Unit Test 1 Study Guide

1.3 English Settle at Jamestown 21-23

1. What is the first colony established by the British in North America? The first British
colony in North America was Jamestown.

2. What cash crop kept Jamestown going? Jamestown relied on tobacco as a cash crop to
sustain its economy.

3. What are indentured servants? Indentured servants were people who exchanged their labor
for passage to the New World.

4. What brought the colonists in Virginia into conflict with the natives? The colonists in
Virginia clashed with the natives due to conflicts over land and resources.

Puritans Create a “New England” 24-26

5. Who were the Puritans? What were their religious beliefs? The Puritans were a group of
English Protestants who sought to purify the Church of England. They believed in strict religious
discipline and a simple lifestyle.

6. What was the main cash crop of the Chesapeake Colonies? The main cash crop of the
Chesapeake Colonies, like Maryland and Virginia, was tobacco.

7. What was King Philp’s War? King Philip's War was a conflict in New England between
Native American tribes and English colonists.

Settlement of the Middle Colonies 26-28

8. What was Quakers society like? The Quakers believed in equality, simplicity, and pacifism.
They valued inner spiritual experiences and rejected formal religious rituals.
England and Its Colonies Prosper 28-30
9. What was the relationship like between the colonies and Britain in the mid 1700s? In the
mid-1700s, the relationship between the colonies and Britain became strained due to increased
taxation and lack of representation.

10. What is mercantilism? Mercantilism was an economic system where colonies existed to
benefit the mother country through trade and accumulation of wealth.

11. What laws did the Navigation Acts impose? The Navigation Acts imposed laws that
required colonial trade to be conducted only with British ships and limited the colonies' ability to
trade with other nations.

12. How were governments in the colonies structured by the 1700s? By the 1700s, the
governments in the colonies were structured with a combination of elected assemblies, governors
appointed by the British monarchy, and local officials.

1.4 A Plantation Economy Arises in the South 31-33

13. What is a plantation? A plantation is a large agricultural estate where cash crops, such as
tobacco or cotton, are cultivated using slave labor.

14. What was the triangular trade? The triangular trade was a system of trade routes between
Europe, Africa, and the Americas. It involved the exchange of goods, including slaves, across the
Atlantic Ocean.

Commerce Grows in the North 33-34

15. How was farming in the North different from that in the South? Farming in the North
focused more on small-scale subsistence farming and diverse crops, while farming in the South
revolved around large-scale plantation agriculture and cash crops like tobacco and cotton.
The Great Awakening 35-36
16. What was the purpose of the Great Awakening? The Great Awakening aimed to revive
religious fervor and bring about a spiritual awakening among the colonists.

17. Due to the Great Awakening, what did people start to do to the established churches?
As a result of the Great Awakening, some people started to challenge and question the authority
of established churches, seeking more personal and emotional connections to God.

The French and Indian War 37-39

18. What were the differences between French and British colonies? The French colonies
focused more on fur trade and had a more cooperative relationship with Native Americans, while
the British colonies were more focused on agriculture and had a more adversarial relationship
with Native Americans.

19. What did the Proclamation of 1763 establish? The Proclamation of 1763 established a
boundary line along the Appalachian Mountains, prohibiting British colonists from settling west
of the line to reduce conflicts with Native Americans.

2.1 The Colonies Organize to Resist Britain 46-47

20. Why did the British government start implementing taxes on the colonists? The British
government started implementing taxes on the colonists to help pay off debts from the French
and Indian War.

21. The Stamp Act was the first tax to directly do what to the colonists? The Stamp Act was
the first tax to directly impose a tax on printed materials, such as newspapers, legal documents,
and playing cards, which affected the daily lives of the colonists.
Tension Mounts in Massachusetts 48-49
22. What was the Boston Tea Party? The Boston Tea Party was a protest in which colonists,
disguised as Native Americans, dumped British tea into the Boston Harbor to protest the Tea Act
and unfair taxation.

23. What actions made up the Intolerable Acts? The Boston Tea Party was a protest in which
colonists, disguised as Native Americans, dumped British tea into the Boston Harbor to protest
the Tea Act and unfair taxation.

The Patriots Declare Independenence 52-53

24. Who was John Locke? What were the stipulations of his social contract? John Locke
was an influential Enlightenment philosopher who believed in natural rights and the social
contract. According to his social contract, people have the right to life, liberty, and property, and
they form governments to protect these rights.

25. How did the colonists use the theories of John Locke? The colonists used Locke's theories
to justify their rebellion against British rule. They argued that the British government had
violated their natural rights and that they had the right to establish a new government that would
protect their liberties.

26. What did Thomas Paine’s Common Sense argue for? Thomas Paine's Common Sense
argued for the independence of the American colonies from British rule. It denounced monarchy
and called for a democratic government, inspiring many colonists to support the idea of
independence.

27. The final draft of the Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson outlined
what? The final draft of the Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson outlined
the colonists' grievances against the British monarchy and proclaimed their intention to establish
a new nation based on the principles of equality, natural rights, and self-government.
2.2 The War Begins 59-60
28. Who were the Loyalists? The Loyalists were colonists who remained loyal to the British
crown during the American Revolution.

29. Who were the Patriots? The Loyalists were colonists who remained loyal to the British
crown during the American Revolution.

30. What were the strengths of the colonists during the American Revolution? The strengths
of the colonists during the American Revolution included their familiarity with the land, their
determination for independence, and the support they received from France.

31.What were the strengths of the British during the American Revolution? The strengths of
the British during the American Revolution included their well-trained army, superior naval
power, and access to resources and reinforcements from the British Empire.

32. What side did African Americans fight on when it came to the American Revolution?
African Americans fought on both sides during the American Revolution. Some fought for the
Patriots, hoping for freedom and equality, while others fought for the British, who promised
freedom to enslaved people who joined their cause.

33. What side did the Native Americans join? African Americans fought on both sides during
the American Revolution. Some fought for the Patriots, hoping for freedom and equality, while
others fought for the British, who promised freedom to enslaved people who joined their cause.

34. What benefit for the colonists came from their victory at Saratoga? The victory at
Saratoga was a turning point in the American Revolution. It boosted the morale of the colonists,
convinced France to formally ally with the Patriots, and brought much-needed foreign support to
the American cause.

Life During the Revolution 60-61

35. Who was incharge of the finances of the Continental Army? How did it get money?
Robert Morris managed the Continental Army's finances during the Revolutionary War. Money
came from issuing currency, foreign loans, domestic borrowing, requisitions, state contributions,
and foreign aid, mainly from France. Financial challenges persisted until Morris improved
management.
36. What were the roles that women took on during the American Revolution?
During the American Revolution, women took on roles as caregivers, nurses, spies, suppliers,
and even fighters. They managed homes, provided medical aid, conveyed intelligence, sewed
uniforms, and supported the troops through various activities.

3.3 Confederation and the Constitution 66-67

37. What was the first government of the United States? The first government was
established by the Articles of Confederation, a weak system with limited central authority.

38. What did Shay’s Rebellion signify when it came to the central government?
Shays' Rebellion revealed the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, showing that the
central government lacked power to address internal conflicts and maintain order. This
highlighted the need for a stronger central authority, which led to the push for the creation of the
United States Constitution.

Creating a New Government 68-69

39. What were the problems with representation that arose during the creation of the
Constitution?
Representation problems during the Constitution's creation: large states wanted
population-based, small states preferred equal representation. The Great Compromise established
two chambers with both systems. The Three-Fifths Compromise dealt with counting enslaved
individuals for representation and taxation.

40. What is federalism?

Federalism is a system of government where power is shared between a central authority and
individual units like states. Both levels of government have their own powers and sovereignty,
outlined in a written constitution. Examples include the US and Canada.

41. The First Article of the Constitution establishes what branch of government? The First
Article of the United States Constitution establishes the legislative branch of government, which
is the United States Congress.
42. The Second Article of the Constitution establishes what branch of government?
The Second Article of the United States Constitution establishes the executive branch of
government, including the office of the President of the United States.

43. The Third Article of the Constitution establishes what branch of government?
The Third Article of the United States Constitution establishes the judicial branch of
government, including the federal courts system.

44. The purpose of the checks and balance system was to do what?
The checks and balances system aims to prevent any branch of government from becoming too
powerful by allowing each branch to monitor and limit the actions of the others.

Ratifying the Constitution 69-71

45. What were the positions of the Federalist and the Anti Federalist? Federalists supported
the Constitution, advocated for a strong central government, and believed in checks and
balances. Anti-Federalists opposed the Constitution, feared centralization of power, and wanted
stronger state authority and individual rights protections.

46. Why did the Antifederalist refuse to ratify the Constitution without the promise of a
Bill of Rights? The Anti-Federalists insisted on a Bill of Rights because they feared the
Constitution could threaten individual rights. They wanted explicit protections against potential
government abuse before agreeing to ratify it.

-Know what the Bill of Rights entails

3.4 Washington Heads the New Government 74-76

47. What did the Judiciary Act of 1789 establish? The Judiciary Act of 1789 established the
federal court system in the United States, including the structure of federal courts, their
jurisdictions, and roles.

48. What political positions did the Federalist and Alexander Hamilton hold?
The Federalists, including Alexander Hamilton, supported a strong federal government, a
powerful executive branch, and economic policies like a national bank and industrialization to
promote growth and stability.
49. What political positions did the Democratic-Republicans and Thomas Jefferson hold?
The Democratic-Republicans, including Thomas Jefferson, supported limited government, states'
rights, agrarianism, and strict interpretation of the Constitution, opposing the Federalists'
centralization of power.

50. What type of farms did Jefferson support?

Thomas Jefferson supported small-scale agrarian farms, where independent farmers owned and
worked their land, believing they would strengthen the nation's virtue and democracy.

4.1 Slavery in the Territories 157-158

51. What did the Compromise of 1850 establish?
The Compromise of 1850 aimed to address slavery tensions by admitting California as a free
state, organizing New Mexico and Utah territories with slavery decisions left to residents,
banning the slave trade in D.C., strengthening the Fugitive Slave Act, and resolving a Texas
border dispute.

52. What was popular sovereignty?

Popular sovereignty means that the people of a region get to decide, through voting, whether to
allow or prohibit a particular practice, like slavery. It was used to let residents of new territories
decide on slavery's status.

53. What was the Underground Railroad? The Underground Railroad was a covert network of
routes, safe houses, and supporters that helped enslaved African Americans escape from the
South to freedom in the North and Canada during the 19th century.

Conflicts Lead to Secession 162-165

54. What were the two things that the Supreme Court established with their Dred Scott
ruling?
The Dred Scott ruling established that enslaved individuals and their descendants couldn't be
citizens, and it declared that Congress couldn't restrict slavery's expansion into territories.
55. Why is the Senate race in Illinois of 1858 important? The Senate race in Illinois of 1858,
featuring debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas, is important because it
elevated Lincoln's national profile, highlighted the issue of slavery expansion, solidified
Lincoln's role in the Republican Party, and contributed to his eventual presidency.

56. How did Abraham Lincoln win the presidential election of 1860? What happened due
to his election? Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 presidential election by securing Northern and
Western support, while the divided Democratic Party helped him gain the majority of electoral
votes. His election led to Southern states seceding from the Union, which ultimately triggered the
American Civil War.

57. What is the Thirteenth Amendment? The Thirteenth Amendment, ratified in 1865,
abolished slavery in the United States.

4.4 The Politics of the Reconstruction 184-186

57. What is reconstruction?
Reconstruction was the post-Civil War era (1865-1877) focused on rebuilding the South,
granting civil rights to freed slaves, and reintegrating Confederate states into the Union.

58. What was Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction?

Lincoln's Reconstruction plan aimed to reunify the country quickly. It offered pardons to
Confederates who pledged loyalty and abolished slavery. States could be readmitted with ten
percent allegiance. Federal involvement was minimal, and property rights were protected.

59. How did Andrew Johnson’s reconstruction plan differ from Lincoln’s? Andrew
Johnson's Reconstruction plan was more forgiving toward former Confederates, allowing quick
restoration of Southern state governments and prioritizing property rights. Unlike Lincoln's plan,
it lacked strong measures to ensure civil rights for freed slaves and clashed with Radical
Republicans in Congress.

60. What did the Civil Rights Act of 1866 do? The Civil Rights Act of 1866 granted
citizenship to all individuals born in the U.S., regardless of race. It ensured equal rights, property
rights, and legal protections for African Americans, marking a step toward broader civil rights
legislation.
61. The Fourteenth Amendment established what?
The Fourteenth Amendment, ratified in 1868, established citizenship for those born or
naturalized in the U.S., equal protection under the law, due process rights, and protections for
citizens' privileges and immunities.

62. Congressional reconstruction established what in the Southern States? Congressional

Reconstruction in the Southern states established military oversight, civil rights laws, the
Fifteenth Amendment granting voting rights regardless of race, and new constitutions ensuring
equal protection. It aimed to protect the rights of African Americans after the Civil War but faced
resistance and challenges.

63. What does the Fifteenth Amendment state?

The Fifteenth Amendment, ratified in 1870, states that voting rights cannot be denied based on
race, color, or past servitude.

Reconstructing Society 186-188

64. Who were the carpetbaggers? Carpetbaggers were Northerners who went to the South
during Reconstruction. Some genuinely wanted to help, while others pursued their own interests.
They faced suspicion from Southerners who saw them as outsiders.

65. Who was Hiram Revels? Hiram Revels was the first African American to serve in the U.S.
Senate during the Reconstruction era. He advocated for civil rights and equality for African
Americans during his one-year term from 1870 to 1871.

66. What was sharecropping?

Sharecropping was a labor system in the post-Civil War South where landowners provided land,
tools, and housing to workers (sharecroppers) in exchange for a share of the harvested crops. It
often led to debt, limited economic mobility, and dependence on landowners.

The Collapse of Reconstruction 188-189

67. What were the goals of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) during reconstruction? During
Reconstruction, the Ku Klux Klan aimed to suppress African American rights, maintain white
supremacy, oppose Reconstruction policies, dismantle Republican influence, and enforce the
traditional social hierarchy through violent and terroristic means.
68. What brought an end to reconstruction?
Reconstruction ended due to fading Northern support, the disputed 1876 election, Supreme Court
decisions, violence from white supremacist groups, and the withdrawal of federal troops. This
marked the beginning of the Jim Crow era.