Lesson Proper for Week 1

Ways to organize data:

4.1Quantitative methods emphasize objective measurements and the statistical, mathematical, or numerical
analysis of data collected through polls, questionnaires, and surveys, or by manipulating pre-existing statistical
data using computational techniques

Ways to organize data:

Data can be described as quantitative if it can be measured or identified on a numerical scale. Examples
include length, height, area, volume, weight, speed, age, distance, cost and so on. However, not all data using
numbers is quantitative

• Data management is an administrative process that includes acquiring, validating, storing, protecting, and
processing required data to ensure the accessibility, reliability, and timeliness of the data for its users

• Quantitative data deals with numbers and things you can measure objectively: dimensions such as height,
width, and length. Temperature and humidity. Prices. Area and volume.

• Qualitative data deals with characteristics and descriptors that can't be easily measured, but can be
observed subjectively—such as smells, tastes, textures, attractiveness, and color.

• Broadly speaking, when you measure something and give it a number value, you create quantitative data.
When you classify or judge something, you create qualitative data

• Continuous data, on the other hand, could be divided and reduced to finer and finer levels. For example,
you can measure the height of your kids at progressively more precise scales—meters, centimeters,
millimeters, and beyond—so height is continuous data. (See picture below)

Ways to organize data:

Data can be described as quantitative if it can be measured or identified on a numerical scale. Examples
include length, height, area, volume, weight, speed, age, distance, cost and so on. However, not all data using
numbers is quantitative

• Data management is an administrative process that includes acquiring, validating, storing, protecting, and
processing required data to ensure the accessibility, reliability, and timeliness of the data for its users

Textual-the data are presented in paragraph form, as in a narrative.

Tabular representation- the data are presented in tables showing the statistics systematically in columns and
rows.

Graphs and charts-shows the statistical values and relationships in a pictorial or diagrammatic form hence it is
considered the most effective data presentation.
Bar Graphs- a graphical display using bars of different heights displayed either vertically or horizontally.

They are used to compare magnitudes.

Histogram- graphical representation of the distribution of data. The rectangles in the histogram touch each
other to indicate that the original variable is continuous

Linear graphs- express linear relationships in everyday life. When graphed, they show a straight line in a sketch
or plotted ways

Frequency Polygon-

a graphical device for understanding the shapes of distributions. It is specifically helpful in comparing sets of
data. Also good for displaying cumulative frequency distributions

Frequency Ogive(o-jive)– a graph that represents the cumulative frequency distribution and its continuous
frequency curve. It is shaped like an S.

Pie chart-a circular chart divided into wedge-like sectors to illustrate proportions. The total of each pie is
always 100%.

Statistical Maps- a special type of map in which the variation in a quantity of rainfall, population or crops in a
geographic area is indicated.

Pictograms or Pictographs an ideogram that conveys the meaning through its resemblance to a physical
object.

DATA COLLECTION AND TECHNIQUES:

Examples: Direct or interview Method- a conversation between two or more people

where questions are asked by the interviewer to elicit facts or statements from the interviewee.

Indirect or Questionnaire method- set of questionnaires are given

Registration Method-refers to continuous, permanent, compulsory recording of the occurrence of vital events.
Ex. Live births, deaths, marriages, etc.

Observation method-requires looking and listening

WAYS OF ORGANIZING DATA:

Two Ways of Organizing Data

Grouped Data- data that are organized in categories

Ungrouped data not organized or if arranged, can be done in either ascending or descending order.

The table above shows an unarranged and an arranged data set.

Lesson Proper for Week 2

Measures of Central Tendency In statistics, mode, median, mean and range are typical values to represent a
pool of numerical observations.

They are calculated from the pool of observations.

Mode is the most common value among the given observations. For example, a person who sells ice creams
might want to know which flavor is the most popular, or we may want what color is worn by girls, by merely
counting on the occurrence or the observation during an event we can know what is the mode or the trending
color among the girls.

The mode or the Modal scores is a score or scores that occurred the most in the distribution. It is classified as
unimodal, bimodal, trimodal, or multimodal.

• Unimodal is a distribution of scores with only one mode.

• Bimodal is a distribution of scores with two modes.

• Trimodal as the name implies is a distribution with three modes.

Median is the middle value, dividing the number of data into 2 halves. In other words, 50% of the observations
is below the median and 50% of the observations is above the median.

Mean is the average of all the values. For example, a teacher may want to know the average marks of a test in
his class.

Range tells how far apart the greatest and least numbers in a set are. It is the difference between the largest
and smallest numbers.

Range The range of a set of numbers is the difference between the least number and the greatest number in
the set.

Finding the range and mid-range

The range is the difference between the largest and smallest numbers.

The midrange is the average of the largest and smallest number.

Example1 / Exercise 1

Fin the range: a) 150, 250, 825, 400, 18, 500

b) 2.2, 1.8, 5.1, 0.3 Solution:

Solution:

a) The largest value is 825. The smallest value is 18

Range = largest value − smallest value

= 825 − 18 = 807
b) The largest value is 5.1. The smallest value is 0.3

Range = largest value − smallest value = 5.1 − 0.3 = 4.8

CALCULATING THE MEAN, MEDIAN, AND MODE

THE STEM AND LEAF PLOT:

Another way to present a data is a STEM AND LEAF PLOT. By merely looking at the data presented on a plot like
this, we could already tell the frequency of a given data set and counting from both direction till the middle or
the meeting point half-way, the mid-point will be readily seen and calculated if in case of an even-numbered
data set.

For the instruction of constructing a STEM-AND-LEAF-PLOT, please see the illustration below

HOW TO CONSTRUCT THE STEM AND LEAF PLOT

Arrange the given data in either descending or ascending order

Draw a horizontal line/s (row/s) for each number from 1 to 10 or any designated maximum number

(1-100 if given)

draw a vertical line for unit or digit separator for the given data

The stem will be the tens unit to the left of the vertical line separator and the ones digit to the left of the vertical
line

Determine the midpoints by counting in clockwise and counterclockwise direction; that is from lowest to the
middle number, and from highest back to the middle number (see illustration)

12 40 15 19 40 31

23 34 37 23 33 36

25 26 29 30 21 28

32 29 20 34 26 38

The most frequent data that appear are: 23, 26, 29, 34, and 40, each appearing twice. This is a multi-modal data
set.

If the data has no repeated event, it has no frequency or mode

If it has two events occurring, it is bi-modal, if it has three events repeating, it is tri-modal and if it has more
than three it is said to be multi-modal.

Exercise 2

4.2 Mean is the average of all the values

Sunny collects the data on the number of the ages of respondents in the science class and it yields the
following. Determine the average of the respondents.

16 18 28 17 17 21 22 22 23 17 n= 10

Solution:

Add all the total values of x and divide them by the number of the given values

16 + 18 + … + 17 =202. this is the formula for finding the mean of an ungrouped data
Exercise 3

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION:

Ungrouped data: To complete the frequency distribution table, one has to determine the following factors
from a given set of data

Sample Problem (see the data set) (pp.78, Math in the Modern World-Dr. Charlie I. Cari o)

Steps to follow:

Construct the frequency table using

Rule 1: find the k such that 1. 2^k >n where n is the number of observations.

2. for the class interval i = Range/ Number of classes (k)

Range (R) = Highest value – Lowest value R = HV – LV

Hence;

i = HV-LV/k Class Limits Class Boundaries (see the illustration)

The numbers at the left are called the Lower Limits And the numbers at the Right are the Upper Limits

How do we get the Class Boundaries of the class boundaries?

We SUBTRACT 0.5 from the Lower Limits and ADD 0.5 to the Upper Limits. 10-0.5 =9,5; 16+.05 =16.5.

(see Table)

Before we go further, let’s define the following terms for better understanding:

Range -The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.

Class Limits – the smallest and largest observations in each class.

Class Boundaries- midpoints in the upper Lower Class- limits in each class

Frequency- how many times a data appears in the observed data set

Relative frequency –the ratio of the number of times a data occurred in a class divided by the total frequency

Cumulative frequency- the total of each frequency in a class which is equal to the total frequency (in this case
the number of observation)

Percentage- the relative frequency of each class multiplied by 100 Midpoint- midway between two points

Exercise 3/ Activity 3
4.3 To find the median of a data set, we have to first arrange the data in ascending or descending order.

The median is the midpoint of the given data set.

To find the median, all we have to do is to count the number of data in the data set.

If the data set is odd-numbered (e.g. 3, 5, 7, 8, 9), the median is at the midpoint, in this example, it is at 7.

In our example above, we have even-numbered data set, therefore, we get the middle number where the data
set is divided by two,

then the two middle numbers are 18 and 21. (n = 10; 10/2 = 5)

16 17 17 17 18 21 22 22 23 29

Add the two middle numbers 18 + 21 = 39

HOW TO COMPLETE THE FREQUENCY TABLE:

Steps to follow

1. Given an ungrouped data, arrange the data in either ascending or descending order

2. Determine the Range by subtracting the lowest data value from the highest data value.

3. Determine the value of k which would give 2^k>n; where n is the total number of observations

4. Determine i =R/k to find the number of class limits

5. Starting from the lowest data value, we count 7 onwards

6. Same will be done to find the next class limit

7. We SUBTRACT 0.5 from the Lower Limits and ADD 0.5 to the Upper Limits. 10-0.5 =9,5; 16+.05 =16.5. (see
Table)

8. The frequencies can be found by counting the number of data appearance from the data set (See table 1b)
See illustration on Table 2 for the completion of frequency distribution

Relative frequency = frequency of each class divided by the total frequency

Percentage is taken by multiplying the Relative frequency by 100 Cumulative

frequency is the sum of the first frequency added to the second, the second to the third and so on

The Midpoint is the Average of the class limit divided by 2. (see table 3)

Exercise 4

1) Given the data below complete the frequency distribution.

Follow the step-by-step-solution Show your solution. You can use extra sheet of paper if necessary

2) From the given data below, construct the Stem and Leaf- Plot.

Exercise 3

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION:

Ungrouped data: To complete the frequency distribution table, one has to determine the following factors
from a given set of data

Sample Problem (see the data set) (pp.78, Math in the Modern World-Dr. Charlie I. Cari o)

Steps to follow:

Construct the frequency table using

Rule 1: find the k such that 1. 2^k >n where n is the number of observations.

2. for the class interval i = Range/ Number of classes (k)

Range (R) = Highest value – Lowest value R = HV – LV

Hence;

i= HV-LV/k Class Limits Class Boundaries (see the illustration)

The numbers at the left are called the Lower Limits And the numbers at the Right are the Upper Limits

How do we get the Class Boundaries of the class boundaries?

We SUBTRACT 0.5 from the Lower Limits and ADD 0.5 to the Upper Limits. 10-0.5 =9,5; 16+.05 =16.5.

(see Table)

Before we go further, let’s define the following terms for better understanding:

Range -The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.

Class Limits – the smallest and largest observations in each class.

Class Boundaries- midpoints in the upper Lower Class- limits in each class

Frequency- how many times a data appears in the observed data set

Relative frequency –the ratio of the number of times a data occurred in a class divided by the total frequency

Cumulative frequency- the total of each frequency in a class which is equal to the total frequency (in this case
the number of observation)

Percentage- the relative frequency of each class multiplied by 100 Midpoint- midway between two points

Exercise 3/ Activity 3

4.3 To find the median of a data set, we have to first arrange the data in ascending or descending order.

The median is the midpoint of the given data set.

To find the median, all we have to do is to count the number of data in the data set.

If the data set is odd-numbered (e.g. 3, 5, 7, 8, 9), the median is at the midpoint, in this example, it is at 7.

In our example above, we have even-numbered data set, therefore, we get the middle number where the data
set is divided by two,

then the two middle numbers are 18 and 21. (n = 10; 10/2 = 5)

16 17 17 17 18 21 22 22 23 29

Add the two middle numbers 18 + 21 = 39

HOW TO COMPLETE THE FREQUENCY TABLE:

Steps to follow

1. Given an ungrouped data, arrange the data in either ascending or descending order

2. Determine the Range by subtracting the lowest data value from the highest data value.

3. Determine the value of k which would give 2^k>n; where n is the total number of observations

4. Determine i =R/k to find the number of class limits

5. Starting from the lowest data value, we count 7 onwards

6. Same will be done to find the next class limit

7. We SUBTRACT 0.5 from the Lower Limits and ADD 0.5 to the Upper Limits. 10-0.5 =9,5; 16+.05 =16.5. (see
Table)
8. The frequencies can be found by counting the number of data appearance from the data set (See table 1b)
See illustration on Table 2 for the completion of frequency distribution

Relative frequency = frequency of each class divided by the total frequency

Percentage is taken by multiplying the Relative frequency by 100 Cumulative

frequency is the sum of the first frequency added to the second, the second to the third and so on

The Midpoint is the Average of the class limit divided by 2. (see table 3)

1) Given the data below complete the frequency distribution.

Follow the step-by-step-solution Show your solution. You can use extra sheet of paper if necessary

2) From the given data below, construct the Stem and Leaf- Plot

2) From the given data below, construct the Stem and Leaf- Plot.

Lesson Proper for Week 3

In the last lesson, we learned of these few things. Measures of Central Tendency in statistics,

mode, median, mean and range are typical values to represent a pool of numerical observations.

They are calculated from the pool of observations.

Here is some more information:

There are two types of mean,

• sample mean which we assume to represent the characteristics of whole

• population mean, which is often used in statistics and probability.

Let’s try this: analyze the data set:

10 15 15 16 17

𝑥̅= 𝛴𝑥 / 𝑛 = 73/5 = 14.6 = mean = 15

mode = 15

median = 15

Can you explain how the mode and the median are of the same values?

Exercise 1/ Activity 1

This distribution table inset shows a complete array of information we need to solve for the value of the mean.

for simplification, let us see how the midpoint is taken from the given value:
Ex. 1) For class 150-154;

mid-point (denoted by x) is the average of the sum of lower- class limit and the upper- class limit;

x1 = (150 + 154)/2 = 152

x2 = (155 + 159)/2 = 157 we do the same for all the values of the data to get the mid- point (see the table)

to find f x, we multiply the observed frequency to the midpoint of the class and get their total

2) fx1 = 5 x 152 = 760

fx2 = 2 x 157 = 314 and so on …

then finally get the sum.

Once the sum of f x is found we can now use the formula for finding the mean.

Thus, the mean of this data set is

𝒙̅= 𝜮𝒇𝒙/ 𝒏 = 8530/50 = 170.6 (see the table)

𝒏 = 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒃𝒔𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄y

HOW TO GET THE MEDIAN

• The median is what divides the scores in the distribution into two equal parts.

50% of the scores lie below the median point and 50% lie above it.

It is also known as the 50th percentile of the data set.

The median of the data set is dependent on whether the data is odd or even numbered.

Median of odd numbered data set lies at the middle

while for the even- -numbered data set the median lies at the average of the two middle data value.

We have already seen from our introduction the formula for the median of grouped data;

let’s go over it one more time

x ̃(read as tilde x) = median

L l = exact lower boundary of the median class

median class is the class with the highest frequency

n = the total number of observation or frequency

f = the frequency of the median class

ci = the class interval

c fb = cumulative frequency the frequency that comes before the frequency of the median class

Exercise 2/Activity2

Application of the formula:

Referring to the above data set, we see that the median class is 175-179 because it has the highest frequency

L l = 175 -0.5 = 174.5 ci = 5 f = 11 c fb = 6 n = 50

plugging all these values to our equation: 𝒙̃= 𝟏𝟕𝟒. 𝟓 + [( 𝟓𝟎 𝟐 − 𝟔) ∕ 𝟏𝟏] (𝟓) = 𝟏𝟖𝟏. 𝟕

Exercise 3/ Activity 3

Also, from the same data we can find the mode with the given formula as:

Mode:

Where:

𝑥̂= mode

L = Lower boundary of the modal class

d1 = frequency of the modal class – frequency of the class below

d2 = frequency of the modal class – frequency of the class after it

i= width of the modal class (class interval)

from the table:

d1 = 11- 9 = 2

d2 = 11 – 6 = 5

i=5

L = 175 – 0.5 = 174.5

Plugging the values of the variables into the equation,

Mode = 175.928

Lesson Proper for Week 4

definition of Terms
Dispersion is the state of getting dispersed or spread. Statistical dispersion means the extent to
which a numerical data is likely to vary about an average value. In other words, dispersion helps
to understand the distribution of the data. (see illustration on the right) we can see that as the data
are closer to its center, the steeper is the peak of the curve. The farther they get away from the
center, the wider is the peak.
Standard Deviation
In statistics, the standard deviation is a measure of the amount of variation or dispersion of a set
of values
A low standard deviation indicates that the values tend to be close to the mean of the set,
while a high standard deviation indicates that the values are spread out over a wider range.
One of the most useful measures of dispersion is the standard deviation.
It is based on deviations from the mean of the data.

Steps to follow in solving for the Standard of Variation:

1.Calculate the mean of the numbers
2.Find the deviations from the mean
3.Square each deviation
4.Sum the squared deviations
5.Divide the sum in step 4 by (n – 1)
6.Take the square root of the quotient in step 5.
Note: the deviation is always equal to zero
Coefficient of Variation

The coefficient of variation expresses the standard deviation as a percentage of the mean.
It is not strictly a measure of dispersion as it combines central tendency and dispersion.
For any set of data, the coefficient of variation is given by:
C.V. = (ẟ / χ )(100)
it is simply the standard deviation divided by the mean.
It answers the question: how big is the S.D. of relative to the mean of the distribution?