British Culture - Class Study Notes

Chapter 1

Summary:

This chapter discusses the early history of Britain, from its geological characteristics to the Roman
occupation. It emphasizes the impact of geography, climate, and natural resources on the
development of society and culture. The chapter covers several key periods:

 The Island and Prehistory:

 The geographic and climatic variations of Britain influence its social, economic, and
political life.
 The Gulf Stream brings warm water and winds, affecting the climate and
agriculture.
 Britain was initially connected to Europe and became an island after the last ice
age.
 Human artifacts from warmer periods indicate the presence of different groups of
inhabitants.
 Celts and Roman Influence:
 The Celts arrived around 700 BC, possibly from central Europe or Russia,
influencing British culture.
 The Celts brought iron technology and advanced ploughing methods, impacting
agriculture.
 Celtic society was organized into tribes, with tribal chiefs and Druids as important
figures.
 The Roman invasion in 43 AD led to the establishment of Romano-British culture.
 Roman towns, roads, and trade networks transformed Britain's landscape and
society.
 Roman influence brought literacy, advanced technology, and changes in social
structure.

Study Notes:

 Geographic and Climatic Influence:

 Britain's climate, affected by the Gulf Stream, shapes its agricultural conditions and
population distribution.
 The differences between north and south, and east and west, impact climate,
rainfall, and agricultural cycles.
 Prehistory and Celtic Arrival:
 Britain's prehistoric periods are marked by changing populations and adaptations to
climate shifts.
 Arrival of the Celts around 700 BC introduces iron technology and ploughing
advancements.
 Celtic Society and Roman Influence:
 Celtic society was organized into tribes with tribal chiefs and Druids as key figures.
 The Roman invasion in 43 AD led to urbanization, literacy, and advanced
infrastructure.
  Roman towns, roads, and trade transformed the socio-economic landscape of
Britain.
 Transition and Roman Legacy:
 The Roman legacy includes urbanization, roads, and technological advancements.
 Celtic influence persisted in language, culture, and social structures.
 Roman Britain became a hub of trade and civilization.
 Shifts in Power and Decline:
 Shifts in power from henges to hill-forts and then to settled farming communities.
 Roman influence waned due to external pressures and internal challenges.
 Roman withdrawal marked a turning point in Britain's history.

Overall, the chapter highlights the dynamic interplay between geography, climate, migration, and
cultural exchange in shaping Britain's early history. The Roman period brought significant changes
that left a lasting impact on British society and culture.