t!'"r11 1 !

11 1"'1111 •1111 I

II• ••oly 1111 w1 t/tJ/lt 1~ 10 A11 1w111a y11u A111w '"'''''""'1

.cu 1 I 1111111111 llv •Jn•' r1111I wuh ,,. 11 th ''"lit•'
' 'l1Qf h fn ,
hf, , 11111 f 1uu11 1111 ,f ·•itJ t , " ,,,,wv111ff1 i If'' II • J, m 11 t111n, I• ;, n r •n It rn 11
h Jfl ITI fl I n11I vlrl111 LI llir• •Rh IRflllfitll ; th ,,, I 'lh!i ,,, n, ft,llaw lh 11.0 rl, Jj
tu 111 1 1101 r 111111111 11 ,

th1111r411f 111 th lhlt 1.1l11·1(Jl1 1111,f1111u1

h fl 111or1 11~11v 11f rr1 n, K1111w1111111n ' ON11 1trt11
1111101 111 llu lfllllrl nrl t If k11•11Nlr·!fu I the· 11ur Qt II 1.11·,1111111, 11 lndlv 111 f m ~ g;Jfn
111• 'i ln11of1111 . If nrt ti on ' 11wn m ~t r thr(1LJgl1kr•''"'''1Jg ,

• Kn 1W thy. II
• r 111 •,t Ion ,...,,., yt hl11u
• ' ••Iv h
1tu ~""')Ult 1>f 10t1dn ·~$ hrln8~ JJJ1Jn ~§
• • •Jt l t1l1C M1·l li11tJ· t ·•ii'''" ei11cJ An~w··r
• L t' hit fc1ll11w r t•> t hlnk forth m~ '""'~
• Ari 11n,.~11tTtlr1~d llf11 Is not worth llvlnB

2. Plato

HJ 111rr1t111 l1,.l1t1vlnr /l11W'. /ro1n lh1r,. 111t1Jn .otJtlt"1 IJ,.slre, £rr1f1t1or1,, and Kr1o'l1/fl!d(Je. N

ith h s

lrlrfl,.; ClJlft:(JtS t:J lOZfJ All rlght'S re~rr1!:d,

P~1of6
 •
•
• •
•

•
- · ~site.·

.\IQ""
the~~
-

St. ~<J:i--ne ~thata

• • "e - .. • It
tum' l'\g
lo\ . Ilg e•s
rds
•
a - "e
s
a "'t tu -
•
as the gc10en • or·as · ~'3l
-

• St. ~usum."le :l n tfigure n

•
\~

• m ~tht'r
truths rent.lined in the scri.. •
• ,,,_ .;
• n-.e ~ -~ ~-

• To e God means to ~ to
do an ml to a t r.

s. Rene Descartes
..D-.:b!ro er90 :'g
I doubt t~~fcn I ttliJ't'

Descart~s $tate that the setr 1

th1lnfi:ln
was (og1to ergo sum,.. wtuch nlearu. •t th·n thett.fore I 1n ..
40

-. t from each other and se~ tht- r l'Wfl tu t

inYe t stt-, anaty?t-., exPenn,e-nt. nd
 • lh If I (I fin J • ubJ t th t think$.
• l h ' If tNt I~ full (lt\I t 1\\. In th po ,, l.)f hutll " f l\011
• ll.avlnt1 di l 11 d th ~If f1 10 II OUl'\.llS ot truth tron1 .:iuthorltV and lfltdltlon, th • If
t n un~ ttnd It truth nd ;,uth\•ntlclty within lti> own c JMClty to think.

fiKt th t I 1>1 doubt/nu, connot be uny tnotcr Ol1Cll to uoubt."'

• J hn loc..

J hn L I.. hold:. that p ~on I Id 'ntlty Is 1 n1Jtt '' of psytholoiilcal c;;ontlnuliy. F-or him, Id ntlty Ill
fou"d d "' COh clousn (n1 ntotY), und not on th' ub ton~ of lthcr th soul or thtl bOdy.
P 1 01\ I 1d nt1ty I~ th con pt .lbout on s It th.lt 110lv •s ov r tho tours ot an lndlvldu.ll's llf . It
'""V lnclud Cl pect of llfo th t t'rl n h.1s no control ov r, uch 1>$ wh r h iirew up or tho color of
hi sl..ln 11 th cholc h "' k ''• Ilk how h p nds his time <1nd what h b II vcs

ln1portant points on John Loci.. • philosophy:

• P rsonal Identity I nlatt r of p ychologlcal continuity

• P rsonal Id ntlty (or th self) Is founded on consciousness.
• Id nt1tv ov r time Is fixed by awareness of the past
• Locke posits an Hen1pty" n1lnd, a tabula rasa, which Is shaped by experience, and
sonsotlons and reflections being the two sources of all our Ideas.

"our eoncept of identity must derive from inner experience."

7. D:ivld Hume

1 "o wise man proportions his belief to the evidence."

Hume Is skeptical abOut the existence of the self, speclflcally, on whether there Is a simple unified
self that exists overtime. For him, man has no "clear and lntelllglble" Idea of the self. He posits
that no single impression of the self exists; rather, the self is just the thing to which all perceptions
of a man Is ascribed. Moreover, even If there were such an Impression of the self, It would have to
remain constant over time to constitute identity. However, man's Impression varies and always
change. Even attempts to have Impressions of the self must fall for all these attempts are really
just occasions for one to notice perceptions. Put simply, a person can never observe oneself
without some other perceptions. Thus, Hume asserts that what we call the "self" is really just "a
bundle or collection of different perceptions which succeed each other with Inconceivable
rapidity."

• Hume rejects the notion of Identity over time.

• There are no "persons" that continue to exist over time, there are merely Impressions.

"the self Is a bundle of impressions.11

8. Immanuel Kant

"'to be Is to do."

Man Is the only creature who governs and directs himself and his actions, who sets up ends for
himself and his purpose, and who freely orders means for attainment of his aims. Every man Is
thus an end In hlmselt and should never be treated merely as a means - as per the order of the
Creator and natural order of things. This rule Is a plaln dictum of reason and justice: Respect others

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Page 3 of 6
 a =respect voursetf. A person should not be used as a tool, instrument. or device to accomplish
a r's pnvate ends. Thus, all men are person's gifted WJth the same basic nghts and should
treat each other as equals.

Kant divided the self into two:

A. Internal Self - composed of psychological states and infonned decisions; remembering

our own state, how can we combine the new and old ideas with our mind

B. External Self - made up of ourselves and the physical world where the representation of
objects

,.........-9. Sigmund Freud

"the child is the f other of the man. u

The Psychoanalytic theory of the self.

Freud asserts that the human psyche (personality) is structured into three parts. These structures
- the id, ego, and superego - all develop at different stages in a person's life.

These three structures are systems and not physical parts of the brain. Although, each part
comprises unique features and contributes to an individual's behavior, they interact to form a
whole.

V' • Id: animaristic self; pleasure principle. Also called internal drives or instinctive drives, it
consists of the body's primitive biological drives and urges which are concerned only with
achieving pleasure and self-satisfaction. Id lives completely in the unconscious.
.r • Ego: executive self; reality principle. It is the "I" part of the individual that gives him or
her the sense of his or her own identity. The ego is the rational part of the personality.
• Superego: conscience; morality principle. It is the part of the personality concerned with
morals, percepts, standards, and ideas. The superego is also critical faculty of the
personality.

According to Freud, the self continues from childhood to adulthood and personality is determined
by childhood experiences. Personality is largely unconscious.

10. Gilbert Ryle

"I made it, and so I am."

Ryle rejects the theory that mental states are separable from physical states. He concluded that
adequate descriptions of human behavior need never refer to anything but the operations of
human bodies. His form of Philosophical Behaviorism (the belief that all mental phenomena can be
explained by reference to publicly observable behavior) became a standard view for several
decades. He argued that philosophers do not need a "hidden" principle to explain the supra-
mechanical capacities of humans, because the workings of the mind are not distinct from the
actions of the body but are one and the same.

11. Maurice Merleau - Ponty

"we know not through our intellect but through our experience."

consciousness, the world, and the human body as a perceiving thing are intricately Intertwined
and mutually "engaged,.. His work is commonly associated with the philosophical movement called
existentialism and its intention to begin with an analysis of the concrete experiences, perceptions,
and difficulties, of human existence. Our perception of the self is a collection of our perceptions of

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