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POWER ELECRONICS AND

ELECTRICAL DRIVES

• Lecture 5
• power converters to supply electric drives
• inverters
• AC Ac convertors
• ECEg 4212
B. half-bridge inverter INVERTERS

D1

The switching sequence is so design is shown in Figure below. Here,


switch S1 is on for the time duration 0 ≤ t ≤ T1 and the switch S2 is
on for the time duration T1 ≤ t ≤ T2. When switch S1 is turned on,
D2
the instantaneous voltage across the load is ν o = Vin/ 2 When the
switch S2 is only turned on, the voltage across the load is ν o = Vin/2
• The capacitors equally divide the voltage Vdc
• Depending on the switches positions, the
output voltage can be either (Vdc/2) or
(−Vdc/2)
A. half-bridge inverterINVERTERS
The instantaneous output voltage ν o is rectangular in shape. The instantaneous
value of ν o can be expressed in Fourier series as

D1

the values of a0 and an are zero. The value of bn is given by

D2
INVERTERS

regardless of the control method, the circuit topology of single-phase


inverter are of two types: Full-bridge and half-bridge
B. Full-bridge inverter

Q1 Q3 • Upper and lower switches


D1 D3
cannot be ON
+ vo −
simultaneously
Vdc • Depending on the switches
io positions, there can be 3
Q4 D4 possible output voltage:
Q2 D2
(Vdc), (-Vdc) and 0
INVERTERS
Operation of single phase full bridge inverter A single phase bridge
DC-AC inverter is shown in Figure below. The analysis of the single
phase DC-AC inverters is done taking into account following
assumptions and conventions.
1) The current entering node a in Figure 8 is considered to be positive.
2) The switches S1, S2, S3 and S4 are unidirectional, i.e. they conduct
current in one direction
INVERTERS

When S1 and S2 are turned on simultaneously for a duration 0 ≤ t ≤ T1 , the the input
voltage Vin appears across the load and the current flows from point a to b. Q1 – Q2
ON, Q3 – Q4 OFF ==> ν o = Vs)

When S3 and S4 turned on duration T1 ≤ t ≤ T2, the voltage across the load the load
is reversed and the current point b to a. Q1 – Q2 OFF, Q3 – Q4 ON ==> ν o = -Vs
INVERTERS

TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION

• THD is used to measure the quality of the AC voltage or current

• The closer the waveform to sinusoidal, the smaller is the THD


• Can be applied to voltage or current
INVERTERS
Quasi-square wave inverter – Amplitude and harmonic control

Duration of ZERO output voltage is introduced and it can be shown that:

• Amplitude of the fundamental component can


be controlled (by controlling α)
• Certain harmonic contents can be eliminated
(also by controlling α !)
Amplitude and harmonics cannot be controlled independently
Cannot be implemented using the half-bridge inverter.
INVERTERS
Quasi-square wave inverter – Amplitude and harmonic control

Fourier series of the output voltage is given by:

vo (t) = å V sin ( nw t )
n o
n,odd

4Vdc
where Vn = cos ( na )
np
INVERTERS

Quasi-square wave inverter – Amplitude and harmonic


control
Amplitude control
4Vdc
Amplitude of fundamental V1 = cos (a )
p
component:
 By changing α the amplitude of the fundamental will
change
Harmonic control

The nth harmanic can be eliminated if its amplitude made zero

For example, the amplitude of the third harmonic (n=3) is zero


when α = 30o

V3 
4Vdc
3
 
cos 3(30o )  0
INVERTERS
Quasi-square wave inverter – Amplitude and harmonic control

Simultaneous control of amplitude and harmonic


In order to be able to control amplitude and harmonic
simultaneously, variable Vdc has to be added
4Vdc
Vn = cos ( na )
Controlled via np
DC link

Fixed DC DC-Variable Inve Loa


voltage DC DC rter d
conve
rter
INVERTERS
Quasi-square wave inverter – Amplitude and harmonic
control
Switching signals (full-bridge inverter)

     

0  2 0  2

S1 S1

S2 S2

S3 S3

S4 S4
INVERTERS
Pulse Width Modulation
Is a method used to control the output voltage (amplitude and
frequency) of an inverter by modulating the width of the
pulses of the output waveform
Main advantages of PWM control:
• Filter requirement is reduced
• Amplitude and frequency can be control independently
• Significant reduction in THD of load current (inductive
load)

Disadvantages of PWM control:


• More complex control circuit
• Higher switching losses
INVERTERS
Pulse Width Modulation
Bipolar switching scheme

(vsine > vtri) : Q1 and Q2 ON; vo=Vdc


(vsine < vtri) : Q3 and Q4 ON; vo=-Vdc
INVERTERS
Pulse Width Modulation
Bipolar switching scheme
fsine Frequency modulation index
ftri ftri
mf =
Vm,tri fsin
Vm,sine

Amplitude modulation index


Vm,sin
ma =
Vm,tri

The amplitude of the


fundamental component of
vo is proportional to ma:

V1=maVdc
AC voltage controllers
 AC Voltage Controller is a type of thyristor power converter which is used to
convert a fixed voltage, fixed frequency ac input supply to obtain a variable
voltage ac output.

 The RMS value of the ac output voltage and the ac power flow to the load is
controlled by varying (adjusting) the trigger angle ‘α’

These are the two ac output voltage control techniques.


1. On-Off control
2. Phase control
In On-Off control technique
Thyristors are used as switches to connect the load circuit to the ac
supply (source) for a few cycles of the input ac supply and then to
disconnect it for few input cycles. The Thyristors thus act as a high
speed contactor (or high speed ac switch)
Phase control
In phase control the Thyristors are used as switches to connect the
load circuit to the input ac supply, for a part of every input cycle. That
is the ac supply voltage is chopped using Thyristors during a part of
each input cycle.
The thyristor switch is turned on for a part of every half cycle, so that
input supply voltage appears across the load and then turned off
during the remaining part of input half cycle to disconnect the ac
supply from the load.
By controlling the phase angle or the trigger angle ‘α’ (delay angle),
the output RMS voltage across the load can be controlled.
The trigger delay angle ‘α’ is defined as the phase angle (the value of
ωt) at which the thyristor turns on and the load current begins to flow.
The ac voltage controllers are classified into two types based on the
type of input ac supply
 Single Phase AC Controllers
 Three Phase AC Controllers
Single phase AC voltage controller with R load
Single phase AC voltage controller with RL load
CYCLOCONVERTERS”
(AC-AC Converters)
Cycloconverter is frequency changer that converts AC power at one
input frequency to AC output power at a different frequency.
• Variable frequency output can be obtained by AC DC AC using
phase controlled converters (rectifier followed by inverter). This is
two stage frequency conversions.
• Single-stage frequency conversion is called Cycloconversion.
• Cycloconverter of two types
(i) Step-Up Cycloconverter (fo > fs)
(ii) Step-Down Cycloconverter (fo < fs)
• Cycloconversion can be anyone of the following:
1. Conversion of variable frequency to fixed one (Aircraft or
shipboard Power supplies or wind generators)
2. Conversion of fixed frequency to a variable one (AC motor speed
Control or induction furnace)
• Cycloconverters can be mid-point type or bridge-type or matrix-
type.
Single phase to single phase Mid-point type step-up Cycloconverter
with R load
Single phase to single phase Bridge type step-up
Cycloconverter with R-load
1-Ф to 1-Ф Mid point type step-Down Cycloconverter with R
load
1- Ф to 1- Ф Bridge type step-Down Cycloconverter with R
load
1- Ф to 1- Ф Midpoint type step-Down Cycloconverter
with R-L load

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