Osmoregulation

There 4 regulation
are
stages in Osmo :

1- Formation of glomerular filtrate by ultrafiltration

2 Reabsorption of glucose and water

by the proximal convoluted tubule

of Nations of
3 Maintenance a
gradient of in the medulla by the loop Henle

4
Reabsorption of water by the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts

1)
k-----←-------
Formation of glomerular filtrate
- -
by
--
ultrafiltration

-- -- -
%
I

As the diameter of the afferent ar teriole is than that of the efferent ar teriole
greater
-

there is build of hydrostatic within the

a
up pressure glomerulus .

Water,
glucose
i.
and mineral ions are squeezed out of the form the
capillary to

glomerular filtrate .

'
Blood cells and proteins into the renal capsule as they
large cannot pass
across

are too
large .

'

l'odocytes have between them allow filtrate to beneath and

spaces to
pass them

through between their branches

gaps .

of capillaries has spaces to 100mm wide between

Endothelium the glomerular up
'

its cells i. So fluid can between these cells

.
pass .
 2) Reabsorption of
glucose and water
by proximal convoluted tubule

* ..÷÷÷x÷÷.

In the
proximal convoluted tubule 85% of the filtrate is reabsorbed back into blood
nearly the .

Nat
I ions are
actively transported out of the cells

blood
lining the proximal convoluted tubule into

capillaries which them

carry away .

÷ Na
'
concentration of these cells lowered .

2 Nat ions now diffuse from lumen of proximal

convoluted tubule into the epithelial lining cells

carrier proteins I facilitated diffusion

through .

3 Each carrier protein carries another molecule

Nat ( co transport)
along with ions .
-

4 Molecules diffuse into the blood and are

reabsorbed .

85% of the of
reabsorption
•

water occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule .

The remainder is reabsorbed from
of of
the
collecting duct as a result the
functioning of the
loop Henle .

of gradient of Nat ions in the medulla by the

loop of Henle #
:
3) Maintenance a

÷÷÷÷÷÷÷

The
loop of Henle is responsible for water
being reabsorbed from the
collecting duct
thereby concentrating the urine
'

so that it has a lower water potential than the blood .

and have
The descending limb is narrow thin walls
highly permeable to water
-

The limb is wide and have thick

ascending walls impermeable to water
-

Not of limb
using ATP
ascending
1-
actively transported out .

of medulla between
← region
< limbs
2 There is a low water potential in the interstitial
region .

3 Water out of
descending limb interstitial
passes by osmosis into the
space .

Filtrate
4
progressively loses water as it moves down
descending limb
lowering its water potential .

5 Not diffuse out of filtrate step

✓
.

Along with active transport of Nat

,
filtrate develops a
progressively higher water potential .

interstitial limb
6 In the
space between
ascending and
collecting duct ,
water potential is highest in the cortex

and decreases the further into the medulla .

7 Water of duct
moves out
collecting by osmosis .

out of
g Water continues to move over whole
length collecting duct due to counter -
current multiplier .
?⃝
 /µ"
" """ " " convoluted

A
tubule tubule
proximal convoluted

cortex
µ 300

Medulla
( valves show -
whoa 7

concentration of
filtrate per sotto Nat
whoo 400 Ngos
kg of water)
600

Nat actively
Gabe West" transported
interstitial
into
& GMR-
region
Water descending limb
moves 3 2 1 Water
into 6 moves

ftp.ood whose Nat GREG 700

pass into blood
Harries capillaries
'

900

whose

←µ→U
""

increasing ion
concentration /

decreasing water ↳
Potential urine with a low
41200
water
potential
w
descending ascending ✓
limb limb collecting
(walls permeable
( walls impermeable duct
to water)
to waterT_ ( walls with
varying permeability
to water )

4) Reabsorption of water by distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts

%
%
i=-----------------------=-=------==--------- -

→ Role of distal convoluted tubule is to make final adjustments to the water and salts that are reabsorbed and

control which reabsorb

to the pH of the blood
by selecting ions to .

The water that does

passes out of that
•

the
collecting duct by osmosis so
through channel proteins are
specific to water

( aquaporins) .

-
ADH can alter the number of these channels and control water loss .
so

Distal convoluted tubule material

have microvilli and mitochondria to allow them to reabsorb rapidly
-

many
from filtrate
the
by active transport .