for
the reserve of lime stone.
Rihand river rises from Matiranga hills in Surguja district of Chhattisgarh. The river flows north
Thereafter, it flows north into Sonbhadra district of Uttar Pradesh via Singrauli district of Madhya
Pradesh and finally joins the Son. Govind Ballabh Pant reservoir has been constructed on the of Singrauli
and Sonbhadra district.
A southern chain of Kaimur Hills runs between the Son and Narmada rivers to meet the Satpura Range in
the near Amarkantak in Anuppur.
Satpura Range
Satpura Range is one of the most prominent mountain ranges in India. It is situated between Narmada
River and Tapti river. The Narmada River originates from north-eastern end of Satpura in Amarkantak,
and runs in the rift valley between the Satpura and Vindhya ranges. Tapti River originates from Multai in
Satpura Range.The Satpura Range is a horst mountain. A horst is a raised block of the Earth's crust that
has lifted on its both sides.
The eastern portion of the range receives more rainfall than the western portion. Most of the Satpura
range is heavily forested. These forest enclaves provide habitat to several at risk and endangered species,

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including the Bengal tiger, Barasingha, gaur, dhole, bear, chousingha, and blackbuck. Several protected
areas have been earmarked in the area, including the Kanha, Pench, Gugamal and Satpura National Parks,
Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve, Melghat Tiger Reserve and the Bori Reserve Forest.
The Satpura Range is structurally divided into 3 parts-
1- Rajpipla Hills
2- Mahadev Hills
3- Maikal Hills
Rajpipla Hills
It starts from Rajpipla of Gujarat and lasted to Khandwa district of Madhya Pradesh. It is very
discontinuous mountain range. It is the western part of Satpura. Chulgiri Hills, Asirgarh Hills, Barwani
Hills, Beejagarh Hills and Akharani Hills are the part of Rajpipla Hills.
Chulagiri hills
Bawangaja is a famous Jain pilgrim center on Chulagiri hills in the Barwani district. It is the world's one
among the largest megalithic statue (carved out of the mountain) of Lord Rishabhadeva. The statue is 84
feet (26 m) high.
Asirgarh hills
Asirgarh hills are situated in Burhanpur district. It is famous for Asirgarh Fort. Because the fortress
commands a pass through the Satpuras connecting the valleys of the Narmada and Tapti rivers, one of the
most important routes from northern India to the Deccan, it was known as the "key to the Deccan".
Barwani hills
Satpura Range in Barwani is known as Barwani hills. Barwani is also called the "Paris of Nimar".
Nagalwadi
Nagalwadi is an extremely scenic and beautiful place on the Madhya Pradesh – Maharashtra border. It is
situated at the Satpura Hill range. A very famous Bhilat Dev temple at the hill top is the main attraction
for the pilgrims.
Mahadeo Hills
Mahadeo hills are the middle part of Satpura stretched from Khandwa to Seoni district of Madhya
Pradesh. It is extended in Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra states. Mahadeo Hills are composed with
quartzite of the Gondwana system and pink sandstones. It is the highest part of Satpura. The highest peak

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of the Satpura is located in Pachmarhi of Hoshangabad district. It is called Dhupgarh. It has an elevation
of 1,352 meters. Dhupgarh is the highest point of the Madhya Pradesh.
Pachmarhi
Pachmarhi is a hill station in Hoshangabad district of Madhya Pradesh. It is widely known as Satpura ki
Rani ("Queen of Satpura"). It is situated at a height of 1067 m in a valley of the Satpura Range. It is a part
of Satpura Biosphere Reserve.
Chauragarh hills
Chauragarh hills are situated in pachmarhi of Hoshangabad district. Chauragarh is the second tallest hill
of the Madhya Pradesh. It is 1330 meter high from sea level. There is a temple of Chhota Mahadeo on the
top which is dedicated to Lord Shiva. There is a Chauragarh fort built by the king Sangram Shah of Gond
dynasty.
Nandigarh Pahar
Nandigarh Pahar is situated in Pachmarhi, which is one of the main entrances to Satpura National Park.
With a variety of adventure activities, this is the best destination for tourists.
Gwaligarh Hills
Gwaligarh Hills are situated in Amravati district of Maharashtra and Betul district of Madhya Pradesh. It
is the part of Mahadeo hills. Tapti river originates from Multai of Betul in Gwaligarh Hills. The
Gawilgarh Fort is located in the vicinity of Melghat Tiger Reserve, Amravati District, Maharashtra.
Kalibhit hills
Kalibhit hills are situated in Eastern Khandwa and Western Betul district. Forests of Kalibhit are famous
for bear and endangered forest owlets. Kalibhit wildlife sanctuary is proposed in Betul district.
Chikhaldara:
It is the only hill station in Vidharbha region of Maharashtra. Chikhaldara has a number of rivers,
waterfalls, dense forests, rocks and mountains. It abounds in wildlife, such as tigers, panthers, sloth bears,
sambars, wild boar and wild dogs. Close by is the famous Melghat Tiger Reserve.
Toranmal Hill Station
Toranmal is a Hill Station located in the Satpura Range in Maharashtra. Its Gorakhnath Temple is the site
of a Yatra attended by thousands of devotees on Mahashivratri.
Tamia Hills

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Tamia has one of the best sightseeings in Chhindwara of Madhya Pradesh which Includes – Chota
Mahadev Trekking, Anhoni (Hot Water Spring), Rajakoh, Patalkot, Sunset Point, Bhurabhagat Haat, Sat
dhara and number of beautiful waterfalls in the nearby areas.
Maikal Hills
There is the Maikal Hills in the eastern part of Satpura hills. Standing at an elevation of 1,064 meters,
Amarkantak is highest point of Maikal. It is extended in Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. It is extended
from Seoni of Madhya Pradesh to Achanakmar of Chhattisgarh.
Amarkantak Hills
The Amarkantak region is a unique natural heritage area. It is the meeting point of the Vindhya and the
Satpura Ranges. Manik hill is situated at meeting point of Vindhya and Satpura lie within the
Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve. This is where the Narmada River, the Son River and Johila
River (Tributary of Son) emerge.
Achanakmar Wildlife Sanctuary
The Achanakmar Wildlife Sanctuary, is located in the state of Chhattisgarh on Bilaspur road. The
enchanting lush green forest belt in Amarkantak is a part of Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve.
The forests of Amarkantak are linked with the forests of Kanha National Park. The ancient temple of
Kalachuri (famously known as Trimukhi Temple) is situated in the south of Narmadakund in
Amarkantak. It was built by Kalachuri Maharaja Karnadeva (1041–1073 AD).
The Indira Gandhi National Tribal University was established in Amarkantak by an act of parliament in
2007, to promote education and research in various aspects of tribal communities and provide higher
education to the tribal population.
Kirar valley
Kirar valley is situated near Amarkantak. It is a disputed region between Madya Pradesh and
Chhattisgarh.
Lanji Hills
Lanji Hills are situated in Balaghat district on the border of Madhya Pradesh with Maharashtra and
Chhattisgarh. They are the part of Maikal Hills.A local pond shaped like the number "52" is called
"Bawan talab" ("52 talab") by some locals.
Malajkhand Copper Belt

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Malajkhand Copper Belt comprises of a large body of copper ore in granitic rocks varying from diorite to
granite in composition. Prominent deposits are: Malanjkhand, Shitalpani (Balaghat, Madhya Pradesh),
Gidhri Dhorli, Jatta and Garhi Dongri.
Rajiv Sagar dam project

Rajiv Sagar dam project built by Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra government on the Baavanathadi
river. The project has been constructed in the village Kudva of Tehsil Katagi of Balaghat district.
Bharveli Hills
Bharveli Hills are situated in Balaghat district. It is famous for excavation of manganese dioxide ore from
its mines. Manganese is excavated by Manganese Ore (India) Limited (MOIL). Bharveli manganese mine
is largest underground mine operating in Asia.
Giddharaj Parvat
Giddharaj Parvat, which means "the hill of vultures" (also known locally as Giddhaila Pahar) is a hill of
religious, archeological and ecological importance. It is situated near Devrajnagar village in the tehsil of
Ramnagar, in the district of Satna. The altitude of the hill is 717.5 meters. The hill is situated between the
Kaimur Range to the north and the Maikal Hills to the south. The place is of archeological importance.
There are four caves on the hill in which rock paintings and mural paintings are visible. Giddharaj Parvat
is a unique habitat for vultures not only in India but the world. Vultures numbering thousands can be seen
in the crevices of the hill rocks.
Gopachal Parvat
Gopachal Parvat is situated in Madhya Pradesh at slopes of Gwalior Fort. It carries unique statue of Jain
Tirthankars. The largest Idol of Bhagwan Parshwanath on Lotus is the largest statue (in single stone
piece) in the world, being 47 feet high and 30 feet in width. 26 Jain statues are built between 1398 to 1536
in a series by Tomar Kings give a beautiful and attractive picture.
Siddhachal Caves
Siddhachal Caves are Jain cave monuments and statues carved into the rock face inside the Urvashi valley
of the Gwalior Fort. The statues depict all 24 Tirthankaras. They are shown in both seated Padmasana
posture as well as standing Kayotsarga posture.
Peaks of Madhya Pradesh

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 Highest peak of plateau of Malwa- Janapav Hills (881 m).

 Highest peak of plateau of Bundelkhand- Sidhha baba peak (1171 m).
 Highest peak of Bhander and Vindhyan Range- Sadbhawna Peak (753 m).
 Highest peak of Satpura Range- Dhupgarh (1350 m).
 Highest peak of Maikal Range- Amarkantak (1047 m)
Climate of Madhya Pradesh

The State of Madhya Pradesh is a state of central India and lies within 21.6°N to 26.30°N latitude
74.15°E to 82.8°E longitude. For meteorological purposes the State has two sub-divisions, namely, East
Madhya Pradesh and West Madhya Pradesh. Geographical location and orographic features have
profound influence on the climate of the State, which is practically free from maritime influence.
Madhya Pradesh has a monsoonal type of climate. The summers are hot and humid and the winters are
extremely pleasant. Between the months of October to February is the best season in Madhya Pradesh.
Average annual rainfall for the state is 1160 mm. South-eastern parts of state receivelike Balaghat, Seoni,
Amarkantak and Chhindwara heavy rain which gradually decreases towards north-west like Bhind,
Seopur, Ratlam, Neemach and Mandsour. Balaghat receives the maximum rains with an average of 1600
mm. Most of the rainfall is received from the south-west monsoon during June to September.
The year may be divided into four seasons. The winter season from January to February is followed by
the summer season from March to May. The period June to September constitutes the southwest monsoon
season and the period from October to December forms the post monsoon season.
Summer season (March-June)
During summer (March-June), the temperature in the entire state ranges above 30.4°C. In general, the
eastern parts of Madhya Pradesh are hotter than the western parts. The regions like Gwalior, Morena and
Datia record temperature of over 42°C in the month of May. The humidity is relatively very low and the
region usually experiences frequent mild dust storms. The months of April and May are hot, very dry and
generally uncomfortable.
Monsoon season
The south-west Monsoon usually breaks out in mid June or early of July and the entire state receive a
major share of its rainfall between June and September. The south and south-east regions tend to
experience a higher rainfall whereas the parts of north-west receive less. Mandla, Balaghat, Sidhi,

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Jabalpur and other extreme eastern parts receive more than 1500 mm rainfall. The districts of western
Madhya Pradesh receive less than 800 mm rainfall.
Winter season
The winter season starts from the month of November.The period from November to March is generally
pleasant over entire state except during a few spells when severe cold waves associated with western
disturbances affect northern parts of the State in winter months.The temperature remains low in the
northern parts of the state in comparison to the southern parts. The daily maximum temperature in most of
the northern part in the month of January remains between 15 and 18°C.
Climate Change in Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh is considered to be vulnerable with respect to Climate Change. It is a centrally located
land locked state with undulating topography and diverse physiography. It has rich bio-diversity, vast
forest cover and plenty of mineral wealth. As per the census 2011, total population Madhya Pradesh
stands at 72.6 million, out of which 52.5 million are in rural parts which rely on primary sectors like
agriculture, horticulture, fishery, livestock, poultry and forestry for livelihoods.
Climate Change will not only affect the natural resources but would also impact upon human health and
availability of safe habitats in the times to come. These climate risks indeed have the potential to hamper
the sustainable development of the state. The rainfed nature of rivers of Madhya Pradesh has made them
highly susceptible to the variations in the distribution and patterns of rainfall. Reduction in the stream run
off will have adverse impacts on irrigation and hydro power projects besides reducing the availability of
water for all the other purposes.
Distribution of Temperature in Madhya Pradesh
The temperature in the state is affected more by the proximity of the sea and the height of the sea level
than the position of the sun, but the average temperature is affected more by the sunrise. As soon as the
sun shine perpendicular on eqator on 21 March the temperature rise throughout the state. The temperature
rises rapidly from March to May.
But the temperature distribution in the state is uneven due to variation of regional factors. The highest
temperature is recorded in Khajuraho in May and the lowest in Pachmarhi in the state. In May northern
and western districts of the state have maximum temperatures and decrease towards the southeast. Due to
the arrival of monsoon in June, the average May temperature in the state is higher than in June. With the
onset of monsoon rains in June, there is a sudden drop in temperature. The highest temperature in the

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state in July is found in Gwalior (34.40 degrees Celsius). Due to lack of monsoon rainfall in September
October, the temperature starts rising again. The maximum temperature of Gwalior during this period is
33.20 degrees Celsius. Reaches. This is the reason that this period is called the second summer of the
state.
Temperatures fall from October to January, as the sun's position begins to change. By December, the
minimum temperature in the state starts to appear. The minimum temperature in the state is found in
December compared to January. The minimum temperature in Gwalior is 7.20 ° C in December. Whereas
the minimum temperature in January is 7.50. The temperature of North Madhya Pradesh is lower than
that of South Madhya Pradesh. Average maximum temperature is found in May and average temperature
in December.
Distribution of rainfall in Madhya Pradesh
The state receives More than 92% of annual rainfall from the south-west monsoon between June and
September.It has seen that the state gets highest rainfall (35%) in July month while the August month get
33%of south west monsoon rainfall. June and September receive 14% and 18% of south west monsoon
rainfall.
Dindori, Balaghat, Seoni, Mandla, Raisen, Sagar,
Chhindwara,Vidisha, Hoshangabad and Jabalpur receive highest
rainfall over other districts during monsoon. Annual Rainfall
receives over these districts are around 1035-1301mm. Lowest
rainfall receives during the SW monsoon season over Bhind district
(621.2mm) while Sheopur district receives second lowest annual
rainfall (692.5mm).
Some rains are also caused by cyclones during the period. In some parts of the state, rainfall also comes
from both the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea monsoons. Local variations are seen in the average annual
rainfall in the state. The main reason for this is the physical structure of the state.
The state is divided into four regions based on the variation of rainfall.
1. Regions with high rainfall

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The average rainfall in the southern-eastern part of the state is more than 1500 mm. Pachmarhi, Mahadev
Mountains, Mandla, Sidhi, and Balaghat are located in this region. The highest average rainfall is in
Pachmarhi (2120.3 mm).
2. Regions with above average rainfall
Betul, Chhindwara, Seoni, Hoshangabad, Narsinghpur etc. districts fall in this Region. Being located in
the eastern part, these districts receive more rainfall due to the high humidity. These areas receive rainfall
from 1250mm to 1500 mm.
3. Regions with Average Rainfall
The average rainfall in this region is between 750 mm to 800 mm. North eastern districts of the state fall
in this region. Decrease in atmospheric humidity and the effect of regional topography is the main cause
of average rainfall in the Bundelkhand plateau, Rewa Panna plateau. The lowest average rainfall
(550mm) is found in Gohad Bhind district.
4. Low Rainfall Areas
The western region of statereceives low rainfall. The average rainfall here ranges from 500-750 mm. The
main reason for low rainfall in this region is the low monsoon humidity. As the southeastern monsoon
approaches this region, it is left with no moisture or low humidity, hence the area receives low rainfall.
Neemuch, Mandsaur, Ratlam, Dhar, Jhabua, etc. districts of the state fall in this region.Natural and
Mineral Resource in Madhya PradeshMineral resources play a very important role in the industrial
development of the State. In the terms of mineral availability Madhya Pradesh is the fourth mineral
prosperous state of the Nation. Continuous work is being done by Mineral resources Department through
conservation, exploration and continuous monitoring on exploitation of minerals under the Rules valid by
the Law. Exploitation of some minerals is also being carried out by Madhya Pradesh Mining Corporation,
which is constituted under the Mineral Resources Department. In the year 2017- 18, the Mineral revenue
of Rs. 4281.62 Crore has been collected in the State Fund.Geologically State is the part of southern
deccan plateau made up with the old igneous rocks. The oldest group of rocks comprising of Archaean
and Proterozoic formation constitute nearly 45% area of the State. The next younger formation of
Carboniferous to lower Cretaceous comprising Gondwana Super Group covers 10% area while the
formation of Cretaceous to Paleocene comprising mostly of Deccan Trap basalt constitutes 38% area of
the State.Marble is found in Jabalpur and Katni in Archean rocks. Approximate 25 minerals found in
Madhya Pradesh. Madhya Pradesh ranks first position in the production of copper piretite and slate. It

28
ranks second position in the production of rock phosphate shale and diaspore. It ranks 3rd production of
manganese and lime stone and it rank fourth position of production of coal. State mineral development
corporation was established in 1962 for the promotion and development of mineral industries of Madhya
Pradesh. It’s headquartered is situated in Bhopal.
DISTRIBUTION OF KEY RESOURCES IN MP
Minerals in Madhya Pradesh occur in abundance in its several districts. It includes the occurrences of
almost all varieties of minerals required as industrial input in the growing economy. 16 major minerals
are considered of specific importance as they contribute significantly in development of economy of the
state. These include the Limestone, Bauxite, Coal, Manganese ore, Diamond, Dolomite, Rock
Phosphate and Granite.
LIMESTONE
Madhya Pradesh is having vast reserves of limestone. The total reserves of limestone are 3625.98
million tonnes spread over in districts of Damoh, Hoshangabad, Mandsaur, Narsinghpur, Rewa, Satna,
Panna, Katni, Sagar, Dhar, Khargone, Jhabua, Balaghat, Sidhi and Morena. Seven major Cement plants
are operating in the State with the annual installed capacity of 15.97 million tonnes.
MANGANESE ORE
State is enriched with good deposit of manganese ore mainly spread over in the Balaghat, Chhindwara
and Jhabua districts. The total reserves of 23.64 million tonnes of manganese ore is available in the State
constituting 14.09% of total national reserve. The "Bharveli manganese mine" in Balaghat district is
largest underground mine operating in Asian sub-continent. The manganese ore deposits of the State are
being exploited mainly by the Manganese Ore India Limited. During the year 2001-02, manganese ore
has contributed Rs. 1.51 crores as royalty to the State Exchequer.
DIAMOND
State is proud of having only diamond mine in the country. A total reserve of 976.05 thousand carats has
been estimated in the Panna district. The National Mineral Development Corporation Ltd. is operating
the only mechanized diamond mine at Majhgawan in the Panna district since 1958 is now producing
81000 carats of diamond annaually. Besides this about 400 carats is also being produced from the
"shallow diamond mines" in Panna and part of Satna distict.
Coal

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Coal reserves of 16027.07 million tonnes are spread over in the district of Sidhi, Shahdol, Umaria,
Betul, Chhindwara, and Narsinghpur; which is 7.71% of total Coal reserve of country. Subsidiary
companies of Coal India Limited namely, NCL (Northern Coal Field Limited) is working in the Sidhi
district, WCL (Western Coal Field Limited) in the Chhindwara and Betul districts and SECL (South
Eastern Coal Field limited) in the Shahdol and Umaria districts. The Gotitoriya coal block of
Narsinghpur district has been leased out to M/S BLA Industries for captive power generation. The
country's thickest coal seam viz Jhingurda; which is 135 m thick, occurs in the Singrouli Coal Field of
Northern Coal Field Limited.
BAUXITE
Reserves of 63.87 million tonnes of bauxite are spread over in Shahdol, Mandla, Balaghat, Rewa, Satna
and Katni districts. Bauxite of Katni and Satna districts is of higher grade and being used in refractory
units of the State.
COPPER-ORE
Malajkhand; the country's largest open cast copper ore mine, is situated in Balaghat district. The State
has 190.84 million tonnes of Copper ore reserves in Balaghat district, which is 41.39% of total national
reserve. The Hindustan Copper Ltd. is exploiting the copper ore from this mine.
DOLOMITE
The State is enriched with steel grade, refractory grade and low silica dolomite. 1152.66 million tonnes
of dolomite deposits are spread over in the districts of Balaghat, Chhatarpur, Sagar, Mandla, Jabalpur,
Katni, Sidhi, Narshinghpur, Seoni, Jhabua, Khandwa and Dewas.
FIRE CLAY
The fire clay deposits occurring mainly in Shahdol, Gwalior, Kanti, Jabalpur and Sidhi districts has led
to establishment of number of refractory and some ceramic industrie.
SLATE
State is the sole producer of slate in the country. White and red coloured slate found in the Mandsaur
district used mainly in producing state pencil.
PYROPHYLLITE/DIASPORE
Rich deposits of pyrophyllite and diaspore occurs in the State. A total of 207.74 million tonnes of
pyrophyllite and diaspore reserves are spread over mainly in the districts of Chhatarpur, Tikamgarh and
Shivpuri; constituting 81.66% of country's reserves.

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1. Manganese – Bharveli Balaghat

2. Copper – Malajkhand Balaghat
3. Coal – Sohagpur Singrauli
4. Lime Stone – Katni
5. Diamond – Majhgaon Panna
6. Bauxite – Amarkantak
7. Graphite – Betul
8. Marvel – Jabalpur
9. Shop Stone – Jabalpur
10. Iron Ore – Jabalpur, Mandla Balaghat
11. Surma – Jabalpur
12. Rock Phosphate – Jhabua, Alirajpur, Sagar
13. Diaspour – Chhatarpur First rank in MP
14. Coal Bed Methane – Sohagpur Shahdol
15. Shale Gas - Sohagpur and Singrouli
16. Stone Park – Sleemnabad (Katni)
Major Hydro Power Plant
1. Gandhi Sagar Hydro power project

Gandhi sagar Hydro power plant is constructed on Chambal river in Mandsore district (Tehsil
Bhanpura) It is joint project MP and Rajasthan. MP and Rajasthan share power in the ratio of 50-
50. It was constructed during second five-year plane.
2. Punasa Hydro power project
It is also known as Indira Sagar project. It is setup on Narmada River atPunasa in Khandwa district.
It started production in 2007. It is a joint venture of irrigation department of Madhya Pradesh and
national hydroelectric power corporation. Its install power production capacity is 1000 MW (8 x
125mw). It was inauguratedby Indira Gandhi on 23rd Oct 1984.
3. Omkareshwar power project
It is situated on the bank Narmada River in Khandwanear Mandhata. Its power generation capacity
is 520 MW.

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4. Maheshwar power project

It is situated on the bank Narmada River in Khargone.
5. Bansagar power project
It is situated on the bank Son River in Shahdol district near Devlond village. Bansagar is named
after renowned Sanskrit scholarBan Bhatt of Seventh Century. The construction of this dam was
beginning in 14th May 1978 and it was opened in 25th Sep 2006. It is a joint project of Madhya
Pradesh Uttar Pradesh and Bihar in ratio 2:1:1. Its power production capacity is 435 megawatts.
6. Madikheda Dam
It is constructed on Sindh River in Shivpuri district. It’s Hight in 62 m and power generation
capacity is 60 MW.
7. Pench Hydro power project
It is situated on the Pench River in Ramtek of Nagpur of Maharashtra. It is a joint project of
Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.
8. Rihand
It is situated in Pipri of Sonbhadra district of Uttar Pradesh. It is joint project of UP and MP. After
the name of first chief minister of Uttar Pradesh Govind Ballabh Pant. It is also known as Govind
BallabhPant Sagar. It was constructed in 1962. Its total capacity is 300 MW. Rihand is the tributary
of Son River.
9. Bargi
Bargi is the tributary of Narmada River. Bargi dam is constructed on this river in Jabalpur district.
Its name is Avantibai power project. Its total capacity is 100 MW.
10. Rajghat Power Project
Rajghat power project is situated in Ashok Nagar district of Madhya Pradesh and Lalitpur district
of UP. It is interstate project on Betwa River. Under these project three dames of 15MW each has
been constructed in Matateela Lalitpur UP Dhukwannear Babina Jhansi and Parichha in Jhansi.
Total Hydro power production capacity of state is 933 MW.
Transportation in Madhya Pradesh
Road Transportation

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1. Transportation is the backbone of the development of state. It is one among the basic
infrastructure of State. The total length of roads in Madhya Pradesh is 11681 km. There are total
20 National Highways passes through Madhya Pradesh.
2. Before new nominiclature the longest national highway of state was NH 3. It is also known as
AB Road (Agra Mumbai road). The highway starts from Agra in Uttar Pradesh, generally
travelled southwest through Dholpur in Rajasthan, Morena, Gwalior, Shivpuri, Guna, Biaora,
Maksi, Dewas, Indore and Julwania in Madhya Pradesh, and Dhule, Nashik, Thane and
terminated at Mumbai. Length of the old NH 3 was 1,190 km (740 mi).
3. But now longest national highway of state is NH 44 passes through Gwalior, Jhansi, Sagar,
Lakhnadon and Seoni. Its total length in Madhya Pradesh is 504 Km. NH 44 covers the North-
South Corridor of NHDP and it is officially listed as running over 3,745 km from Srinagar to
Kanyakumari. It is the longest national highway in India.
4. North south corridor connects Sri Nagar to Kanyakumari in Madhya Pradesh State at enters in
Morena and passes through Gwalior, Datia, Tikamgarh, Sagar, Narsinghpur, and Seoni District.
5. East west corridor (NH 27) passes through only Shivpuri district. East west and north south meet
together in Jhansi.
6. The Smallest Highway of State is NH 339 B Bamitha to Khajuraho (Chhatarpur).
7. NationalHighway 12 situated in Bhopal and Jabalpur.

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8. National Highway 69 connects in Bhopal to Betul.

9. National Highway 79 Connects Gwalior to Singrouli.
10. National Highway 86 connects Bhopal to Chhatarpur.
Rail Transportation
1. Madhya Pradesh has a single railway zone in Jabalpur.
2. It is the part of Western Central Railway.
3. Itarsi is the biggest junction of Madhya Pradesh.
4. In Madhya Pradesh there are three regional offices of railway - Bhopal, Ratlam and Ujjain.
5. Coach repair factory of railway is situated in Nishatpura.
6. Railway sleeper factory is situated in Budhni district Sehore.
7. Rail Spring factory is situated in Gwalior.
8. At present 5 railway zones have in Operation in MP -
1. Central railway
2. Western railway
3. South eastern central railway
4. Western central railway
5. North central railway
Air Transport
There are total 11 airports, 27 airbasesand 4 International Airport (Khajuraho, Bhopal, Indore and
Gwalior)in MP. Kanha Kisley Airbase is the only airbase of state situated in national park.
Major air ports of MP are as follows
1. Raja Bhoj International Airport Bhopal - (Seasonal international flights from Bhopal to Jeddah,
Saudi Arabia)
2. Devi Ahilyabai International Airport Indore – Started in 2014.
3. Rajmata Vijyaraje Scindhiya Airport Gwalior.
4. Khajuraho International Airport It is officially known as civil aerodrome Khajuraho is situated in
Chhatarpur district.

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Irrigation Projects of Madhya Pradesh
Narmada Valley Project

The Narmada Valley Project includes four major projects, Sardar Sarovar, Indira Sagar, Maheshwar
Project and Omkareshwar Project. Sardar Sarovar Project is a joint project of Gujarat, Rajasthan,
Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra. Indira Gandhi Narmada Sagar Project is located in Khandwa (Punasa)
district of Madhya Pradesh. The Indira project was laid by Indira Gandhi in 1984. Indira Sagar Dam and
Omkareshwar are two major irrigation projects that irrigate an area of 3 lakh hectares.
The drainage system of 41 tributaries of Narmada is 95,000 square kilometers. The Narmada Valley
Project includes 29 major, 135 medium and 3000 minor irrigation projects of Madhya Pradesh. It
irrigates 27 lakh hectares of land. About 15 districts of Madhya Pradesh- Shahdol, Mandla, Dindori,
Jabalpur, Narsinghpur, Raisen, Hoshangabad, Harda, Khandwa, Khargone, Barwani, etc. are benefited
from the Narmada Valley Project.
Chambal River Project
It is a joint project of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. It started in 1954 on the Chambal River. The
Chambal River Project consists of three major projects.
1. Gandhi Sagar Dam Project (Near Neemuch District of Madhya Pradesh)
2. Rana Pratap Sagar (Chittorgarh, Rajasthan)
3. Jawahar Sagar Project (Kota, Rajasthan)
The Chambal project irrigates Sheopur, Bhind Morena Gwalior Mandsaur-Neemuch districts of Madhya
Pradesh.
Matatila Dam Project
The project is built on the Betwa River. It is also known as Rani Laxmibai Project. It is a joint project of
Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. This project irrigates 1.16 lakh hectares in Madhya Pradesh and
1.09 lakh hectares in Uttar Pradesh. 6 districts of Madhya Pradesh–Datia,Muraina, Gwalior, Bhind,
Vidisha, Raisen etc. and 4 districts of Uttar Pradesh are benefited from this project. There is also a
Matatila Hydroelectric Power House on this project.
Bargi Project
The Bargi project is also known as the Rani Avanti Bai Sagar Project. Under this project a 60 m high
dam has been constructed on Bargi river, a tributary of Narmada in Jabalpur district of Madhya Pradesh.

35
Jabalpur, Mandla and Seoni district of Madhya Pradesh benefits from the Bargi project. Area of 95000
is currently being irrigated from this project.
Bansagar Project
A dam has been constructed on the Son River at Deolond in Shahdol district under the Bansagar project.
Rewa, Sidhi district of Madhya Pradesh are benefited from Bansagar project. Due to which 405 MW
power is generated and 1.53 lakh hectare area is irrigated.
Hallali project
The Halali project is also known as Samrat Ashok Sagar Project. Under this project, a 945 meter long
and 29.57-meter-high dam has been constructed at Halali in Vidisha district on the river Halali, a
tributary of Betwa. This dam was built in 1973-76. Vidisha and Raisen districts of Madhya Pradesh
benefited from the Halali project. Which irrigates 37000 hectares of land.
Shaheed Chandrashekhar Azad Sagar Job Project
Jobat Dam (Chandrashekhar Project) in Alirajpur district of Madhya Pradesh is one of the 30 major
dams to be built in the Narmada Valley. Situated on 'Hathni', a tributary of Narmada, the maximum
height of this dam is 34.6 meters. It is proposed to irrigate an area of 9848 hectares through a 29.73 km
long canal originating from the left end of this dam. The Shaheed Chandrashekhar Azad Sagar Jobat
project provides water during the Rabi season to irrigate the agricultural land of farmers of 24 villages
of Kukshi and Dahi tehsils.
Pench project
Under this joint project of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra, a 360 meter long and 41-meter-high dam
has been constructed at Machgora in Chhindwara district on Pench River. 146 villages of Seoni and 140
villages of Chhindwara district are benefitted by this project. This project irrigates an area of 63388
hectares.
Bagh project
The dam has been constructed at Shirpur in Gondia district of Maharashtra on the Bagh River,a tributary
of Wainganga under joint project of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra State. Balaghat
district of Madhya Pradesh is benefited from this project.
Bawanthadi Project
Under this joint project of the Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra State, a dam has been constructed at
Kudwa village in Balaghat district of Madhya Pradesh on the Bawanthadi river, a tributary of

36
Wainganga. This project is also known as Rajiv Sagar Project. The Bawanthadi project irrigates an area
of 29412 hectares in Balaghat district of Madhya Pradesh and 17357 hectares in Bhandara district of
Maharashtra. It is an important project in the Vidarbha region.
Ken multipurpose project
A dam has been constructed in Chhatarpur district of Madhya Pradesh on the Ken river under this joint
project of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh state. The project is also known as Greater Gangau.
Chhatarpur and Panna districts of Madhya Pradesh are benefited from this project. 50 MW of
hydropower is also produced on this project.
Upper Narmada Project
The project is built on the Narmada River. This project irrigates an area of 18616 hectare in Dindori
district of Madhya Pradesh.
Urmil project
Under this joint project of the state of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, a dam has been constructed
on the Urmil river.The canals have been constructed by the Uttar Pradesh government and the Madhya
Pradesh government. The area around Chhatarpur district of Madhya Pradesh is benefited from this
project. Through this project, water is distributed between Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh in the
ratio of 60:40. A 137 km long canal has been constructed under this project in Madhya Pradesh.
Maan Project
The Maan Project is built in the Dhar district on the Maan River, a tributary of the Narmada. The project
is located 22 kilometers from the city of Manavar. This dam is a composite gravity dam 53 meters high
and 643 meters long. The right and left canal projects are also employed in this project and through this
irrigation is being done in 15000-hectare area.
Upper Wanganga Project
The project also wants to be known as Sanjay Sarovar. The project is built on the Banganga River.
Balaghat and Seoni districts of Madhya Pradesh benefit from this project. And this project irrigates
1,03,722-hectare area.
Thavar Project
Under this project, a dam has been constructed at Nainpur village in Mandla on Thawar river, a tributary
of Wainganga. Mandla district benefits from this project. The project irrigates an area of 18212 hectares.
Kolar Project

37
The project is built on the Kolar River. Bhopal and Sehore districts of Madhya Pradesh are benefited
from this project. Apart from the irrigation facility of agricultural land in Sehore, drinking water is also
supplied to Bhopal from Kolar project.
Mahi Project
Under this project, a dam has been constructed at Labaria village in Sardarpur tehsil of Dhar district on
Mahi river. Dhar, Jhabua and Ratlam districts of Madhya Pradesh are benefited under this projects.
Presently it is irrigating 37000 hectares.
Sindh Project
Under this project, Manikheda Dam has been constructed in Shivpuri district on the Sindh River, a
tributary of Yamuna. Shivpuri and Gwalior districts of Madhya Pradesh are benefited from this project.
The Sindh project provides water supply to the city of Gwalior and also irrigates an area of 35200
hectares.
Choral River Project
Under this project, a dam has been constructed at Rampuria village near Mhow in Indore on Choral
River, a tributary of Narmada. The project benefits Tehsil Mhow in Indore district of Madhya Pradesh.
Water supply is also done to the Choral River Project Indore city.
Bhander Canal Project
Under this project a dam has been built in Datia district on the Betwa River. Datia, Gwalior and Bhind
districts of Madhya Pradesh are benefited by this project. The length of this canal is 57.6 km. and its
irrigation capacity is 44535 hectares.
Barna Project
Under this project, a dam has been built on the Barna river near Bari in Raisen district. Raisen district of
Madhya Pradesh benefits from this project.
Singhpur Barrage Project
This project is built on the Urmil river and Chhatarpur district of Madhya Pradesh benefits from this
project.
Dejala Deora Project
Khargone district of Madhya Pradesh benefits from this project and irrigates an area of 9000 hectares.
Tawa Project

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It is located in Hoshangabad district of Madhya Pradesh. It benefits from the area around Hoshangabad
district. This project is irrigating 3.33 lakh hectare of irrigation capacity in Madhya Pradesh and
currently 2.47 lakh hectare.
Major crops of Madhya Pradesh state

Madhya Pradesh is an agricultural state. The main economy here is based on agriculture. Crops grown in
Madhya Pradesh can be divided into three categories. Food crops, oilseed crops and cash crops are
detailed as follows.
1. Wheat
Wheat can be known as the main crop of the state because this crop is produced on the maximum area of
the state. In Madhya Pradesh, wheat is produced in those districts where average rainfall is varied
between 75 -125 cm. The major wheat producing districts in Madhya Pradesh are Sehore, Vidisha,
Raisen, Shivpuri, Gwalior, Ujjain, Ratlam, Hoshangabad Sagar, Tikamgarh and Indore. The Sarabati
wheat of the state is known abroad for its beauty and taste. The highest yield per hectare of wheat in the
state is in Ratlam district while the highest production of wheat is in Hoshangabad district.
2. Paddy
Paddy is the second main crop of the state after wheat. This crop is produced in those areas of the state
where the average annual rainfall is found 100 to 125 cm with red soil. The crop is produced in Satna,
Rewa, Sidhi, Shahdol, Balaghat, Mandla, Dindori, Seoni, Jabalpur, Damoh, Morena, Gwalior, and
Shivpuri districts. Balaghat district is highest producer of rice in state. Lakhnadaun, located in Seoni
district, is famous for Kali munch rice.
3. Gram
Gram is a pulses and food crop. Different types of gram are produced in large quantity in the state, the
state holds the first place in the production of gram. In Madhya Pradesh, gram is produced in
Hoshangabad Narsinghpur, Chhindwara, Guna, Vidisha, Raisen, Ujjain, Mandsaur, Dhar, Bhind,
Morena, Shivpuri, and Rewa districts. Vidisha is the largest gram producing district in the state.
4. Peanuts
Groundnut is an oilseed crop grown in the Kharif season. It is produced mainly in the Malwa Plateau
and Narmada Valley. The state ranks sixth in the country in groundnut production. It is mainly produced
in Mandsaur, Dhar, Ratlam, Khargone, Jhabua, Betul, Chhindwara, Ujjain, Rajgarh and Shajapur
districts. Khargone district is the most groundnut producer in the state.

39
5. Soybeans
Soybean is the main crop of state. For this reason, many times the state of Madhya Pradesh is also
known as Soya state. The state ranks first in the country in soybean production. Soyabean is produced
during the Kharif season. It is mainly done in Indore, Ujjain, Dhar, Ratlam, Neemuch, Mandsaur,
Shajapur, Bhopal, Vidisha, Hoshangabad, Raisen, Jhabua, Balaghat, Sheopur, Betul and Satna districts.
6. Cotton
Cotton is the second major cash crop in the state after soybean. It is produced on a large scale in the
black soil Malwa region of the state. Cotton is produced in Khargone, Khandwa, Dhar, Indore, Ujjain,
Dewas, Mandsaur, Neemuch, Shajapur, Ratlam, Sehore, and Jhabua districts. Khargone is the district's
largest cotton producer.
Apart from these, crops like jowar, millet, maize, mustard, opium, grapes, groundnut are also produced
on a large scale in the state. The state government is also emphasizing on the development of adequate
facilities and infrastructure to make agriculture profitable. Chhindwara is the district's largest maize
growing state. Narsinghpur is the most productive (tur) producing district in the state. The good of Tur
and Kareli of Gadarwada in Narsinghpur is world famous. The most mustard producing district of the
state is Bhind and Morena.
Challenges of agriculture in Madhya Pradesh

Agriculture has been a lifeline for Madhya Pradesh. Three fourth of the population of the state lives
through agriculture and agriculture related business and this commercial uniformity unite the society in
one thread. But now agriculture is not an easy task of living in the state but has become a challenging
and risky job.
A research done by the National Sample Survey Organization on indebtedness of farmers is clear that
more than half of the total 64 lakh farmers in the state are facing indebtedness. Each farmer has an
average debt of Rs 14,128. Their self-esteem is at stake due to bank’s complicated procedures and
inhuman methods of recovery. Due to which the farmer are forced to aproachrural moneylenders. More
than 40 percent of the farmers of the state get loans from non-government sources.
Impact of Liberalization and Globalization
Due to liberalization and globalization of the economy, new possibilities of development have been
created on the one hand, but farmers are still facing a lot of challenges. While the producers have
benefited from the development of the market in all sectors of the economy, but the farmers are still

40
deprived from fair prices of their products. They are crushing in between corruption and mediators.
Three laws passed by Parliament in 2020 - Farmers Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and
Simplification) Act, 2020, Essential Commodities (Amendment) Act 2020 and Farmers (Empowerment
and Protection) Price Assurance and Agreement on Agricultural Services Act, 2020 in the agricultural
sector are expected to be revolutionary in agriculture.
Effect of green revolution
The Green Revolution has not had the same impact on all states. Some states benifited more and some
got less benefits from green revolution. In the year 2019-20, where per capita income of Punjab, Gujarat
and Andhra Pradesh was more than Rs 1,50,000, it was Rs 75,000 i.e. almost half in Madhya Pradesh.
Madhya Pradesh has never lagged behind in terms of natural resources and possibilities in agriculture,
but this state has lagged behind in utilizing those possibilities.
Agricultural sector's contribution to the state's gross domestic product
In 1960-61, agriculture accounted for 59.9 percent of the state's GDP and then 79.3 percent of the
population depended on agriculture. In 2000-01, the contribution of agriculture sector in the state's gross
domestic product decreased by about 32 percent to 25.8 percent, but the
Year Share of State's Agricultural Dependent Population

Gross Domestic Production (Percentage) (Percentage)
1960-61 59.9 79.3
1970-71 55.9 79.4
1980-81 43.6 76.2
1990-91 38.2 75.3
2000-01 25.8 72.9
dependency of population on agriculture is still 72.9 percent, it has decreased by only 8.6 percent. That
is, in the last 50 years, the dependence of the population on agriculture has not reduced but its
contribution to the economy has definitely reduced.
Changed crop cycle of agriculture

41
Madhya Pradesh falls in the category of major food producing states of the country. Food grains crops
are cultivated on 63 percent of the total arable land of the state. According to the data for the year 2018-
19, coarse grains were cultivated on 41 percent land, pulses on 21 percent land and oilseed crops on 29
percent land. Cultivation of plantation crops on 6 percent land area of the state is creating new standards
of agriculture based on cash crops in the state. Cash crops like cotton and sugarcane are being cultivated
on 3 percent of the land area of the state.
Between the year 2005-06 to 2018-19, there has been an increase of 1 percent in the area of agricultural
land used for coarse grains, while the area of agricultural land used for oil seeds and pulses crops has
been decreased by 2-3 percent. The agricultural land used for plantation crops was 2 percent in the year
2005-06. Which increased to 6 percent in the year 2018-19. These figures are pointing to the changed
crop cycle of the state.
Crop yield (Per hectare) (Quintal) total Rupees cost (Estimate) net profit
quintal price per income (Estimated)
Soybean 12 1200 14400 6000 8400
Jwar 32 800 25600 10000 15600
Moong 10 3000 30000 10000 20000
Urad 12 3100 37200 12000 25000
Irrigated land
In Madhya Pradesh, a total of 203 lakh hectares of agricultural land was used in the year 2019-20. Out
of this, 24.4 percent land i.e. about 50 lakh hectares of agricultural land is irrigated and the rest is
unirrigated. To make agriculture profitable, expanding irrigated area should be the first priority but it is
amazing that irrigated area has increased from 5 percent to only 24 percent in the last 50 years. The
status of total irrigated agricultural area in Madhya Pradesh is as follows-
Year Total irrigated area (In thousand hectares) percent
1960-61 924 5.2
1970-71 1481 7.4
1980-81 2332 11.5
1990-91 4314 18.5
2000-03 4735 24.0

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Participation of various categories of farmers in the arable land of the state

Marginal farmers cultivate 33.9 percent of the total agricultural land of the state. This figure was 29.2
percent in the year 2000-01. Whereas semi-middle and middle-class farmers occupy more than half the
area of arable land i.e. 57.2 percent. A total of 8.8 percent of the cultivable land is cultivated by the large
acreage farmers in the state. This figure was 12.1 percent in the year 2000-01.
Statistics show that the number of marginal and small-scale farmers has increased in the state. While the
number of farmers of semi-medium, medium and large size has been reduced. Similarly, average land
holding capacity has also decreased in the state. It was 2 hectares in the year 2005-06. Which was
reduced to 1.8 hectares in the year 2010-11. From this it can be concluded that the number of small and
marginal farmers in Madhya Pradesh is more than the large and medium size farmers. These farmers
cultivate small agricultural holdings and they lack the necessary resources for agricultural expansion and
development, by which they are cultivated only for livelihood. Through the necessary skills and
technology, these farmers can be enhanced in their role in the development of Madhya Pradesh. Harda
district has the maximum area of agricultural holdings in the state.
Categories of landholding (in Percentage share in cultivating land

cultivators hectares) population
2001 2019 2001 2019
Marginal less than one 67.6 71 29.2 33.9
farmers hectare
Small farmer 1–2
Semi medium 2 – 4 - 19 - 57.2
cultivator
Medium farmer 4 – 10 - 9
Big cultivators more than ten 1 12.1 8.8
hectares
Sources of irrigation

43
The means and possibilities of irrigation in the state have become a question of the existence for
farmers. The ground water level has gone down due to continuous exploitation. Ground water
contributes 69 percent to the irrigation of agricultural land in the state. Which is a serious issue of
concern. Ground water is exploited by wells and tube wells. The Madhya Pradesh government is
encouraging to build artificial ponds in the non cultivating lands. The government aims to use more
surface water for agriculture and revive the groundwater level that has crossed the level of danger.
Challenges related to quality and supply of seeds and fertilizers in Madhya Pradesh
Quality seeds and fertilizers are essential for high productivity of agricultural products. Agricultural
production without good quality of seeds and fertilizerscan not be imagined. Providing quality seeds at
low prices to farmers is a major challenge. Along with the availability of seed and fertilizer, its better
management is also a big challange. Madhya Pradesh Seed Corporation was set up in 1980 by the
Madhya Pradesh government to face similar challenges.
This corporation is responsible for the production and distribution of quality seeds of food grains,
pulses, oilseed crops and horticulture plants. Madhya Pradesh Seed Corporation produces quality seeds
in its 40 farms spread over 2793 hectares. In addition, more than 4500 farmers have been signed by the
corporation who provide certified seeds to the corporation.
Madhya Pradesh Seed Corporation has set up 54 processing centers in various districts of the state.
Similarly, for the safe storage of seeds, the corporation has also developed several warehouses. High
yielding seeds are being used in wheat, rice, maizeJowar and Bajra.
Under the National Agricultural Development Scheme, research and development of hybride seeds is
being promoted. Similarly, up to 90 percent subsidy is being given to scheduled caste and scheduled
tribe farmers to promote the use of high-quality maize seeds.
Current agriculture
1. Previously, place and time of crops, was determined by the weather and climate of a particular region
now it is decided by market demand. Thus, agriculture has become commercialized.
2. Today, instead of the quality of agricultural products, more emphasis is being placed on the quantity
of production, due to which the vitality and nutritional value of agricultural products are being eroded.
3. Poisonous insecticides and chemicals are being used on a large scale in the fields for huge production.
Due to which food poisoning is increasing. This is having a harmful effect on human health. As a result,
disease resistance and many diseases like cancer are increasing due to contaminated food.

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4. Commercialization of agriculture is imposing bad impact on environmental conditions. Poisonous

pesticides are added to the air, water and soil of the environment. Not only this, through
biomagnification, they are also dissolved in the body of organisms.
5. Through the use of excess chemical fertilizers productivity can be increased for a short duration but it
is not possible to assess its long-term impact on the environment.
6. Similarly, the cultivation of hybrid seeds and a single crop is destroying local biodiversity. Some
plant species have been completely destroyed.
7. On the cast of excess food production, man has taken a wrong path of unsustainable development,
which results in increasing suicides of farmers year by year.
Measures for Sustainable Agriculture
To promote sustainable agriculture and to get rid of food crisis, sustainable management and
conservation of agriculture should be promoted. For this, emphasis will be laid on soil conservation and
management of soil, water, fertilizer and seed. Practice of organic farming should be promoted. In
addition to it wastage of food must be stop. Some suggestions in this direction are as follows-
1. Farming should not be considered a business of profit only. In place of it , agriculture should be seen
as a builder of better future by connecting it with the prosperity of environment and community.
2. An environment should be developed where farmers and nature can interact with each other. This can
only be done by the farmer. Farming will have to be linked with the farmer and the farmer will have to
develop as an agricultural scientist. Therefore, the government should encourage the development of
regional agricultural research institutes and training institutes.
3. When we talk about the traditional methods of farming, it does not mean that we are going back, it
means that we are talking about modernization of traditions. We should use our scientific knowledge,
knowledge of IT, use of modern equipment, in improving traditional farming practices and making it
more empowered. Our farmers should be provided with scientific education, training and motivation. So
that they can understand the best use of their resources.
4. The government should not provide subsidy on fertilizer and electricity, as subsidies promote wastage
of resources. Instead of promoting subsidy, the government should provide open and developed market
and storage facilities to the farmer.
5. Food should not be transported for long distances. It increases environmental pollution on the one
hand and increases the price of food grains on the other hand. The government should develop

45
agricultural markets at the regional level. In this reference, the development of food processing
institutions in rural areas may play an important role.In agriculture post harvest production facilities like
food storage storage should be strengthened.
Status of Horticulture in Madhya Pradesh

There is total 11 agro climatic zones in the state. Horticulture crops are cultivated on about 3.5 percent
of the total cultivating land of the state. To promote the cultivation of Horticulture crops in the state, the
Horticulture mission was launched by the government in 2006-07.
Sutaible climate and soil is available in state for cultivation of variety of fruits, vegetables, spices,
flowers, medicinal plants. In fruits mango, banana, orange, grapes and papayain vegitables potatoes,
onion, tomatoes, beans, peas in spices garlic, coriander chilies etc. are extensively cultivated in Madhya
Pradesh. Madhya Pradesh produces 37 percent of the total national production and holds the leading
position in garlic production in the country. Similarly, the state is second in the country in coriander
production.
Considering immense potential of development in horticulture, new scopes are being developed for the
farmers of state. In this context, a lot of attention is being paid to the production of mushroom, spices
and medicinal crops at commercial level in the state. The government is also promoting the export of
these products. Under Madhya Pradesh horticulture Agriculture Mission, cultivation of mango, amla,
orange, banana, chilli, garlic, coriander and flowers are being encouraged in 20 districts of the state.
In Madhya Pradesh, orange is producing in Chhindwara, Betul, Hoshangabad, Shajapur, Ujjain, Bhopal,
Neemuch, Ratlam and Mandsaur districts. Orange grows in an area of 121112 hectares in the state out of
which 37,000 hectare area is situated in only Agar Malwa district. Currently, its productivity is ten to
twelve tons per hectare.
Burhanpur is a major banana growing district in the country, as out of 1,03,000 hectares of cultivating
land in the district, 16,000 hectares is devoted to banana cultivation.
Ratlam district of Madhya Pradesh is famous for the cultivation of grapes and guava. The Grape
Research institute has been established in Ratlam by the Government of Madhya Pradesh. Mandsaur and
Neemuch are famous worldwide for the cultivation of opium. Neemuch ranked first position in
production of opium followed by Mandsaur. It has the highest cultivation of opium in the world. Opium
cultivation in India began in the time of the Mughal emperor Akbar. In 1773, British government
occupied it. Opium is also called black gold.

46
Best quality of mango Nur Jahan, is produced in the Katthiwada region of Alirajpur district in Madhya
Pradesh. The average weight of a Nur Jahan mango is between 3.5 to 3.75 kg. In order to make
agriculture profitable and strengthen the economic status of the farmers, processing variety of Totapari
mangoes are being planted in more than one thousand acres of agricultural land of more than 500
identified farmers of Betul district.
Papaya is growing around 958 ha in Barwani district. Red and yellow varieties of papaya of Barwani
district are famous. Papen is prepared from the fruits of papaya. Which is used for processed product.
Amla is found in abundance in Panna, being the Amla district of Madhya Pradesh. Amla is most
commonly used in making jam, which is sweet and spicy in taste.
Nimar is identified for production of cotton. Cotton is also known as white gold. Khargone district is
one of the major cotton producing districts. It is the primary cash crop of the district. Many cotton
industries have been established in neighbouring region.
Hemp production is highest in Khandwa district of Madhya Pradesh state. Under the area expansion
plan of medicinal crops, 10 districts Ujjain, Mandsaur, Neemuch, Ratlam, Dewas, Shajapur, Agar
Malwa, Chhindwara, Harda and Rajgarh have been selected in the state. The cultivation of
Ashwagandha, Tulsi, Kalmegh, Kolius (Patharchur) and White Musli is being promoted in these
districts.
The Medicinal and Aromatic Crop Extension Scheme is a government scheme of Madhya Pradesh. The
government of Madhya Pradesh gives grants to farmers under this scheme to promote cultivation of
medicinal plants. According to the scheme, 20 - 50 percent grant is given to the farmers for the area
expansion of medicinal and aromatic crops suited to the region.
Agricultural Research Institute in Madhya Pradesh
National Soybean Research Center Indore
Madhya Pradesh Paddy Research Center Barwani
Madhya Pradesh Wheat Research Center Pawarkheda (Hoshangabad)
Central Agricultural Engineering Institute Bhopal
Grape Research Center Ratlam
Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering Bhopal
Madhya Pradesh Water and Land Management Bhopal
Institute (Valmi)

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Cotton Research Center Khargone

International Maize and Wheat Research Center (Jabalpur)
Khamaria
International Research Center for Agriculture in Amlaha (Sehore)
Arid Areas
Sugarcane Research Center Bohani (Narsinghpur)
India Research Platform; Pulses Research Amlaha (Sehore)
Center Asia's first pulses research center
The first herb of the state, Bank Panarapani Pachmarhi, Hoshangabad
Facts of Madhya Pradesh Agricultural Area

Total working population in Madhya Pradesh - 2.57 crores
Total Farmer Population in Madhya Pradesh - 1.10 Crore
Total agricultural laborers in State - 74 lakhs
Total area of Madhya Pradesh - 3.08 crore sq ha
Food production per person in Madhya Pradesh - 249.20 kg
Agricultural land in Madhya Pradesh
Area recorded in government documents - 2.32 crore square hectare
Area under forests - 85 lakh square hectare
Net Sown Area - 150 Lakh Sq.ha
Total Sown Area - 198 Lakh Sq.ha
Double crop area - 48 lakh square hectare
Single Crop Area - 150 Lakh Sq.ha
Total irrigated agricultural land - 57 lakh sq ha
Total number of holdings - 66.37 lakhs
Average size of agricultural holdings - 2.3 ha
Sources of irrigation in Madhya Pradesh (if more than one source is used in percentage)
Surface water - 31 percent (Canals 29 percent and ponds 2 percent).
ऽ Ground water - 69 percent (wells 35 percent and tube wells and others - 34 percent)
Animal husbandry in Madhya Pradesh

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The purpose of the animal husbandry scheme is to improve the breed of animals and to develop the
milk, dairy, meat and other animal related industries in state. A target to improve the breed of animals
has been set through this scheme. The purpose of which is to increase the economic standard of the
livestock. Under this scheme, a provision has been made to make availability of yielding variety of
breeds to the state's cattlemen at the subsidized rate by the state government.
Colleges have been established for livestock education in Madhya Pradesh at Jabalpur and Mhow in
Indore. On the basis of animal density, Rewa and Tikamgarh is the first place in the state and Satna and
Rajgarh are ranked second in the state.Integrated tribal dairy development project is being run in
Shahdol, Mandla, Sidhi, Balaghat and Chhindwara districts of Madhya Pradesh.
Madhya Pradesh has the highest livestock population of goats.Goat Breeding and Research Centre is
established at Indore. Madhya Pradesh Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry College was
established on 8 July 1948 under the Agricultural University of Jabalpur. It got status of University by
the Veterinary Science Nanaji Deshmukh University Act 2009 on 3 November 2009.
Livestock census was started in the country from 1919-20. Animal wealth is calculated once in 5 years
in the country. Census of all pets is included under Livestock.The artificial insemination training
institute is located at Ratona (Sagar) in Madhya Pradesh. The National Kamdhenu Breeding Center in
Madhya Pradesh is located at Kiratpur Itarsi (Hoshangabad). High Security Animal Laboratory is
located in Bhopal. Madhya Pradesh State Livestock and Poultry Development Corporation (1982) is
located in Bhopal. Gopalan and Samvardhan Board was formed on 19 October 2004 in Madhya
Pradesh.
"Shyama" the first serrogated cow of the state
With the objective of strengthening, expanding and modernizing the breed improvement program of the
state, an embryo transplant technique laboratory has been set up in the year 2012-13 for the reproduction
of calf with high genetic properties. In 2015, with the successful use of this technique, the first calf of
the state was obtained by transplanting the embryo and "Shyama" became the first serrogated cow of the
state.
Acharya Vidyasagar Gau Samvaradhan Yojna
Acharya Vidyasagar Gau Samvaradhan Yojana has been started, to promote women empowerment and
women's participation under the cooperative dairy program. So far, 18,740 improved breed animals have

49
been provided to 9,834 women beneficiaries of the poor category through women's self-help groups in
the villages.
Cow sanctuary
Cow sanctuary has been established in the year 2013-14 at village Salaria of Agar Malwa for research
and promotion of cow breeding and promotion of organic fertilizers, pesticides and cow urine
medicines. Provision is being made to give shelter to 5000 disabled and destitute cows in this sanctuary.
Manufacturing of Panchagavya project has been approved at Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science
University, Jabalpur under which pesticides and other products are being produced from cow urine and
cow dung.
Cattle breeding zone
For breeding and conservation of important breeds of the state, animal breeding zones are established by
government at Bhadavari Shivpuri (buffalo), Animal breeding zone, Pavai, Panna (Kekantha cow),
Animal breeding zone Bansakhedi, Mandsaur (Gir cow), Goat breeding zone, Thikari, Barwani, Animal
breeding zones Bavai, Hoshangabad (Jaffarawadi buffalo), Goat breeding zone, Minoura, Tikamgarh
(Jamnapari breed).
Maitri (Multipurpose Artificial Insemination Technicians in Rural India) Scheme
Under the Central MATRI (Multipurpose Artificial Insemination Technicians in Rural India) scheme,
310 workers are being trained in artificial insemination in the state.An amount of Rs 8 crore 90 lakh has
been provided by the Central Government for the training of 1100 Maitri Gau-sevaks in the year 2020-
21. The training will increase high-yielding milch animals in the state, which will increase the income of
farmers and villagers, along with increasing milk production.
MATRI is imparted 3 months training program, which includes one-month theoretical training and 2
months field level practical training.
Nandisala Scheme
The scheme is implemented at the Gram Panchayat level by the State Government. Under the scheme
grants are provided ti cattle rearers to improvebreed of cow through natural insemination. Nandi Shala
scheme was started in Madhya Pradesh from 26 October 2005.
Cow cabinet
In Madhya Pradesh, it is decided to form the first cow cabinet of the country by the Shivraj Singh
Chauhan government for the conservation and promotion of cow cattle. The Cow Cabinet will include

50
Animal Husbandry, Forest, Panchayat and Rural Development, Revenue, Home and Farmers Welfare
Department. The first meeting of the Gau cabinet was held on 22 November 2020 at Gau Sanctuary
Salaria Agar Malwa. The meeting took place through video conference from Bhopal. After the meeting,
Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chauhan said that the ministers and principal secretaries of the
departments related to animals will work together for cow protection and promotion. Only Animal
Husbandry Department can not deal this issue. Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chauhan said that there are
about 7-8 lakh stray cattle in Madhya Pradesh. The state government will build around 2000 new cow
shelters. All shelters will not oprated by the government, but NGOs will also be involved in it.
Madhya Pradesh State Cooperative Dairy Federation Ltd. (Sanchi)
Operation Flood (Milk Revolution) was started in India in 1970 with the aim of improving milk
production. Varghese Kurien is known as the father of milk revolution or white revolution. Cooperative
dairy development program is
being oprated in Madhya
Pradesh on the lines of Anand
Dairy of Gujarat under
Operation Flood. There is a
three level institution of
cooperative dairy program in the
state. In which Madhya Pradesh
State Dairy Development
Corporation was formed in 1975
at the first level. At the second level, Madhya Pradesh State Dairy Development Corporation established
five milk unions in Bhopal, Indore, Ujjain, Gwalior and Jabalpur. Rural Primary Milk Cooperative
Societies have been established at the third level. Its main objective is to provide milk and milk products
to the urban consumers at a reasonable price while protecting the interests of the dairy producers
associated with the cooperative dairy program in the state.

51
Central Semen Center

Central Semen Center is established at Bhadbhada Bhopal to promote the breed of cows by the
Department of Animal Husbandry of Madhya Pradesh state. Where more than 200 bulls of 16 breeds
have been housed. Profile of all the bulls is maintained in this center. In which information related to
their photo, date of birth, breed, their height, and registered number is recorded. The stockmen can see
these informations online and select seamen for their cows. Selected semen can also be ordered online.
It is also known as the metromonial center of cows. From here, seamen of bulls of Gir, Malvi,
Bhadavari, Nimari, Kenkatha, Haryana, Kankrej, Jersey, Tharparkar, Jersey Cross, Rathi, Sahiwal, and
Jaffarabadi can be obtained.
Poultry
Poultry is a means of livelihood for the poor and weaker sections of the state. Livestock and Poultry
Development Corporation was established in Bhopal in November 1982 for the development and
scientific management of poultry in Madhya Pradesh. Its main objective is to promote poultry
production, procurement, collection and marketing. In Madhya Pradesh, 20 -25 breeds of poultry are
considered economically suitable and rearing, some of them are native and some foreign breeds -
Indigenous breeds - Asil, Ghaghsagayak, Chittagong, Basra, Kadaknath (Jhabua)
Exotic breeds - Whiteleg Horn, Nimoric, Campinera etc.

52
Asil is the best-fowl breed of India. Whiteleg horn is the most egg producing breed in the world; hence
it is considered to be the most suitable from the point of view of poultry. 10 poultry farming area is
working to improve egg production of indigenous chickens of Madhya Pradesh. The share of Madhya
Pradesh in the total egg production of the country is 2.1 percent.
Kadaknath breed
The original name of this breed is Kalamansi, which means dark-skinned bird. Kadaknath is basically a
chicken breed of Madhya Pradesh, which is found in Jhabua, Alirajpur, Dhar, due to its color and flesh
being black, it is also called Kalamansi. Recently Madhya Pradesh has got G.I. The tag has been
received, there is demand across the country. Meat of this breed has 25% protein, which is more than the
meat of other breed. Meats of Kadaknath breed are also used in making many types of medicines, so this
breed is highly beneficial in terms of business. This chickens lays around 80 eggs per year. The major
varieties of this breed are Jet Black, Pencil and Golden.

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1

Rudra’s IAS CLASS NOTES MPPSC (Pre) New Syllabs 2020

Rudra’s IAS – 284, zone-II MP NAGAR BHOPAL 9098200428 (C.M. MISHRA)

MPPSC (Pre) 2020

By- C.M. MISHRA

Rudra’s IAS – 284, zone-II MP NAGAR BHOPAL 9098200428 (C.M. MISHRA)

Wildlife in Madhya Pradesh

Rudra’s IAS – 284, zone-II MP NAGAR BHOPAL 9098200428 (C.M. MISHRA)

Tropical wet deciduous forest

Rudra’s IAS – 284, zone-II MP NAGAR BHOPAL 9098200428 (C.M. MISHRA)

Rudra’s IAS – 284, zone-II MP NAGAR BHOPAL 9098200428 (C.M. MISHRA)

National Park in Madhya Pradesh

Rudra’s IAS – 284, zone-II MP NAGAR BHOPAL 9098200428 (C.M. MISHRA)

Rudra’s IAS – 284, zone-II MP NAGAR BHOPAL 9098200428 (C.M. MISHRA)

Rudra’s IAS – 284, zone-II MP NAGAR BHOPAL 9098200428 (C.M. MISHRA)

Wildlife Sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh

Rudra’s IAS – 284, zone-II MP NAGAR BHOPAL 9098200428 (C.M. MISHRA)

27. Surmania - Khandwa

Important sanctuaries of Madhya Pradesh

Rudra’s IAS – 284, zone-II MP NAGAR BHOPAL 9098200428 (C.M. MISHRA)

Rudra’s IAS – 284, zone-II MP NAGAR BHOPAL 9098200428 (C.M. MISHRA)

Rivers of Madhya Pradesh

Improtant Hydropower Project on Narmada

1. Indira Sagar Punasa District Khandwa

Rudra’s IAS – 284, zone-II MP NAGAR BHOPAL 9098200428 (C.M. MISHRA)

2. Chambal River Basin

Important Hydropower Project on Chambal

3. Son River Basin

Important Hydropower Project on Son

Ban Sagar Devlond (Shahdol)

Rudra’s IAS – 284, zone-II MP NAGAR BHOPAL 9098200428 (C.M. MISHRA)

4. Tapti river Basin

Important Hydropower Project on Tapti

Ukai (Surat), Gujarat

5. Betwa river Basin

Important Hydropower Project on Tapti

Rajghat Lalitpur (Uttar Pradesh)

Rudra’s IAS – 284, zone-II MP NAGAR BHOPAL 9098200428 (C.M. MISHRA)

Narmada Shira Link Project

1. Source – Sisalia (Khargone)

Cities and their river banks

Rudra’s IAS – 284, zone-II MP NAGAR BHOPAL 9098200428 (C.M. MISHRA)

Tapti Multai Burhanpur

Important water falls in Madhya Pradesh

Rudra’s IAS – 284, zone-II MP NAGAR BHOPAL 9098200428 (C.M. MISHRA)

Mountain Ranges and Hills of Madhya Pradesh

Rudra’s IAS – 284, zone-II MP NAGAR BHOPAL 9098200428 (C.M. MISHRA)

Rudra’s IAS – 284, zone-II MP NAGAR BHOPAL 9098200428 (C.M. MISHRA)

Rudra’s IAS – 284, zone-II MP NAGAR BHOPAL 9098200428 (C.M. MISHRA)

Rudra’s IAS – 284, zone-II MP NAGAR BHOPAL 9098200428 (C.M. MISHRA)

Rudra’s IAS – 284, zone-II MP NAGAR BHOPAL 9098200428 (C.M. MISHRA)

Rudra’s IAS – 284, zone-II MP NAGAR BHOPAL 9098200428 (C.M. MISHRA)

Rajiv Sagar dam project

Rudra’s IAS – 284, zone-II MP NAGAR BHOPAL 9098200428 (C.M. MISHRA)

 Highest peak of plateau of Malwa- Janapav Hills (881 m).

Climate of Madhya Pradesh

Rudra’s IAS – 284, zone-II MP NAGAR BHOPAL 9098200428 (C.M. MISHRA)

Rudra’s IAS – 284, zone-II MP NAGAR BHOPAL 9098200428 (C.M. MISHRA)

Rudra’s IAS – 284, zone-II MP NAGAR BHOPAL 9098200428 (C.M. MISHRA)

Rudra’s IAS – 284, zone-II MP NAGAR BHOPAL 9098200428 (C.M. MISHRA)

Rudra’s IAS – 284, zone-II MP NAGAR BHOPAL 9098200428 (C.M. MISHRA)

Rudra’s IAS – 284, zone-II MP NAGAR BHOPAL 9098200428 (C.M. MISHRA)

1. Manganese – Bharveli Balaghat